Englisch Abitur Lernzettel alle Themen

Alternativer Bildtext:

the new system of government First ten additional articles for the constitution -> protects the rights of the citizen Reasons for the American Revolutionary War: Boston Tea Party Townshend Acts -> introduced a number of external taxes on items like paper and glass Common Sense, a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine argued for independence and sold 100,000 copies in the first three months American War of Independence began in 1775 and ended in 1783 American colonists fought against the British to gain independence from them George Washington was a leading figure in this war on the side of the colonists The British surrendered after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 Declaration of Independence Signed July 4th 1776 by the Continental Congress America was born as the 13 colonies merged into one country with 13 states States that all men are created equal" Also states some human rights and that everyone has the right to ,,life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" The American Constitution written in 1787 Established the self-government and the separation of powers Federal System Principles of the US Constitution 1. Federalism (one common government, additional owns ones independence) 2. Popular sovereignty (all power to the people -> Elections) 3. Separation of powers 4. Checks and Balance (mutual control and power balance) Bill of Rights added 1791 and was written by James Madison Statement of the fundamental rights of people Consists of the first 10 Amendments Landmarks of American History: especially the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter 1492: discovery of America by Columbus -> home of Indigenous -> expulsion of Native Clans 1623: slave trade beginning 4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence signed by Thomas Jefferson (independence of Britain&other states, „all men are created equal (...) with certain unreliable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness") 1787: formation of the American Constitution (idea of democratic state, Bill of Rights: freedom of speech, religion & press) 1863: Abraham Lincoln signs Emancipation Proclamation (abolishes slavery) after Civil War 1865: Jim Crow Laws (legalized racial segregation (until 1960s/70s) -> Black Codes (set of rules in the South: ,,restore all of slavery but its name“: no right to vote, move freely, own land, certain jobs etc.) 1866: Ku Klux Klan is founded in Tennessee -> terrorist acts against black (lynching f.e.) 1870s: all male Americans were given right to vote regardless of their race 1880-1920s: peak years of black lynchings 1910: NAACP is founded -> oldest civil right organization in the US 1920s: Black Muslims (later Nation of Islam) promotes separation of black from white Americans 1929: Wall street crash -> Great Depression, nationwide loss of confidence in economy 1955/56: Rosa Parks -> Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King begins participation in civil rights movement 1960s: Malcom X becomes leader of Black Muslims 1963-1965: Martin Luther King leads peaceful marches from Selma to Montgomery for rights to vote, Martin Luther Kings famous speech ,,I have a dream" (28.08.1965) 1964: Civil Right Act is signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson -> ensuring rights to African American 1968: Martin Luther King is murdered -> eruption of violence in 125 cities, end of Jim Crow Laws 1992: Riots in Los Angelus following the beating of Rodney King by white police officers 11th September 2001: ,,9/11" -> terrorists take over three airplanes -> crash into the world trade center, the pentagon and unsuccessfully the white house 2008/2012: Obama first African-American President 2012/2014: public protests following the killing of two unarmed black teenagers by officers (Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown) 2013: Black Lives Matter is found -> educate white supremacy & build local power to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes 2nd June 2020: George Floyd was killed by police officers, ,,I can't breathe" his last words -> Black Lives Matter protests LIVING IN THE AMERICAN SOCIETY: The American Way of Life: Definition: Refers to behavior, attitudes and standards anchored in the American culture Term combines the mentality of the US population and the typical and ideal lifestyle -> optimism & pursuit of freedom, justice and wealth: recipe for a happy life important for American Way of Life: belief in „American Dream" belief that USA is the best country in the world -> immense national pride Possible Cause: Idealization of national traditions & ways of shaping an ,,American Life" Conveyed trough media, movies, history... Roots in history: people came to build a whole country out of nothing Anchored in the Declaration of Independence ,,Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" the term ,,American Way of Life" firstly used during the Cold War Glorifying the term through media to idealize capitalism and distinguish oneself from the Sowjet Union Characteristics of the American Way of Life" Politics: . capitalism promoting growth and talent Optimistic idea of living: pursuit of freedom, justice & wealth Right to equal opportunities to achieve happiness Strong individualism: affirmation of the supreme value and dignity of the individual (also anchored in economy) Always striving for better Everything can be achieved through hard work (American Dream) Ethnic of self-reliance (e.g. no health-insurance) -> the mentality is based on the will of being individual, free, happy and wealthy: friendly, helpful, open, cheerful, active, happy, optimistic, sports-lov freedom ving, linked between generations Advantages: innovations Success stories Entrepreneurial freedom Always progressive World-Power Status -> American Lifestyle -> greatest possible freedom Disadvantages: excessive consumptions Waste Environmental pollution Exploitation of human labor contradictory and utopian Migration and the American Dream: Migration: A nation of immigrants: 1820: majority from Northern Europe End of 19th century: Southern & Eastern Europe Today: Latin America & Asia What lead to the immigration? 1830-1840: Financial panic 1840-1860: Californian gold rush, Castle garden immigrant depot opened 1860-1880: Civil war, post-war depression, economic depression 1880-1900: progroms in Russia against jews, statue liberty, ellis island opened 1900-1920: unskilled Japanese excluded, WWI (first world war) 1920-1960: stock market crash, the Great Depression, WWII (afterwards displaced person act), Korean war 1960-1980: Vietnam War, immigration act 1980-1990: immigrants reform control act Pull factors (Reasons to immigrate to the US): opportunities (e.g. jobs/ education) Freedom (e.g. political, religious) Equality Individualism (self-reliance, responsibilities for own fate, developing) Multiculturalism To escape Safer life living the American Dream -> ,,rags to riches" -> higher living standard Push factors (reasons why people want to emigrate from their country to the US): inequality Racism Unemployment Religious persecution War Poverty Natural disasters Bad infrastructure Living standards Human rights situation American Dream: Religious manifestation: religious freedom Social economic manifestation: improved standard of living Unlimited freedom & opportunity -> anybody can achieve anything if they work hard Classless society -> social background does not matter -> people from different origins, races or religion would form a new classless society, which would spread democracy throughout the entire world Political manifestations: idea of life, liberty & pursuit of happiness Freedom Democracy: equality in rights Minimum of state control Melting pot: metaphor from Hector St. John de Crévecoeur that describes a society where many different types of people blend together as one despite their differences -> they manage to coexist and live together as a nation Salad bowl: people retain their national, ethical and cultural patterns and identify from their countries thez emigrated from and are only loosely integrated into the American culture" Developments of the American Dream: Now Critics se the American Dream as a clever political & economic marketing strategy Huge gap between the rich & poor, the state welfare & political intervention is controversial Then: Freedom: . . superior & best society in the world Understanding of freedom is shaped by the Founding Fathers beliefs that all people are equal & that the role of government is to protect each persons unalienable right including freedom of speech, press & religion Individualism: ' . Government regulation is often resisted Hard work: Self-reliant, self-sufficient & independent individual individuals duty to work hard & to show self-discipline Material success through hard work was seen as a sign of God's favour A good education seen as key to prosperity Nation's progress is reflected in its growing prosperity, economic strength & political power Patriotism: numerous patriotic symbols -> American flags are omnipresent, national holidays intensify the sense of national pride Values and Beliefs: Puritanism: classless society has never really become reality because of the existence of an underclass Minority groups cope differently with the pressure on the individual in a society which is marked by the ambition on succeed strong identification with one 's nationality Pride in being American -> Native American minority (2% of the population) has never fully adapted to the white lifestyle & system of values -> African American minority (12%) has split into small prosperous black middle class & an impoverished underclass -> rapidly growing Hispanic community (13%) largely consists of Mexican American who have illegally immigrated & are often exploited as cheap workers -> Asian American community (5%) is mainly made up of academically educated, highly qualified, ambitious professionals who earn a salary far above the national average the vision of America as a ,,melting pot of nation" has never become reality The concept of ,,salad bowl" was suggested more accurate, accepting America as diverse, multi-cultural & pluralistic a movement in the 17th 18th century hard work, prudence, discipline, self-improvement & responsibility lead to worldly success & prosperity -> sign of God's good will and grace Puritans: highly religious, fled persecution in Europe, identified themselves with the ancient hebrews To them America was the new world/ Israel/ Canaan -> the promised land They saw themselves as God's chosen people, being guided by Him and being under his special care In America they expected to find country owing with all necessities and comforts for life The American mentality is shaped by the Puritans beliefs like the „Protestant work ethic" (hard work, self-discipline, self-improvement, lead to success) or the special status of the country (blessed by God) Patriotism: importance of national symbols (Statue of Liberty, Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the US flag, the national anthem...) . . Strong identification with the nationality Religion: The American Dream as a manifestation of individualism: Then: Religious liberty is considered to be a natural inalienable right that must always be beyond the power of the state to confer or remove Religion in the United Sates is diverse, with Christianity and specifically Protestantism being the majority religion, although declining at rapid pace The United States has always been marked by religious pluralism and diversity MANIFESTATION OF INDIVIDUALISM: dependence of Americans success on the ability to confront hardships on their own -> idealization of the self-reliant, independent individual . resistance of government regulation -> individual 's responsibility to succeed in a competitive society Today: American Dream a clever political & economical marketing strategy Huge gap between poor & rich Concept of classless society has never become reality -> underclass society refusing to become part of the competitive & the success-oriented-society; see themselves as losers in the race for success -> middle class working long hours in order to live the American way -> upper class enjoying the benefits of material success society marked by a huge diversity in income & lifestyle Pressure on the individual marked by the ambition to succeed Minorities fighting against discrimination Concepts of life: Deliberate living: Thoreau 's definition: doing as much of what makes you happy as possible (rather than working) -> criticizing capitalism not necessarily meeting society 's expectations -> doing nothing because you should according to anyone besides your own self -> fronting only the essential facts of life -> Thoreau moved to the woods in Walden Pond because he wished to live deliberately Modern definition: prioritizing inner peace, being aware of actions instead of acting automatically/ reacting blindly, taking