Model Housing and Workhouses

The Peabody Estate, opened in 1881, attempted to address the housing crisis in Whitechapel by providing 286 flats at affordable rents. This model housing project offered a stark contrast to the overcrowded slums that dominated much of the area.

Example: Weekly rent for a one-room flat in the Peabody Estate started at three shillings $15p$, making it accessible to working-class residents.

Workhouses and orphanages were established in the early 19th century as part of the poor relief system. These institutions provided food and shelter for those too poor to survive in the general community. However, conditions in workhouses were deliberately made harsh to discourage people from relying on them.

Quote: "Conditions were deliberately made worse than those that could be provided by a labourer for his family."

The aim of this policy was to keep costs down by deterring poor people from entering the workhouse, reflecting the harsh attitudes towards poverty at the time.

Work and Immigration in Whitechapel

Work in Whitechapel was often characterized by long hours, low wages, and poor conditions. Many residents worked in "sweated trades" such as tailoring, shoe-making, and match-making. These jobs were typically performed in small, cramped workshops known as sweatshops.

Highlight: Some workers in Whitechapel endured 20-hour workdays and often slept in their workplace due to the demanding nature of their jobs.

Other common occupations included railway construction and general labor. Regardless of the specific job, wages were generally very low, contributing to the cycle of poverty in the area.

Immigration played a significant role in shaping Whitechapel's demographics and culture. The area had long been a destination for immigrants, particularly Irish and Jewish people from Eastern Europe. These communities were attracted by the availability of jobs and cheap accommodation.

Vocabulary: Socialism - A political and economic system in which most forms of property and resources are owned by the state.

Vocabulary: Anarchism - A belief that opposes all forms of state government in favor of voluntary cooperative governance.

Irish immigration to Whitechapel had been occurring in large numbers since the early 1800s. By the late 19th century, there were well-established Irish lodging houses, and Irish workers dominated many of the docks.

Policing in Whitechapel

Policing in Whitechapel was a complex task due to the area's high crime rates and diverse population. The Metropolitan Police Force divided London into 20 divisions, with Whitechapel falling under H-division.

Highlight: H-division was run by a Superintendent and a Chief Inspector, supported by 27 inspectors and 37 sergeants who supervised around 500 constables.

Several types of records provide insights into policing in Whitechapel:

1. Divisional records registers for H-division
2. Attestation records detailing accounts of police officers at stations
3. Court records from Thames Police Court and the Old Bailey

The Thames Police Court handled most cases in Whitechapel, typically dealing with less serious crimes such as forgery and assault. More serious crimes, like murder, were tried at the Old Bailey, where a jury could be present and the judge could impose severe sentences.

Example: The Old Bailey trials often involved more serious crimes and had a jury, unlike the Thames Police Court which handled most cases without a jury.

By the mid-19th century, the Metropolitan Police, founded in 1829, had begun to enjoy a respectable reputation as keepers of the peace. In many areas, policemen were seen as reliable and helpful "Bobbies." However, attitudes in Whitechapel may have been more complex due to the area's challenging social conditions.

Policing Challenges in Whitechapel

Policing in Whitechapel faced unique challenges due to the area's social issues, particularly related to prostitution, alcohol abuse, and organized crime.

Prostitution was a significant concern in Whitechapel. Many women turned to prostitution out of economic necessity, as it was often harder for women to find work than men. This situation required sensitive police management to enforce the law while addressing the underlying social issues.

Highlight: While prostitution itself wasn't illegal, it was seen as a social problem that needed to be monitored by the police.

Alcohol abuse was rampant in Whitechapel, with strong, affordable drinks readily available. The prevalence of pubs and drinking establishments contributed to social problems and crime in the area.

Vocabulary: Protection rackets - A type of organized crime where criminals demand money from businesses in exchange for "protection" against theft or damage.

The police in Whitechapel had to navigate these complex social issues while maintaining order. Local authorities began to view constables as a kind of social worker, expanding their role beyond mere law enforcement.

Example: By the 1870s, there were 82 government laws that police were expected to enforce, illustrating the expanding scope of their responsibilities.

This multifaceted approach to policing reflected the unique challenges posed by Whitechapel's social and economic conditions in the late 19th century.

Policing Challenges and Social Issues

Law enforcement in Whitechapel faced numerous challenges, particularly regarding prostitution and alcohol-related crimes.

Quote: "Prostitution wasn't illegal, but it was seen as a social problem that needed to be monitored."

Example: Alcohol abuse was widespread, with pubs and gin houses present throughout the district, often leading to violence and related crimes.

Police officers conducted regular night patrols, questioning suspicious individuals as part of their routine duties.

Whitechapel Overview

Whitechapel, an area in East London, was known for its challenging living conditions in the 19th century. The district was a mix of extreme poverty and more respectable areas, attracting a diverse population including long-established residents and recent immigrants.

Highlight: Living conditions in Whitechapel 1888 were characterized by overcrowding, poor sanitation, and high crime rates.

The area was filled with lodging houses, many of which were overcrowded and in terrible condition. These "doss houses" were often cramped, with shared facilities that were inadequate for the number of inhabitants.

Example: In some lodging houses, indoor toilets were replaced by buckets and pots, which were often emptied out of windows, contributing to the unsanitary conditions.

Crime was rampant in Whitechapel, with thieves, drunkards, and prostitutes being common sights. Gangs controlled many of the streets, adding to the area's dangerous reputation.

Vocabulary: Rookeries - Slum areas characterized by dirt, disease, and crime.

The pollution in 19th century London significantly affected Whitechapel. The prevailing westerly winds carried smoke and gas fumes into the maze-like streets, creating a choking atmosphere. Sanitation was extremely poor, with limited access to clean drinking water and sewers often running into the streets.

Overcrowding was a severe problem in Whitechapel. Many houses were divided into several apartments, with up to 30 people sharing a single living space. This extreme density made movement within homes difficult and contributed to the spread of disease.