The Second Industrialization During the Victorian Era

This section examines the impact of the Second Industrial Revolution on labour practices.

Key points:

• Second Industrial Revolution began around 1870 and lasted until World War I in 1914
• Led to significant changes in manufacturing and labour practices
• Population of Britain grew substantially during this period

Definition: Second Industrial Revolution - A phase of rapid industrialization in the late 19th century characterized by new manufacturing processes and technologies

Highlight: The industrial revolution was a gradual process that unfolded over several decades, not a sudden event.

Definition of Victorian Age

This section defines the Victorian era and provides historical context.

Key points:

• Named after Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837-1901
• Britain became extremely wealthy and expanded its empire during this period
• Era of major transitions in politics, society, religion and economy
• Characterized by industrialization, urbanization and scientific advances
• Christianity was a dominant cultural force

Vocabulary: Urbanisation - The process of population shift from rural to urban areas

Example: New inventions of the era included the steam engine and telephone

Overall Summary

The Victorian era saw widespread child labour during industrialization, driven by poverty and social attitudes. Key points include:

• Child labour was common across various industries, with children working long hours in dangerous conditions
• Poverty and social attitudes were major causes of child labour
• Reformers fought against child labour through legislation and education initiatives
• The era saw major technological and social changes that impacted labour practices
• Child labour remains an issue in some developing countries today