time to focus on the experience of being alive Into the Wild: protagonist: Christopher McCandless, College graduate from wealthy family, going to Alaska in search of an alternative way of life -> escape from civilization to face challenges of simple life Describes his experience as conscious attention to the basics of life as well as to your immediate environmental & its concerns -> independence Living in the city and the country: To kill a Mockingbird: Atticus Finch (countryside) lives a calm life Stands for equality Teaches his children values of life Aunt Alexandra (city) eccentric life Stands for materialistic values Interested in social stand/ role represents free development Open, friendly, wise represents rule compliance Snoopy, snippy, deterministic STORIES OF INITIATION • Mockingbird- -a story of initiation is a story in which the protagonist has to face a new kind of experience -> it is an experience for which he or she was not prepared for -the reader is able to observe how the character is forced to face and learn from these events as the story progresses -> due to this there will be a new formation of the character -it is important to mention that the character does not have to become more offensive, it is also possible that he becomes more narrow-minded -these stories concern mainly children, as one can accompany them in the loss of their innocence -> they gather the life experiences and start to understand why people act in a certain way -To Kill A Mockis -the concept of initiation in literature 1) the recognition of the existence of evil in the world 2) loss of innocence and the gaining of experience and maturity A) fall from a state of original happiness B) an actual rise to maturity and knowledge 3) introduction into manners and values of a given society 4) process of self-discovery and self-realisation Innocence -> experience -> maturity M -the author Nelle Harper Lee- -Nelle Harper Lee is her grandmother's name -she was born April 28, 1926 in Monroe, Alabama -she was the youngest of four kids -at first she wanted to become a lawyer, like her father -characters OCKING BIRD -she even attended law school -> but six month before graduating she quitted in order to become a writer -Truman Capote was her neighbour -> model for Dill -to kill a mockingbird was her first book-> instant success, publishes it in 1960 -go set a watchman, is the prosecution of to kill a mockingbird -parallels between the book and her life Atticus Finch -> Atticus defending black people without success -> her father also defended black people -> Capote -> model for Dill -> she has a four year older brother -> Capote said that even Boo Radley was a real person -> her family also had a housekeeper -she died February 19, 2016 General information -lawyer and member of the state legislature -> upper-class man living in Maycomb (high respected) -single father to Scout and Jem -> his wife died / siblings -middle-aged -> not a stereotype father who plays football -didn't receive school education -> was thought by his father -well dressed -wears glasses -black, grey hair -> square-cut features -neither drinks nor smokes Relationship to his children -loving, dutiful father -takes them the way they are > they don't have to fit in the societies standard -he symbolises a person of trust for his children -> they look up to him -teaches them how to write and to read -> stick to his traditions (also learned from his father) -prevents a prejudiced and intolerant behaviour of his children (life lessons) Character traits -brave -> tries to fight for equal rights and therefore against the existing system -respectful -> respects all people, no matter which race or origin they belong to (also Calpurnia, protects her in front of Alexandra) -wise -> gives advice and teaches his children how to live and how to treat others (teaches them moral principles and a strong sense of justice) -compassionate & empathic-> moved by Tom's case -> does his best to fight for his innocence -thoughtful -> is his education right? -> questions his handling and his position as a role model -skilled lawyer -> tries his best to fight for equality for everyone -> integrity -consistent with his beliefs and true to his conscience -doesn't care about the fact that his values are against those of the society -> the character doesn't change in the course of the novel -gets criticised for defending a black man -> loyal to Tom and his opinion -values communication and honesty Relationship to Alexandra -neutral relationship -> she insults him of miseducating his children & against Calpurnia -> stays calm, doesn't change his actions How Atticus is seen by his children -boring -> does not play with them, always reading (before the killing) -lawyer -> uncool job -above gossip -children care for him -> Scout is ready to fight for him -he is, for them, a trustworthy person After the killing: -they see a new side in their father -musical talent -,,one-shot" finch -> only shoot if he has to Boo Radley General information -Arthur Radley -white hands & face -sand-stained khaki pants -torn shirt -wide mouth -grey eyes -hair is dead and thin -timid smile -in the past, he wasn't violent -> forced to never bother anyone again by his father -> inside the house for over 15 years -popular gossip theme of the neighbourhood Family -father forces him to stay inside -> attacked his mother (she didn't die, later on she also dies) -as the father dies, his brother goes on forcing him to stay inside Character traits -mysterious -> nobody knows anything about him -strange -violent -> his past -taciturn-> speaks almost nothing -lives retired -altruist -> doesn't care about his life while saving the children (protective and caring -> blanket around Scout, Jem's pants, kills for them) -uncertain -> doesn't know how to interact with the children -> lack of social contact -intimidated -> because of neighbours and speculations -enjoys Scout's presence -mockingbird-> forced to kill Mr. Ewell -caring -> cares for the children and delights the children with little gifts Calpurnia General information -gets called Cal -housekeeper of the Finch family -> part of the family, without her Atticus wouldn't have made it -she is a Maycomb County native -born and raised near Finch Landing -received education by Miss Maudies aunt -she has an own family -> lives with them -goes to black church -> able to fit in both worlds (bridge) Character traits -strict with the children -> values obedience and respect -demanding -> in the beginning Scout had some problems with her -but still friendly -caring -> sees them like her own kids -motherly presence -> mother from Jem and Scout died -intelligent -industrious -> does everything that has to be done -trustworthy -> family, especially Atticus, trusts her -reliable -patient -experienced -> knows how to raise children -well-liked -> the family, except AA -respecting other above her -> she does not gossip or complain -> always loyal -able to adapt to the environment-> but also ready to stand up against racism (in church) -> no character development -> relationship to Scout changes -> they grow closer together Bob Ewell General information -father of Mayella -a lot of children -racist -uneducated -poor -> lives behind the Maycomb trash dump -alcoholic Character traits -mean & conniving -> knows Tom is innocent, accuses him anyways (blacks never win) -aggressive -> hateful against black people -,,caring" -> protect Mayella's behaviour by accusing Tom -> wants to save his reputation -> statement against blacks -> wants to turn the society against them -inhumane -> hurts his children himself -can't control himself -> conducted through feelings -gutless -> scared to take on Atticus, tries to kill his children in order to hurt him indirect -lazy-> children have to work a lot Mayella Ewell General information -daughter of Bob Ewell -her mother is dead -her family is poor & uneducated -surrogate wife for her father -> abusive relationship -like the mother of her siblings -wants a better life -> she sees no opportunity to change her life -alone -> likes Tom, she receives attention -> wrong decision to kiss him -> she knows it, but she has to keep dignity -> tries her best to lie even if they are detected (scared her father might hurt her again, when they lose the case in front of court) Character traits -sad-> just there" -alone -abstrusive -> attention -bitter -> nothing positive in her life, her future is already set -> she cares for her family -reckless -> doesn't care about the consequences for Tom, she just wants to save her reputation -selfish, cowardly (she doesn't stand for what she did) -heartless -immoral -desperate Walter Cunningham General information -son of Mr.Cunningham -Scout's classmate -poor family -> comes to school without shoes or food -clean -sick -undernourished-> ravenous -red-rimmed and watery eyes -pale face Character traits -dependable, trustworthy person -cares about his reputation -honest -> doesn't borrow what he can't pay back -no idea of table etiquette -> shows differences between classes Mr. Cunningham General information. -father of Walter Cunningham -Atticus helps him so that he can keep his property -> unable to pay him with money, pays him with what he has -Scout talks him into conscience -tried to lynch Tom Robinson Character traits -unthankful -> doesn't shrink back to hurt Atticus if it is necessary to hurt Tom -> no other way (unbeholfen?) -influenceable -> Scout illustrates the facts > notices he really needs Atticus -inhumane -> aim to kill Tom -violent -> no role model Miss Maudie -moral -upstanding person -acid tongue in her head -tries not to judge those around her -> treats everyone the same -open-minded -loves children -neighbour of the Finches' -in her 40s -widow -> lost her husband -loves to garden, but not her house -Scout and Miss Maudie are friends -sees the best in everyone -> Boo Radley is different, not evil -encouraging -> Jem after the conviction -positive -> house burnt down, she is still "glad" -passion for justice Miss Rachel -no major presence -caring -> Dill (his relative) -tries to care for the children's moral development -> therefore against strip poker -likes gossip -Miss Stephanie's friend -social & polite Miss Stephanie -friend of Miss Rachel -known for spreading rumours -> source for the children -lives in Maycomb as well Dill General information -Charles Baker Harris -7 to 10 years old -little (diminutive) -Snow White hair -> fluffy -blue eyes -his laugh is sudden and happy -cowlick at his forehead -is from Meridian, Mississippi -during summer he lives in Maycomb -> Miss Rachel -close friend of Scout and Jem -loves Scout -doesn't know his biological father -has a ,,new" father -> but he dislikes him -> mother remarried -> hoped for a good father -> abandoned Character traits -friendly -outgoing -confident -imaginative -> role plays & tells lies -easy to cope with -deprived of love and affection -> his family doesn't need him -compassionate with Tom Robinson -> disgusted by the judge insecurities-> home, family -lies to cover up -lonely -> lies to receive attention -ironic > angry when Ewell lies, he lies himself Jeremy Atticus Finch General information -10 to 13 years old -comparable with a ,,normal" boy -> wears appropriate clothes with regard to the given time period -brown hair and eyes -oval face (p.15?) Family -lives with Atticus, Scout (Calpurnia) -his mother died when he was 6 years old Relationship to Scout -in the beginning -> very good, they spend a lot of time together -> she is a tomboy and therefore for him easy to identify with (wants her to stay like that) -in the middle -> since Jem passes through puberty, his behaviour changes -> becomes a gentlemen, needs time for himself -> he is a lot alone and rejects her a lot -> now wants her to become a lady -> contrast -in the end -> they don't play together anymore -> but he is still caring and protective Relationship to Atticus -looks up to him -> also wants to become a lawyer (doesn't want to disappoint his father) -Atticus is a safe place for him Relationship to Dill -good friends, spend a lot of time together (sometimes they exclude Scout) -he gets excluded while changing for some time (when he was alone) Character traits -childish -> in the beginning -brave -> touches the Radley house, never declines a dare -> during the novel he learns about real bravery -idealistic -> doesn't accept the jury conviction -obedient -> in the end, obedient on the system, becomes a gentlemen -> not always -> goes out in the night to follow Atticus -attentive -> knows what is going on in the society -quiet -> becomes smart-Alec, sees himself subordinate -curious, protective, noble -imaginative -> role plays -mature-> wants Scout to see the things realistic -cannot handle his emotions -> Tom's conviction -does not discriminate by race -problems with accepting that the world does not always differentiate between right and wrong -> stands up for his ideals -> you cam experience a change in Jem -> he grows up -> in the beginning (playful,childish) -> in the end (mature and more able to understand the world) Tom Robinson General information -black man -25 years old -has a wife and children -> they have problems since Tom is in remand -works in Link Dea's cotton fields -> he is hard-working -handicapped, just one arm -> testifies his innocence-> they accuse him by having hurt her with his left hand -> he does not have a left hand -convicted just because a white girl couldn't control herself -> black voice is weaker -killed himself in the end -> couldn't cope with the situation Character traits -helpful -> helps Mayella even if he is handicapped -compassionate -> no one helps her, neither her siblings nor her father -mockingbird -> has to die due to the societies foolishness -> his race is a problem for him -> experiences racial segregation -> Mayella kissed him (crime to kiss a back man as a white girl) -> she went to trial to get him off -> blacks never win -good heart -> still glad he helped her, would still do it -> generous man -honest -> tells truth during the trial -insecure & assailable -> cannot stand the societies prejudices -> kills himself because of being accused for something he hadn't done -sensitive and caring -friendly and understandable-> can't hate Mayella, knows she does that to protect herself -> nonetheless disappointed and scared -thankful -> Atticus tried his best to fight for justice Scout (Jean Louise Finch) General information -narrator of the story -6 to 9 years -questioner and observer -two sides: child and young woman -lives in Maycomb ,,on the main residential street in town" -loves wearing pants instead of a dress Family -lives with Atticus, Jem (Calpurnia) -her mother died when she was young -some troubles with Jem -> in the beginning he likes that she is a tomboy (rejecting feminine traits) -> in the end (during his puberty), he criticises her, in his view, she has to be a lady -> even if they distance from each other, Jem is protective and caring -good relationship with Atticus -> takes her the way she is, proud of her -> she would do anything for him -> feels peace when she is with him -discussions with Aunt Alexandra -> AA wants her so act like a lady -> strict education -> contrast to Atticus -> forbids her things due to her racist views -loves Dill -rebellious & impulsive -intelligent -> can read and write in the first grade -pure heart -naive mindset (in the beginning) -> very young, cannot understand the seriousness of some situations -honest and limited perspective / understanding of events -outspoken and emotional Process of getting older -loses innocence -> during the trial (she witnesses injustice) -> she starts to understand Maycomb's point of view -learns to differentiate between the good and the evil -> life lesson: most people are both -curious and adventurous -> learns very fast -compassionate -> now knows that beating up Walter was wrong -asks political questions, not able to understand racist things in the world -> asks Atticus what is going on (objective observer) -> receives teaching -> loses innocence -learns how to walk in someone's shoes -> e.g. Boo in the end -see things with other eyes -teaches her about her own mistakes -> develops from a naive, innocent girl to a mature individual with the ability to form own opinions STEREOTYPES & PREIubice Meycarb -stereotypes are very alive in Maycomb -> AA and her missionary circle call the poor people „trash" because of their low social status -people judge people by their background -> instead they should judge their behaviour -the society is still divided in classes -> they are defined by money, wealth and power -> AA supports the this most; does not want Scout to pick up lower classes behaviour JUSTICE/MOCKING BIRDG/ -the mockingbird is symbolic for justice and innocence -> they do not harm people, they bring pleasure by singing -> harming or killing a person portrays injustice -Tom Robinson is a mockingbird -> killed himself because of injustice (victim of extreme prejudice) -> the right is not confirmed by the law -> word of a white person is taken over the word of a black one (disadvantaged because of his skin colour) -> jury makes a judgement based on race -> you cannot achieve justice through the legal system -Boo Radley is also a mockingbird -> seen as a monster because of rumours (victim of extreme prejudice) -> in reality he is a very kind person -> both are scapegoats -everyone believes that a black man raped Mayella -Atticus gets judged for defending a black man -> gets called a ,,nigger-lover" -Raymond -> has a family with a black woman -> scandal -missionary circle -> women talk bad about their black servants (losing battle to educate black people) -sexual relationship between white and black people was unthinkable -> blacks are inferior -Mayella made use of this thinking -> she knows exactly that she will win the case, Tom Robinson has no chance to win over her EGREGATION -black community of Maycomb is located outside the southern town limits" -blacks and whites attend different churches -jury in the trial only white men -blacks and whites have different seating areas -blacks have to wait until the whites have entered -the blacks have an inferior standing -> compared with trash -blacks are barely allowed to go to school -> therefore most of them are uneducated based on the current events -the novel was published around the time of the American Civil Rights Movement -> Montgomery Bus Boycott -the events in the novel reflect the economic difficulties brought about by the Great Depression -racial segregation had a long tradition in the South -black and white people had to attend separate schools / churches -African-Americans were employed in low-status jobs -qualification was a requirement for voting -> most of the African-Americans did not have qualification due to missing school education in their home countries > no right to vote as well; excluded from the civil right -jury lists were deprived from registered voters -> therefore African-Americans were not allowed to be in the jury -> they had no defense, given the fact that white people do not believe in black people TENTION -draws attention to intolerance, racism etc. -call to action -> fair treatment -> equality -> mutual understanding MORALITY -main issue in the novel -Atticus is the one who presents the sense of morality best-> wants his children to treat everyone fair, teaches Scout how to fight with words (the children do not have any prejudices against African Americans) -even though they believe him, they are insecure in morality due to Tom Robinson's trial -> normally he should have been spoken free, given the fact that Atticus has proved his innocence -> but he still got sentenced GREAT DEPRESSION -> means the worldwide economic decline since 1929 because of the stock market crash -> lasted throughout the 1930s -> negative consequences -> unemployment, deflation etc. (perceptible in every social class) -the Great Depression reached its peak in 1933 (unemployment rate 25%) -the novel ,,To Kill A Mockingbird" takes place between 1933 and 1935 -Cunningham family -> very poor, they do not have any money -> Mr. Cunningham needs Atticus juristic help->cannot pay with money, they pay the Finch family with what they have (e,g. Food) -> Walter Cunningham (the son) matures very quickly, knows abut his situation and dies not take on any service when he knows he is not able to pay it back -> oftentimes he has to skip classes to help his father on the farm -> no opportunity for him to finish the first grade -Tom Robinson -> African Americans were the first to be fired from their jobs (high unemployment rate) -> works on a farm for little money in order to care for his family -the Ewells -> the family is regarded as ,,white trash" -> belong to the unemployed, unsuccessful class (possibly can be lead back to the Great Depression) -> other than the African Americans, the white people who suffer from unemployment receive welfare help GENDER ROLEG & STORY OF INITIATION -Scout represents the gender struggle and the initiation process -> she is a tomboy (dresses like a boy) -> spends a lot of time with Dill and Jem -> she is rebellious -> AA wants her to be a Southern Belle -> not compatible with Scouts character -Jem and his problems with becoming mature -> confronted with guilt and the evil (societal conflicts and inequality) -> both go through a process of self-discovery > steps towards adulthood SOUTHERN F -young, refined, sophisticated white woman -belongs to the upper class -they are raised through strict education, how to behave etc. (how to welcome guests, how to dress like a real lady) -kind of withdrawn -> looks down on the lower class -stands for beauty -self-confident & proud -> AA wants Scout to be like a Southern Belle Visions and nightmares: Vietnam War: General information: Northern Vietnam: Communists, supported by China & UDSSR Southern Vietnam: capitalist regime, supported by the USA Cold War: . after WW2: USA economically & military strongest power in the world ->new opponent: communist Soviet Union & its allies . USA wants to prevent Domino theory Truman Doctrine 1947 Vietnam war: so called ,,proxy war" of the Cold War How did Vietnam get divided? USA helps France to regain control over Indochina At the subsequent Geneva Conference: Vietnam was divided -> North: ruled by communists under leadership of Ho Chi Minh -> South: western-oriented, USA also determined policy War: 1964: toxin incident 1965-1968: Operation Rolling Thunder 1968: Tet Offensive 1969: Nixon-Doctrine 1970: Invasion of Cambodia 1972: invasion of South Vietnam 1973: Contract with Paris (Armistice with North Vietnam, End of war for USA) 1975: ,,Ho Chi Minh Offensive" (Vietnam is ,,reunited", end of war with occupation of Saigon) Consequences US: mental consequences of all involved continue to this day Great doubts on the part of the American citizens about their government Reports on Vietnam War -> moral position of Americans being doubted all over world (no longer stand for terms freedom, democracy, justice) Today: Vietnam still communist-controlled country & still lack of enlightenment about this topic in USA Consequences Vietnam: people die due cancer caused by chemicals & children are born handicapped Re-education by specific camps by the communist party 3 Million deaths Huge environmental damage due to: area bombing, land clearing & use of ,,Agent orange"/other herbicides ->total use of herbicides: 80million liters -> ,,Agent orange" used on about 12% of total forrest in Vietnam -> 7million tons of thrown bombs -> more than 900 flights per week -> 3million deaths during war, more than 100,000 South-Vietnamese killed after war -> 2million severely injured 9/11 (2001): General facts: 19 terrorists hijacked 4 planes & flew them into civil & military buildings in the US 3,000 people died & 6,000 people were injured Timeline: 7:59: take off 4 planes 8:56: 1st plane crashed into the north tower (NY) 9:03: 2nd plane crashed into the south tower (NY) 9:37: 3rd plane crashed into the Pentagon (Washington DC) 10:03: 4th plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania 17:20: World Trade Center collapsed 20:30: President Bush adressed the nation Terrorists: 19 terrorists coming from Middle Eastern nations Part of an organization called Al-Quaida (organization of terrorists since 1993, Osama bin Laden) Lived ordinary lives in the US & did not get caught Reason for attack: goal: forcing America to stay out of Islamic Affairs Bin Laden disagreed with Saudi-Arabia 's government allowing US troops to walk all over their ,,holy land" Reward: ,,promise of eternity in paradise, attack was not suicide it was to serve Allah" Consequences: many conspiracy theories War against Iraq Panic over Islam 8million dollars aid package for relatives Iraq War: General facts: also called Second Persian Gulf War . Protracted armed conflict in Iraq 2003-2011 Participants: Iraq, United Kingdom, United States Causes: January 2002 Bush described Iraq as part of an „Axis of Evil" After 9/11 Iraq was suspected of having ties to terrorist groups Concerns about Saddam Hussein 's weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons Desire for regime change in Iraq as a goal of neoconservatives -> installing democratic governments Course of War: 2003: beginning of the war 2005: signs of democracy 2007: ,,the awakening", US Allies 2008: Obama becomes President of the USA 2009: US troops withdraw from cities 2010: Iraqi parliamentary elections 2011: end of the war, final US troops leave Impact: humanitarian crisis: loss of life & displacement, unemployment & poverty Political consequences: destabilization/ power vacuum, expansion of terrorism, US became more involved in Middle Eastern, lost reputation Economic crisis: negative effects on the US economy, destruction of infrastructure in Iraq, interrupted in oil production & export -> rise in local oil prices Destruction of cultural heritage Criticism: Vision: Belief in protective & honest government Fighting terror -> peace US heroes -> America saving Iraq & bringing peace to the people Reality: conscious spread of lies by the government More people died Failed to bring back democracy & peace to Iraq Nightmare: against the belief in America as a nation Against the AD Against the idea of being the global mediator & prophet of freedom & democracy as it is defined in the AD GREAT BRITAIN - PAST AND PRESENT OF A NATION: Great Britain tradition and change: United Kingdom -> Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales Great Britain -> England, Scotland, Wales The British Isle -> Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, Hebrides; Orkneys, Shetland, Isle of Man Timeline: 1301: King Edward I made his son Prince of Wales 1535: Henry II brought Ireland under English control 1542: Wales had been fully annexed by England 1604: King of Scotland became also King of England 1707: Union of the two countries 18th-19th century: Great Britain expanded; became most powerful union on earth 1801: union between Ireland and Great Britain came into effect, creation of UK of Great Britain & Ireland 1919-1921: Irish War of Independence, Ireland: divided, Northern Ireland was left as only part of UK 1942: beginning of comprehensive welfare state WWII: India gained independence from UK; turning point for UK 20th century second half: Industries went into decline; leaving cities partly derelict 1973: joined the EU 1993: Foundation of an Anti-European party 1998: Ireland, Scotland, Wales were granted their own law-making institutions 2002: Great Britain refused the Euro 2014: Referendum in Scotland on independence was defeated 2019: Boris Johnson became Prime Minister 2021: Brexit Q2 North-South divide: refers to differences within the country, such as climate, landscape, mentality or wealth People in the North are generally poorer but quite often seen as more warm-hearted than southerners Northerners are more often working-class people, whereas southerners tend to be middle-class, white- collars workers Colonization - Empire and Commonwealth: British companies set up trading posts around the world to ensure the supply of much needed goods (tea, sugar, teak, rubber) Often these posts came to hold political power over large areas of land & over time became colonies attracting settlers British government controlled the colonies with the help of governors, administrators & armies, but they often clashed with local powers One of these clashes lead to the loss of North American colonies, which became the United States of America (USA) 18th century Britain expanded its colonial power to the southern hemisphere In the 19th century the United Kingdom became most powerful nation on earth British Empire ruled roughly one quarter of the world's population During the 20th century most former colonies gained independence, but the legacy of the British Empire is still alive today English has become the world language The UK still has close ties with most of its former colonies through the Commonwealth, an association of 54 nations. Pros: membership is voluntary Support for developing countries Cons: less cooperation with the rest of the world Being British: National identity and national stereotypes: ,,Britishness is a political synonym for Englishness which extends English culture over the Scots, Welsh, and the Irish" Stereotypes: tea time Believes in God Patriotic Says sorry" a million times in a lifetime Owns a home and has two children Is wearing an English football shirt Knows every word of God save the queen" Humor understatement Talking about the weather (always bad weather) -> expectations for British people: politely, very extra, funny -> in real-life: just prejudices, British people not very different than us -> reality: no one fulfills all of those expectations What Being British means: being proud of being British Joy of conversation and love sarcasm and irony Pupils wearing school uniforms Living in a multicultural society with broad spectrum of ethnicities tolerance, respect, willingness to listen to others, fair play Practicing religion Positive associations: most influential partnership One of the most successful nation states Royal Family Traditions Inclusive term -> no exclusion of non-whites Celebrate differences & similarities Criticism of the term „British“ or „Britishness" Royal Family & traditions/ no partnership of equals Not everyone everything included Immigrants do not respect the British traditions & culture (destroy it?) Loss of culture due to multiculturalism British people do not leave any room for immigrants Too many newcomers National identity Alternatives to „Britishness" Countries of Britain Multi-faith society Comparable to Scandinavia (Regional diversities/ identities) Dual identity National identity ,,A sense of, and pride in, the character on one 's nation" being able to speak English Stereotypes apply in some parts, but often are wrong when it comes to individuals Cultural expectations make immigration more difficult (e.g. oath of allegiance) Indirectness (,,quite good" means that it is disappointing) Nowadays people prefer to call themselves English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh instead of British British identify consists of them all combined; each country has its own individual identity Basic ideas: fair play in competitive situations, caring attitude respect & tolerance, dislike of extremism, common sense, belief in the inviolability of the home Melting pot -> did apply during the period of the British Empire Salad bowl -> more recent majority of British society is proud of their former position of the biggest colonial power in the world 's history -> questionable regarding the horrible things that grew out of the Empire (millions of deaths, oppression...) Culture & lifestyle vary enormously in the UK (England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland) Multi-ethnicity ETHNIC DIVERSITY: Great Britain as a multicultural society: Multiculturalism = cultural diversity; (peaceful) coexistence of people from different ethnicities in one country Multicultural society it's a society, where people with different religions, nationalities, languages & ethnicities are living together . The people are living & working together & are learning about the other cultures -> because of their former colonies a lot of people come from different countries with different ethnicities immigrated to the UK = Big diversity in the society Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl the Melting Pot: Immigrants assimilate in order to become one common culture The Salad Bowl: Calls us to celebrate our diversity along with our oneness Effects of the colonial past: English has become the world language -> with learning english there come a lot of privileges The UK still has close ties with most of its former colonies trough the Commonwealth The UK itself has reached a high status in the world's eyes Former colonists: Former colonies: builded memorials, statue of Victoria, cemeteries etc. are ashamed about the past Do not want to deal with it brought education to their country Still do not forget what colonists have done some countries know that they gained advantages & are thankful for being colonized Current issues: ethnic minority populations are concentrated in ghetto-like areas, in the large urban centers, particular in London Different educational system: white children go to different schools than Asian or black children Experts worry that this might lead to alienation between Whites and ethnic minorities Many immigrants frustrated by their economic situation: usually get low-payed jobs only, ethnic minorities are much more likely to be unemployed than Whites Racism plays a big roll in the life of colored people -> mainly: Indians, Pakistani, Caribbean 's & Irish People of no qualifications of working (in 2004): about 43% Bangladeshi About 33% Pakistani about 20% Chinese Only about 14-15% white british Most immigrants come from developing countries -> do not have any education. in their country Assimilation: minority culture adapting into society's majority group: adjusting to the values, behaviors, beliefs, social norms (Pavez) ->Acculturation: giving up own culture (is a type of assimilation) Integration: minority groups adopt some aspects of the dominant culture but keep up & retain their original culture Alienation: do not try to fit in the society of the dominant culture, live in their own culture & sometimes even stay away from people who do not have the same culture (Ali) Example: Chicken Tikka Masala (originally from India) & Fish and Chips are the British national dishes Prejudice and the one-track mind Definition Prejudice: Prejudice refers to unfounded & usually negative beliefs & attitudes about racially defined groups & individuals Definition one-track mind: one-track mind is tendency to concentrate on specific aspect of an issue whilst ignoring factors Prejudice and one-track mind: prejudice & one-track minded people: widespread challenge on the field of migration as the psychological features are the biggest hurdle for successful living-together between people from different cultures -> successful integration/ assimilation only possible, when prejudices & one track-minded view points are overcome Englisch LK General information: ● ● setting: North London, district of Willesden Fatou: young immigrant from Ivory Coast -> Ivory Coast - Ghana - Libya - Italy - UK (London) issues dealt with: inclusion vs. exclusion in a multicultural society, racism violence and pain in human history Fatou: ● ● ● ● ● Andrew: ● The embassy of Cambodia - Zadie Smith ● ● ● exploited and controlled by the Derawals has no control; inferior clever, smart, naive THE EMBASSY OF CAMBODIA young refugee from Ivory Coast worked as a chambermaid in different countries; now works as a maid for the Derawals in. North West London -> housekeeper / domestic help tries to overcome racist circumstances that continue to hinder her life The Derawals: BY ZACK TH Fatou's closest friend -> influences her Nigerian student religious but rational -> relies on logical thinking encourages Fatou to focus on the important things in life and helps her overcome challenges and hardships (especially related to Derawals) attentive, caring, supporting Wealthy family that immigrated from Pakistan Mistreat, exploit and control Fatou -> discrimination, racism —> verbal and mental abuse don't appreciate Fatou saving their daughter's life -> fire her in full control; superior ignorant, racist, discriminating probably aware that their behaviour constitutes illegal modern slavery The definition of modern slavery: forced and abused recruitment ● ● ● ● Can Fatou be described as a slave? she can't be described as a modern slave; still has her own freedom (going to church; swimming; meeting friends still enslaved to a certain extent, because Derawals don't respect her but exploit her Fatou accepts her situation ● ● . The role of the embassy stands between the swimming pool and the Derawals > Fatou passes it everyday surrounded by wealthy residences -> does not fit in its surrounding, like Fatou High Walls of Embassy -> hidden truth; no explanation for violence ● ● severe exploitation of other people for personal commercial gain People are being controlled - they can face threats and violence forced into inescapable debt, or have their passport taken away ● ● Cambodia controlled by France, later by Vietnam and Japan -> Fatou can't be fully independent; is always controlled by someone Game of badminton -> a battle, that lasts forever -> play in silence and in secret (hidden secrets / hidden truth) The chapters are numbered with the points achieved on the game -> only one person points in the game (0-1/ 0-2/...); shows how Fatou is getting "defeated" by life Historical background The Cambodian genocide (1975-1979) -> was based on radical politics and nationalism -> country relies on itself economically -> result: mass starvation Behaviour and character traits Relationships Free time Occupation Place of residence modern slavery Beginning of the story practical and resourceful shy and obedient dutiful and respectful/ submissive ● ● ● one friend: Andrew Onkonkwo her employers who treat her badly and don't respect her / they are superior to her and she depends on them as they have her passport and provide her with food and shelter has got an hour per week on Mondays / goes swimming in the health centre goes to Church on Sunday mornings / after that she goes to a café with Andrew ● Housekeeper for the Derawals: cleans the house; does the washing; goes food shopping Willesden / in the Derawal's house End of the story ● still practical and resourceful, even under pressure more self-reliant and determined / self- assured ● no longer wants to show gratitude or to serve others in any way proud her very reliable and trustworthy friend Andrew, who promises to respect and help her does not depend on the Derawals anymore and is free of their abuse but she is fully dependent on Andrew now ● fired but free no occupation ● may get a job as a cleaner in Andrew's office ● decides to live in Andrew's flat My son the fanatic My son the fanatic Fanatic definition - Obsessed by his/her idea - Determined - Convinces others/ indoctrinate/ forcing others - Above everything else Content - Parvez is a Pakistani immigrant living in England. He works as a taxi driver and has assimilated to Western ways of life. - His son, Ali, seems to have embraced his lifestyle of his British peers. Parvez, however, is growing more and more suspicious of his son as he notices apparent changes in Ali's behaviour. - All his "dreams of doing well in England" crumble when his son confesses that he is disgusted by his father's neglect for Muslim precept. It turns out that Ali has become a conservative Muslim who prays five times a day and follows the Quran as closely as he can. - In the end, Parvez attacks and beats his son out of frustration. Characters Parvez - Middle-aged men - Grew up in Lahore, Pakistan - Like all young boys, he was taught the Qur'an He moved to England and was a taxi driver ever since lives as an atheist - - He works long hours to provide for his family -> taxi-driver - He enjoys western life and fully integrated into society → Often drinks alcohol Avoids all religions → Loves living in London - He is a loving and responsible father; wants his son to work hard to have a good life - He has very clear expectation of the path that Ali should be taking - Can't talk with his wife → Avoids her → Exclude her Ali - Son of Parvez - Born and raised in London The old Ali - Plays the guitar - Has English friends - Has a girlfriend - Is untidy - Interested in sports, fashion, video games and music - Good relationship with Parvez The new Ali - Has become tidy - Is a devout Muslim - Has found passion in life in the adaption of radical Islam - Prays five times a day - Breaks up with his gir nd - Does not meet his friends anymore - Has banned all "western" items from his bedroom - Has stopped playing the guitar - Is growing a beard - Disagrees with his father's British lifestyle - Disrespectful towards people, who have different believes Father-son confrontation: (Steps that lead to their confrontation) Parvez Ali - Starts drinking more - He observes his son through the crack of the - Broke up with girlfriend door-> watches him pray - Gets influenced by other taxi drivers Topics - Throws away all his westers items - Doesn't want to go out + talk to his father - He behaves like he is right about everything -> tells Parvez what to do + has no respect speculations - Tries to fit into the British society and gives - Breaks up with his accounting studies up his religion - Doesn't want to talk to Bettina - beard - Talks to Bettina - Doesn't accept the way Ali treated Bettina Bettina - Prostitute - Good friend of Parvez Wants to help him but gets discriminated against by Ali - Resembles western sins Fundamentalism - Term can be used to describe the devotion and strict loyalty to a set of principles or ideas - Religious fundamentalists: look for the literal interpretation of religious texts or books (for example the bible); those teachings must be used in all social, economic and political aspects - Believe only their view of the world is true - Logical explanations and scientific evidence have no place in these belief systems Redicalisation - The internet provides racial views - People who do not feel respected/accepted by the society are looking for new perspectives in life - Changes in life (loss of loved ones, violence) or Victims of mobbing, inequality, injustice - They do not know to which culture they belong, do not feel at home in both cultures - In case of Ali: extremist theories offer strict rules and give him stability and support The west and the Islam The Western culture is represented by Parvez: → drinks whiskey, eats pork meat, maintains an emotional affair with a prostitute "superior culture" → allows one the freedom to "do almost anything" - Ali is deeply committed to Islam: He thinks that the West inflicts violence and oppression on Muslim people Ali claims that "the West always thought it was the best" and aims to position other cultures as "inferior" Who's the real fanatic now? - Story's final scene: Parvez physically attacks Ali out of frustration - Parvez asserts dominance over Ali through violence, just as Ali claims the West does to the Islamic world - At the end, Ali remains a young man with extremist views, but it is Parvez who commits the violent act against his own son Assimilation vs. Integration Assimilation Adopting the customs and traditions of the new country, Give up own customs/traditions -> adjustment Integration To get included Stay true to own customs/ religion / traditions -> incorporation ➤ Ali criticises his father for giving up his own beliefs and not staying true to their own culture Ireland . THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD Culture: . languages: English & Gaelic Companies like Apple & Google have their European location centers Northern Ireland is a separate political system Gaelic: first official language of Ireland (second: English) In history Gaelic speaking people were forced to speak English by the Britain 25% of the population claims to speak it, but nearly nobody speaks it anymore -> embarrassing to the Irish St. Patricks Day (17th March) Irish sports (Gaelic football) Christian-catholic religion History: North: catholic & protestant South: catholic -> separated about 100 years ago -> religion is one of the main points of the conflict -> earliest conflict: 1538 Britain wants to evade Ireland for power . 17th century Britain guides British & Scottish settlers to Ireland (Ulster) -> Britain takes a lot of land -> war of Power (catholic Irish & protestant settlers) 18th century protestants win, merge with British crown, put up many rules to suppress Catholics into poverty With French Revolution: Irish Catholics also revolt against protestants -> 1845: Great famine puts out revolts 1921: Angelo-Irish Contract: Ireland gains independence -> Small part stays British Protestant (North Ireland: Republic of Ireland) Fight for power between Unionistic Protestants & Nationalistic Catholics in Northern Ireland breaks out -> Unionists: want to join British Union -> Nationalists: want to join Ireland Northern Ireland conflict: 1969 catholic civil rights movement is formed in Northern Ireland -> protests were cracked down by Protestants & British -> Violence breaks out at protests 1972 British soldiers in Derry -> British soldiers got sent to deescalate the situation -> escalates: street war IRA forms: terroristic riots against Northern Irish government IRA fighting for united Ireland without the Unionist Northern Ireland -> strategy: maximizing destruction & killing -> bombings, kidnappings & aimed murder -> brutal Civil War, Protestants vs. Catholics -> 2,600 people die, 47,000 were hurt The Celtic Tiger: ruin Unionists & get the soldiers to go back to England period of economic growth in Ireland between 1995 & 2000 Reasons: relief payments, realization of the internal market, low business taxes (attractive to many big companies) -> immigration -> low corporate taxes, EU membership, foreign investment, economic boom in the US Low interest & less regulation of the bank: many people were able to build their own house much emphasis on work competition -> more selfish & materialistic approach to life Ireland went from one of the poorest countries to one of the richest in Europe because of these many companies Ireland earned a lot of money GPD grew rapidly to the highest value in Europe -> from 21.43 in 1980 to 425.51 in 2020 tiger -> global symbol of power & energy, associated with passion, ferocity, beauty, speed, power Celtic Ireland as one of the Celtic nations Immigration: 1845: Great Famine -> had to leave the country (most to USA) -> came back in the time of digitalization -> brought all their knowledge of industrialization from USA to Ireland - Celtic Tiger Living together Social structure of the Irish society: . social hierarchies are widely disfavored within Ireland -> emphasis on egalitarianism person's level of education & wealth does not necessarily earn them status/ respect -> emphasis on efforts & hard work no class distinctions, however, not entirely without class categories: -> social classes usually based on income & power -> social devision: particularly for chronically unemployed Multiculturalism: Ireland known for being a friendly & accepting nation of diverse backgrounds Several distinct regional cultures rather than a single national one 1990s: beginning of immigration in Ireland due to rapid economic growth -> start of Celtic Tiger -> increased diversity of people -> multicultural state leader in integration: e.g. non nationals are allowed to vote in local elections -> introduction of several policies helping non Irish nationals to integrate into Irish society by the Irish government Extreme situations series of circumstances that deviate from the usual routine -> can be associated with uncertainly, risk & time pressure -> challenging dilemma, physical/ emotional conflict, ... Often individually reacted with extreme behaviors with undesirable consequences HUMAN DILEMMAS IN FICTION AND REAL LIFE Factors: . Othello: confrontation with racism & jealousy result in self-doubt &irrationality To kill a Mockingbird: Tom is confronted with racism -> conviction despite innocence My son the fanatic: Parvez dilemma between encouraging his son to adapt to Western culture in order to preserve promising career or accepting his religious beliefs environmental factors: influence peoples living condition: -> Simple tasks -> extreme situations; e.g. : natural disasters, pandemic, racism psychological factors: influence emotions & can cause extreme anger, contradictory emotions that might result in irrational thinking, overreactions, poor decision-making -> negative results e.g. mental illnesses, extreme emotions: jealousy, anger physical factors: people must push their physical limits to perform demanding tasks -> e.g. escape from dangers, diseases, fight for survival (war, poverty,...) Being different everyone unique & therefore different, however most societies have ideal norm based on criteria such as gender, sexuality, religion, outward appearance & values after which not everyone is welcomed Otherness discrimination -> violence & abuse . Q3 Othello: considered different because of his skin color To kill a Mockingbird: Atticus seen different by the community as he stands for social equality & defends the African- American Tom Robinson Scout considered different because she prefers wearing overalls over dresses (tomboy Mainly minorities affected by discrimination: hard to fight against exposed injustice Necessity to eliminate discrimination: recognition of individualism in order to allow people to celebrate their uniqueness & appreciate differences of others Elizabethan Age - an introduction to the Golden Age reign of Queen Elizabeth I: 1558-1603 (after the the violent reign of her sister ,,Bloody Mary" (Mary I) relative politic stability, exploration & creativity -> time of peace" 1559: Elizabethan Religious Settlement: declaration of Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of Church of England -> allowed Protestant & Catholic interpretations of church tradition booming wool trade -> towns & cities burgeoned New tons & new money -> Arts flourish -> theatre -> Elizabethan inn-yards (Globe Theatre e.g.) William Shakespeare: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello... Political & religious changes The Great Chain of Being: interrelation of all phenomena in well-balanced hierarchy with god at the top, angels & spirits, king & nobility, lower classes, animals, plants, rocks & minerals -> order & loss of order: common themes in Elizabethan literature Role of Men: strong, brave, dominant Control over poverty, money, decision-making Head of household, in general men lead a life of power Role of Women: housewives were responsible for the children Women were regarded as the weaker gender were not allowed to... get education (attend to university/ pursue higher education vote or hold political office work outside the home own property or inherit land participate in theatre/ perform in plays speak in pubic publish books/ write books ... Gender roles in Othello: Othello: strong, brave, dominant Desdemona: virtuous, submissive, obedient Emilia: Challenges societal expectations (e.g. ,,I will not charm 4 Scene 3) -> feministic role) Evolution of Gender Roles: Elizabethan Era: men expected to be providers & protectors women expected to be homemakers & caretakers men: head of household women being subservient to men men expected to participate in public life (politics & business) women expected to stay at home men expected to be strong & unemotional women expected to be emotional & delicate tongue. I am bound to speak" (Act Today: gender roles: more fluid & diverse, men & women able to have careers & pursue their own interests Gender equality emphasized & women more opportunities for leadership/ decision-making Men & women encouraged to participate in all aspects of society (e.g politics & business) Growing acceptance of men expressing emotions & women being strong & assertive Summary ● ● Othello ● ● ● ● ● OTHELLO - WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Deals with murder, jealousy, revenge betrayal, racism and love Othello, an officer from Venice and Desdemona, daughter of a Venetian senator, eloped Although Othello has a high social status, he must proof himself over and over because he is black ● lago, who is jealous of Othello, wants to get revenge on Othello The plan is to make Othello belief that his wife is unfaithful O After lago achieved his plan, Othello kills Desdemona In the end the truth comes out but because Othello is in pain, he kills himself Protagonist of the story black man from Africa man of royal siege married to Desdemona very insecure about his ethnicity, his age and his skin color feels racism very often accepted in the Venetian society ● Brabantio (Desdemona's father) often invites Othello to his house has gained the position of a general in the Venetian Army due to his skills often defensive, and points out his weaknesses by saying: ,,Rude am I in my speech, And little bless'd with the soft phrase of peace." (Act I; Scene 3: line 81-82) very confident as he is aware of how crucial he is for the Venetian forces ,,Let him do his spite: My services which have done the signiory, shall out-tongue his complaints." (Act I; Scene 2: line 17-20) ● Duke trusts Othello to win the war and to deal with the politics Cyprus at first, Othello is sure that his wife is not deceiving him -> but he also cannot believe that lago is lying, as he believes him to be an honest man ,,No, not much moved: I do not think but Desdemona's honest" (Act III; Scene 3: line 224-226) ,,I think my wife be honest and think she is not; think that thou art just and think thou art not." (Act III; Scene 3: line 384-386) in the end, he is manipulated by lago to such an extent that he plans to kill Desdemona even though he still loves her => jealous, confident (work), insecure (ethnicity, age, skin color), experienced, respectful, well-spoken, reflected, defensive, noble, honest, open-minded, fair, prudent (besonnen) lago ● ● ● ● ● Venetian gentleman, is an ancient Wants to be a lieutenant Knows his worth and his place / belonging - self-confident Always looking for a way to his goal - determined Violin of the play and catalyst for all problems that occur Racist, because he said ,,an old black ram is having sex with your little white lamb" lago is extremely good at manipulating others unnoticed. He uses this ability to fulfill his plan → Wants to take revenge on Othello because: he did not appoint him as a lieutenant, but Casio who he considers as unqualified (p.125) suspects Othello to have slept with his wife Emilia, which is also a reason to take revenge on him to plunge Othello into misfortunes and so almost every character is under his spell lago pretends to be loyal and honest in front of certain characters, such Othello or Cassio when in reality he is trying to harm them Othellos ensign and violin of the play and catalyst for all problems that occur Declares early on the play ,,I am not, who I am" Men are superior (p.70) ● lago's motives: envy (Neid) / slight (Kränkung) ● jealousy / revenge likes the destruction (Zerstörung) - despite (humans, women, race) ● ambitious for power ● greed (Habgier) => manipulative, villain, hypocrite (Scheinheiliger), cunning (gerissen), confident, racist, sexist (towards women), crook (Betrüger), jealous (work), envious (neidisch), intelligent, ambitious (ehrgeizig), murderer, charming, funny, sociable, search for revenge Desdemona ● ● ● ● Daughter of Venetian Senator Brabantio Married Othello without her father knowing → Knows that her marriage to Othello will not be to the liking of her father and the Venetian aristocracy - therefore she agrees to marry him in secret Nevertheless, she stands up against her father when defending her choice of marrying Othello (sign of true love) Always stands up for herself (against her father, talks for herself) Unconditional love towards Othello two sides: 1) a victim of the men 2) confident, independent => pretty, young, coveted (begehrt), innocent, kindhearted, selfless, loyal, selfless, courageous (marries a black man), tolerant, open-minded, loses her confidence (Othello changes his attitude), honest, helpful, influenceable, sympathetic (mitfühlend), faithful, caring, honest ● Towards Othello: blind of love, passive, ignorant, compliant, naive doesn't prevent her death & doesn't struggle when he kills her Throughout the play her own independent spirit and goodness are used against her by lago in his plot to ruin Othello Roderigo ● Venetian gentleman In the army Not married but interested in / in love with Desdemona (Othello's wife) - Wants lago's help to get Desdemona Very unhappy about the situation and angry at Othello - revenge Trusts lago and thinks he acts in his advantages (III,1,1.2) Uses ,,thou" to lago - superiority has a lot of money -> pays lago to have Desdemona for himself (lago tricks him into giving him money to convince Desdemona to be with him and then encourages him to kill Cassio) gets easily manipulated and used by lago does not feel any loyalty towards Othello, who he believes has stolen his love from him goads Cassio into the fight that gets him dismissed from the army -> escapes from the scene undetected => foolish, naive, hopeful, insecure, scared, weak, unpopular, annoying Micheal Cassio ● ● ● ● ● Like Othello, he is very manipulative and falls for lago's games easily ->therefore, he becomes an easy target for lago after he starts a fight with Roderigo in a drunken state (planned by lago), he is very concerned about his reputation -> loses his position because of the fight has a sexual relationship with Bianca, who is a prostitute -> deceives her to believe that he will marry her => loyal, young, handsome, gets drunk really fast, polite, usually honest, educated Emilia Othello's lieutenant and second-in-command Highly educated and young but no experiences in war or fighting truly devoted to Othello Good looks and flirtatious manners ● is described by the other characters as a young and handsome man Happy for Othello and Desdemona, describes her as God's masterpiece and wants them to be happy respects the relationship/marriage of Othello and Desdemona. lago's wife and Desdemona's servant One of the most emancipated women / feminist beliefs Loyal to her husband, helps Desdemonal went to Cyprus to assist Desdemona -> works for her -> social rank of a servant → Sharp witted and helps Desdemona dealing with Othello's accuses of cheating on him -> Loyal to her abusing husband till she sees his real evil face ● In the beginning, she is loyal to her husband, functions as one of his puppets and seeks to please him, despite the fact she gets intimidated and derogated by him. → In the second half of the play she becomes Desdemona mistress, is extremely loyal to her and functions as her energetic defender, voicing the audience's outrage at the treatment Desdemona receives by Othello → She is one of the most ,,emancipated" women in the play either, who supports feminist beliefs. She defends herself and her sex. Emilia replies sharply when lago derides women: "You shall not write my praise" (II.1.116). => intelligent, strong (defends herself in front of lago), loyal, kind of racist (guess), helpful Main topics Gender issue /roles Women are considered as objects by men because of the patriarchal structures of society Men seem to be able to refer to women as whores and get away with On the opposite women are expected to be silent, chaste and obedient to men lago sees women as sexual objects who shall fulfill their functions as housewife and mother ● ● Women are thought to be physically and psychologically inferior to men lago and Cassio first assaulted their wives and then killed them Othello is easily convinced that his wife cheated on him and feels as a consequence emasculated and humiliated ● Women are seen as a property ● Character traits Relationship status Societal status High social status, well respected, daughter of a Venetian senator Othello, not loyal to her father Goes with Othello to Cyprus, married a black man Biggest mistakes Staying with Othello, having contact with Michael Cassio Used to be chaste, not anymore Would never cheat Loyal to Courage shown The men's view on their chastity Their own view of fidelity Handling of the handkerchief Desdemona Obedient, loyal, sweet, brave, naïve, submissive, forgiving Married to Othello Fate Dramatic function Loves it but accidentally loses it dies Victim of jealousy, killed for being loyal Emilia Speaks truth, loyal to certain people, curious, brave Married to lago Good social status Desdemona, used to be loyal to lago Speaks up against lago Staying with lago, stealing the handkerchief Not chaste because lago thinks she cheats on her Would cheat Finds it and gives it to lago dies Killed for being honest Bianca Gullible, strong-willed In love with Michael Cassio (one-sided) Bad social status --> described as a prostitute Loyal to Cassio Falling in love with Michael Cassio Not chaste at all, she's a prostitute Got it as a gift dies Racism ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Jealousy ● ● ● ● ● Love Racism/ Racial prejudice: the Venetians respect Othello as their military leader, but fail to accept him socially. Othello's background and the color of his skin make him an outsider in society - a position he accepts ● His marriage to a white noble woman is seen as a disgrace Roderigo and lago disparage Othello in explicitly racial terms, calling him, among other things, "Barbary horse" and "thick lips." The characters use terms that describe Othello as an animal or beast They use racist language to try to define Othello not only as an outsider to white Venetian society, but as being less human and therefore less deserving of We can guess from the view of Brabantio when he says, a Moor (Othello) cannot win a heart of a girl like Desdemona (a Venetian but she was seduced by witchcraft that shows Venetian society has racial prejudice Desdemona is aware of racial prejudice, but she is in true love with Othello and marries him Othello is an outsider because o his racial background Is referred to as a ,,Barbary horse" and thicklips" Drama shows dangers of jealousy-green-eyed monster Emphasizes how jealousy can be fueled by mere suspicions & lies and destroys lives Brings Othello to change his character Cause for everything terribly happened in story Causes lago to avenge himself on Othello & Cassio - Causes Othello to trust lago & kill Desdemona Othello's biggest fault which ultimately causes the tragic development Jealousy as the green-eyed monster" (III,3) leads him astray lago had set the seed of jealousy into Othello's head Jealousy drives him so mad that he cannot stop himself to kill his own beloved wife lago invokes jealousy with half spoken sentences and comments on Cassio to manipulate Othello's thoughts Love is a key theme because the villain lago uses Othello's love for his wife against him to take revenge Love can be used against you/ love can be manipulated, and love is blinding lago uses/manipulates Roderigo's love for Desdemona. lago consistently tells Roderigo that Desdemona will fall in love with him if he continues to do as lago tells him to Different perceptions of love lago and Roderigo use Brabantio's love to serve their own means. Brabantio's love for his daughter, Desdemona, is used by lago and Roderigo in the hopes of getting Othello in trouble and winning Roderigo favor Honor and reputation lago begins his intrigue because he feels discriminated and insufficiently honored he also appeals Othello not to let his reputation be ruined by D's affair ,,Good name in man and woman's dear my lord / Is the immediate jewel of their souls" (III,3) Cassio wants to restore his reputation after his involvement in the nightly brawl Othello, lago and Cassio all act out of the intention to restore their reputation ● ● ● ● lago's manipulative strategy lago is envious & furious because of Cassio's promotion over him, thinks Cassio doesn't deserve it, he isn't right for the job Also mad at Othello because he suspects him having slept with his wife Emilia Wants Cassio to get dismissed & Othello to get punished lago's method is to find out about the inner weaknesses & desires of persons & to use it against them ● ● ● ● ● Manipulates Roderigo ● Only his soliloquies, he shows his real face pure evilness Makes use of specific language and stylistic devices to deceive other people Questions ● ● Knows about his love for Desdemona Uses his feelings to set him against Cassio, makes Roderigo believe Cassio is a competitor for him They make Cassio drunk & provoke a fight, so he loses his job He suborns Roderigo to stab Cassio ● Manipulates Othello ● Breaks while talking Doesn't really answer questions Repetition of things said by other people Words with more than one meaning Tells him lies about Desdemona betraying him/ cheating on him with Cassio Makes everything look like Cassio & Desdemona are a secret couple Pretends to be a loyal friend to Othello, becomes his confidant ● Convinces Othello to kill Desdemona Othello is thankful for his (pretended) help & loyalty Enjoys the pain & damage he causes ● ● Manipulates Emilia Manipulates Cassio Wants her to steal the handkerchief Persuades him to ask Desdemona for help Pretends to help him & be a good person, wins his trust Symbols Storm ● ● Handkerchief ● ● Symbolizes the end of the peaceful part lago's plan is about to take place (Vendetta) War between Venice & Turks Conflict between Othello and Desdemona Desdemona's conflict with herself (Othello vs. Brabantio) • Originally it was Othello's mothers and his gift to Desdemona shows his love for her ● ● Represents Love, Trust & Fidelity --> when D. lost it: Betrayal and unfaithfulness Desdemona's handkerchief, given to her as a gift from Othello is a potent symbol of love and trust Handkerchief allowed his mother to make her husband faithful in her marriage - does Desdemona Because Othello sees great symbolic importance in it, lago has a good reason to use it for his own purpose As Desdemona loses it and Emilia gives it to lago, he controls its symbolism He plants it on Cassio and leads Othello to interpret it is a symbol of unfaithfulness and betrayal Othello is completely undone by its loss because it represents the loss of Desdemona Character Constellation Rodengo In love. with her Desdemona exploits married daughter of him Brabanto -Venekan Senator Places where the story plays lago → Soldier in Othello's army trusts him doesn't al married Othello leader in Venetian army plots against his weutnant Cyprus ● Venice ● Specific places like "a hall in the castle" or "a council chamber" Emilia Cassio 18.11.22 MODELLING THE FUTURE - SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Biotechnology Genetic engineering: Benefits: cure human diseases Save a life Improved body functions New step forward in the development of technology/ research. diseases of unborn child can be traced & cured before baby is actually born understand the development of embryos in a better way Allows parents to give their child a healthy life Designer babies: -> a baby whose genes have been chosen by its parents so that it has particular characteristics Pro: Con: System would be voluntary Screening out personality flaws Biotechnology in agriculture: higher productivity & more efficient land use -> protect plants from disease. Pest resistance Need less water Reduce famine Better quality & taste of food Environmental benefits: less chemicals, herbicide, machinery, etc. Pro: Risks: inserted genes can disrupt the function of existing genes -> possibility of dangerous consequences (unforeseen mutations) Disabilities/ natural process are part of personality could save animals Synthetic organs can be produced Medical reasons Value of individual life gets lost Ethical concerns: differentiation of worthier & less worthy life Lack of long-time experience technologies are not safe yet, little research Creates class between designer babies & non-designer babies -> gap in society Loss of individualism Compared to Nazi ethics Trends: baby get designed by trends -> later their looks will be ,,out of trend" Child can later on have mental health issues because of its looks -> doesn't like how it looks/ how parents created her/him -> hates himself/herself -> depression -> suicide Con: too expensive for poorer countries Mutations with harmful effects. -> negative impacts on birds, insects & soil -> risk to consumers Cloning: -> cells from one organism are used to create a second living organism that is genetically identical to the first Pro: Con: moral problems (second class citizens) No individualism Overpopulation Electronic Media Surveillance & privacy: getting watched (by the government or in generell other people (parents)) by cameras or security apps for safety reasons or to control the citizens/ people (example: China) digital footprint (everything you search for or klick on in the internet is getting saved and used) pro: can help people/ safe lives -> if your child gets kidnapped -> track it/ hear where it is -> if someone googles certain things (harm themselves/ others) -> can safe them/ prevent it) -> gather information from citizens so they can find if there are dangerous people who will cause crimes, terror attacks etc (prevent from serious threats -> security for citizens) -> uncover terrorists, spies, criminals -> with whom they are working -> legal base/ foundation -> more comfort than concern -> government has to catch up with communication networks of illwisher cooperation betwe NS & GCHQ to guarantee another state of safety in the West so there is nothing to fear -> exchange of information among agencies from different countries is essential since terrorism is a global threat makes it easier to find things your interested in contra: can destroy lives -> get hacked -> everything leaked ->get false information always feel watched/ no privacy -> can cause mental illnesses (paranoia) -> government has to deal with it (health care) Exaggerated fear: help to prevent attacks/ safety reasons -> could lead to dystopia in case of emergency, the government is able to reuse/ help straight away (->Corona App) no need to worry if nothing to hide -> most citizens do not have anything to hide most of the information is already provided by Google etc. most of the information collected is never looked at (or just for marketing) there are rules and regulations for use of surveillance Real Problem: a threat to democracy other people can make use of the information consequences for citizens like mental health -> illness government can abuse the information judging before knowing everyone has the right to privacy citizens lose trust in the government morally justifying? May we do what we can? people being scared of being tracked -> no use of debit cards -> possible consequences: closing little shops Electronic Media in general: ways of communicating information that are electronic rather than using paper (for example: television/ internet Developments in media: media in the twentieth century: people kept up with news by reading the newspaper/ periodicals, listening to the radio, watching news on TV two of types of newspaper: -> broadsheets: quality newspaper (factual) -> tabloids: popular newspaper (gossip) -> most quality newspaper in the UK are in this type now television one of the most important news-recourses in 20th-century traditional news sources (newspaper, TV, radio) are being replaced by digital & online sources social media and politics: the way elections are run has changed a lot because of social media -> customized campaigns politicians are in contact with the voter on a much more personal level and can connect with them faster politic activists profit from social media as well: in the past some countries blocked democratic processes and did not let journalists in the country -> local citizens were still able to inform the world about the events -> easily spread information advertisement: customized according to the digital footprint/ search history viral marketing, crowdsourcing infotisement: articles but actually trying to sell (by advertisers) advertainment: advert & entertainment e.g. films transmedia storytelling (= across different media) to connect with consumers in a more engaging & immersive way the changing of the media: the way people communicate changed because of the rise of technology people have access to share, remix and create new content media helped to spread stories -> eyewitness reports lack of control regarding copyrights -> citizen journalists/ open journalism media offers: access to information, different means of communication media is constantly changing due to inventions 15th century: advent of printing press (paved way for newspaper: first mass media) -> 19th century: electrical engineering enabled invention of telephone & TV -> early 20th century: broadcast radio (first electronic mass media) -> later 20th century: television Digital revolution: transition from analogue to digital technology -> influenced all aspects of society technological improvements: profoundly changed the ways we communicate, work, gain knowledge, think social media: opportunities to find like-minded people or even safe spaces to users effects of digital media on mental & physical health -> people inseparably connected to their electronic devices -> short attention span, cyberbullying, harmful content digital footprints & big data collected about people may be used (by private/ state organization (e.g surveillance) Digital divide: computers/ internet: essential tools for students to access digital information gap between those with easy access to internet & those without (-> digital divide) Media and democracy: media: significant role in influencing public opinion & democratic participation -> enables public to make informed choices & provides platform for political debate clickblait, bots, fake news, disinformation campaigns, hate speech -> trust in democratizing effects of (social)media has been severely damaged journalistic ethics (accuracy, fairness, respect, impartiality, truthfulness) cannot be relied upon Open journalism: use of new technology user-generated content platform for data-sharing (everyone can share everything like a „journalist" -> citizen journalism (but not trained: bias, law, copyright, power crowdsourcing show commitment against paywallism (-> the Guardian has used new technologies to establish open journalism) Role of media: mass communication: social media allows to connect & communicate online media shapes our opinions & perspectives on world (without even noticing) media: international reach & capacity to inform and educate about reality across the globe Covid-19 pandemic proved importance of media in our lives (e.g. online schooling) not able to fact-check the accuracy of information on social media (because of so many users) modern/ electronic media: information reaches far more people than it used to -> free-for-all: almost anyone can post what they think source of information for younger people: online media channels & social media 24hours-news readily available on smartphones electronic media plays crucial role in globalization Informed by wider range of sources than back then several similarities between media literacy & digital literacy globalization & (digital/ electronical) media could not exist without another media still has flaws Social media: almost all kids/ teenagers have smartphones & many so attached to them that they check them through the night social media use by teenagers: mental health (depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicide) pressure of constantly being available -> young people are more anxious & sleep deprived when child falls victim to bullying at school: it can continue long into the night because of social media, not just at school apps like Instagram increased anxiety of ,,missing out" & body image raises serious issues for todays young people -> since social media use has soared, years of austerity increased poverty & connected increase in mental health problems quarter of young people with emotional/ behavioral difficulties have parent with mental health problem education: increased exam pressure, massive tuition fees -> suicide is also peaking around exam season -> not only social media is reason for mental health issues find like-minded-people, especially for those who struggle with socializing/ space where find belonging CONCLUSION: -> electronic media is enriching & detrimental to mental health Artificial Intelligence: Definition: machines/ programs that do things that require intelligence if done by humans intelligence isn't computational (until now) -> a human designs the algorithms & programs which are called intelligent, not the program itself O Concerns (in the future): as designed by humans: could be violated Could develop into a dystopian world much faster -> threat for humanity Once completely substituted by them -> leaves us entirely in their care Military robots (e.g. drones) can become autonomous indiscriminate killing machines care of elderly or children will be without empathy -> monotone world can get hacked humans get lazier by taking away dull tasks/ work -> as well loss of knowledge Control the population -> surveillance Intelligence -> fight against humans/ environment Hopes: no evidence for overtake by robots Protecting soldiers' lives no dull tasks for humans beneficial for eldercare at home -> aid in tasks that failing memories makes difficult to do hard work (but no empathy & distanced relationship) Beneficial for teaching students (but no student-teacher-relationship -> mental illness) Demands: need for medical guidelines & laws -> as soon as possible/ in time Discussions between politicians Possibilities and responsibilities In Biotechnologie for example: Possibility: finding a cure for diseases parents choosing their child's sex (designer babies) agriculture: higher productivity, efficacy & quality possible re-creation of once extinct species/ animals (cloning) Power and ambition Responsibility: guaranteeing a healthy life -> consideration of ethical questions & concerns that may arise preventing preferences leading to demographic imbalance making sure genes do not end up in unexpected places or mutate with harmful effects learning about long-term effects of genetic engineering power & ambition -> closely connected People who have power but do not have ambition -> possible that they lose their position Ambitious people: committing a heroic act Good for financial credit history -> have strong mindset & try to execute important steps in order to achieve their goals -> will keep on making progress in life -> work well with other people -> mostly those who hold a position of leadership people who have power & ambition -> can maintain their position as well as they preserve against any schemes to take away their position Helping the poor Praising the government Donating blood China 's social credit system: regulate financial, social, moral political behavior of China 's citizens/ companies Provide the trustworthy with benefits & discipline the untrustworthy Would be an important tool to steer China's economy & to govern the society Nonetheless, not sure how it will actually look like Function: -> each citizen receives a social credit score (starting with 1,000 points) -> increases/ decreases depending on behavior (maximum: 1,300 points, minimum 600points) -> collect data from everywhere (internet, government records) -> system refers to video surveillance Increase points: Decrease points: drunk driving Protesting against authorities Not visiting the family Being anti-government Spreading rumors positive influence on neighborhood Taking care of elderly family members Charity work -> no freedom -> no free will -> not doing positive things because you want to (no real emotions) -> privacy problem Privileges people receive with high score: priority for school admissions & employment . Easier access to cash loans & consumer credit Deposit-free bicycle & car hire Free gym facilities Cheaper public transport Shorter waiting times in hospitals Jumping the queue for public housing Tax free breaks Little power -> ambition -> more power E.g. Hitler, Putin Often results in the neglection & hurting of human rights Power and ambition in Othello: Igao is ambitious lieutenant Manipulates others to fulfill his goals By manipulating he gains recourses (money from Roderigo) He is selfish-ambitious -> his actions lead to disastrous ending for main characters GENDER ISSUES -> in the beginning he had little power -> ambition -> more power Othello has real power & ambition to fulfill the other's expectations (highly respected genreal) Culture and gender - now and then Traditional ideals regarding gender roles: Male: goes to work the family relies on him financially Disadvantages people receive with low score: denial of licenses responsible for upholding the economic status of the family powerful, ambitious, successful, good education, hardworking, needs to protect his wife No weakness/ feelings Permits & access in specific social services No possibility to book flights/ high-speed train tickets Less access to credits Less access to public services Not able to be chosen for government jobs No access to private schools Public shaming (exposure online/ on TV, society gets informed about blacklisted people considered as ,,dishonest debtor" Typical appearance (beard, short hair, blue, angular face) Superior Female: stays at home to take care of children. Idea of a typical housewife (must take care of cleaning, washing, cooking...) Responsible for upholding good image of household, for making her husband happy pretty, illiterate, hardworking, loyal, gentle, caring, needs protection by husband weak & full of emotions Always in a dress, long hair, hygienic, pink & purple Inferior women's right movements -> gender roles have changed drastically today (especially in western society & culture) Traditional roles still seen as beneficial & desirable within non-western communities, conservative/ traditional families or very religious households in media women still being highly represented in certain fields: household, kitchen, childcare... Has the women 's role really changed as much as people would like to believe? Yes women & men are seen as equal in law In comparison to past years, lot more stay-at-home dads Women have successfully started to enter fields of workforce that was previously occupied by men only (high positions medicine, law, science) Female quote in sports has grown No in many non-western societies, women have almost no rights at all Women get paid less for doing the same job as male counterparts (gender pay gap) Women still must do most of childcare & household because of traditional view world has not rally changed in many heads -> for many: self-evident Female gender still the gender, society has most expectations for Men occupy most top positions in fields like politics & management toxic masculinity: man suffer under the expectations society has for them Women also constantly suffer under ideals society has for them Rates of anorexia among girls & women (aged 11-18) has grown increasingly high during the past few years & the average age of girls developing an eating disorder dropped -> gender roles increasingly changed & became very fluid in past few decades, but people still stick to conservative roles in many cases -> the ideals society has for people -> harmful to men & women -> wounds everyone who does not fit the standard -> increase in campaigns celebrating people's bodies/ faces who do not fit the stereotype of an ,,ideal body/ face" -> nevertheless people who do not fit the standard often feel excluded/ self-conscious because get confronted by ideals daily Gender on TV: fewer women Represented in traditional roles (mother, nurses, housewives) Good women: submassive, sensitive Bad women: rebellious, independent The older women get, the less important they get because of looks Certain way of showing different genders: men with facial shots, women with full body shots -> women get objectified man seems to be more credible Different viewing habits: men watch documentaries, women watch soaps -> different level of education Shakespeare: in his sonnet: breaking ideals by not describing the typical women beauty ideals but still loves her -> revolution FÜR LANGUAGE: Stylistic devices: Alliteration Anaphora Allusion Anticlimax Climax Enumeration Euphemism: Hyperbole Metaphor Parallelism Personification Pun: Rhetorical question Repetition of the same constant at the beginning of neighboring words -> green grass repetition of word(s) at beginning of lines, clauses, sentences -> Mad world! Mad kings! Mad...! reference to something (person, event ...) -> he is a true Romeo (allusion to Romeo & Juliet) fall from something important to something irrelevant -> a bomb destroyed a city and my dustbin rise of action from step to step to the most important aspects -> a bomb destroyed, my room, the house and the whole city listing of words or phrases -> my house, my car, my wife using indirect terms to make something seem less dramatic -> he passed away (instead of he is dead) exaggeration of something -> I am so hungry. I could eat a horse. comparison between two things without using ,,like" or "as" -> the sand of time repetition of identical/ similar words/ phrases -> talk is silver, silence is golden objects are represented as if they were human beings -> grumbling thunder/ Justice is blind words that have a similar sounds but different meanings -> is life worth living? Depends on liver a question that already gives an answer -> isn't this fun? getting the readers attention Emphasizing an important point getting the readers attention Dramatization Emphasizing an important point underline/ emphasize Create a picture in reader 's mind make something less dramatic keep the reader 's intrest Adding drama stressing of certain aspects To give examples creating different feeling for something/ making something less dramatic emphasize something Producing a humorous virtualize the content compare/ connect two statements Keep readers interest through text generate an image in readers mind Including the reader add vividness to expressions making something funny Making the reader think about something include the reader Get reader 's attention Linking words: Ergänzen: additional zusätzlich Additive zusätzlich Also ebenfalls And - und As well ebenso Gegenübersetzung: after that danach Although obwohl But - aber Despite - trotz Either...or entweder... oder Schlussfolgern: all in all alles in allem All things considered Altogether insgesamt Finally schließlich Vergleichen: . by comparison - im Vergl. For example zum Bsp. For instance bspw. Meinung: according to my opinion as far as I can see I agree, but... I believe Synonyms: To use: to employ to make use of to utilize to applie To stress: to reinforce to underline to emphasize to highlight To show: to illustrate to reveal to indicate to demonstrate to suggest besides außerdem Beyond that darüber hinaus Extra zusätzlich Firstly..., secondly...- erstens... Furthermore - des weiteren even sogar In spite of trotz in spite of trotz Neither... or weder... noch on the one hand auf der einen Seite in conclusion abschließend In sum in wenigen Worten on the whole alles in allem Overall insgesamt for once ausnahmsweise In contrast - im Gegensatz Includes einschließen I disagree I think I would say If you ask me To say: to state to assert to maintain (Here) to deplore To make clear: to clarify to express To explain To make obvious To reveal To emphasize With regard to: regarding Concerning In terms of As far as... are concerns in addition außerdem Last but not least zu guter Letzt Moreover darüber hinaus Next nächstes On top of this - außerdem Really: on the other hand auf der anderen.. Still trotzdem Though obwohl Whereas hingegen While obwohl to sum it up zusammenfassend To summarize - zusammenfassend To put in a nutshell - um es auf den Punkt zu bringen like - wie Such as wie etwa This dies in my estimation In my mind In my opinion Stand for: symbolizes Is used as a symbol for Alludes to Refers to Represents absolutely Actually Certainly Extremely Genuinely Surely truly Avoid get-sentences" ,,Gets mentioned" X ,,Is mentioned" summary vs. outline WHAT IS IT? - Introductory sentence (title/ author/ date of publtcation / text type / topic) - main information of the whole text in a shorter way (condensed form) - Example: Summarize the text "Homeless people in Europe" -length: about 1/3 of the original text HOW TO WRITE IT? - highlight keywords (important information) - divide text into sections- summarize the content of each section (notes) - --> 5W's (who, what, why, when, where) - write the summary using your own words (detach from the original text) use present tense indirect speech linking words WHAT IS IT? - Introductory sentence (title/ author/ date of publtcation / text type / topic) - summary of certain content of a text (see given task) - Example: Outline how the author describes the situation of homeless people in Germany. -length: about 1/4 of the original text HOW TO WRITE IT? - highlight keywords (information needed for task) - take notes andd collect information focusing on the given task Dos Don'ts - write the outline using your own words (detach from the original text) - personal opinion & comments unnecessary details - quotes, giving lines WRITING A COMMENT/ GIVING YOUR OPINION Always keep this "essay-sandwich" in mind: Structure for the drafting stage: ✓ 1st argument Name your first pro or con argument. explanations and examples Explain your argument and give an example if possible. →introduction 1st argument →2nd argument → 3rd argument → conclusion Introduction →mention the topic and your thesis 2nd argument Name your second pro or con argument. Î explanations and examples Explain your argument and give an example if possible. conclusion →Sum up your opinion Start a new paragraph for each step! 3rd argument Name your third pro or con argument. explanations and examples Explain your argument and give an example if possible. Speech analysis: Is there a title? Who is speaking? Where and when? To what audience? On what occasion? On what topics? With what aim? Introduction: umbrella sentence (speaker, target audience, occasion, time place) Short content outline Main part: content, argument, language analysis paragraph by paragraph -> reporting verbs, linking word, conjunctive Conclusion: relevance of the speech Intention of the speaker Effect on reader/ audience Personal opinion