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constitutional developments began in the South a legislative council ruled the South - its members were predominantly European - the legislative council ruled the whole country - now made up of more African than European members - Nigeria became a federation - nationalization of the oil industry it remained dominated by British colonies - Nigeria became independent from Britain - establishment as a Federal Republic 1 Abitur 2022 1966 - 1970 1975- 1983 1983 - 1985 1995 1996 2003 since 2009 2010 - 2015 2015 2019 current situation Hausa Englisch Grundkurs - a military regime took power in 1966 because ethnic tensions between Nigeria's north & south could no longer be controlled - civil war / "Biafran war" - around 1million people were killed - the first period of Nigerian democracy civilian administration regained power - a military coup ended this - made Major General Muhammadu Buhari (head of state till 1985) - the EU imposed sanctions on Nigeria - suspension of Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth for 3 years 5 political parties gained power - the regime adopted a programme of democratic reform - the first legislative election since the end of military rule in 1999 was held in April Lotta Meiners -Boko Haram has led a campaign of violence in the north-eastern re- gions of Nigeria - Goodluck Ebele Jonathan got elected President - the Nigerian economy boomed - a time characterized by corruption, neglect of education, health, infra- structure & agriculture - many suicide bombings & kidnappings in the north-east - Muhammadu Buhari was the first opposition candidate to become Ni- gerian president - re-election of Muhammadu Buhari in February the country is facing several challenges violence caused by Boko Haram is still a big problem 3. ethnic groups the country is still victim to frequent suicide bombings minority groups in the Niger Delta feel they are being exploited by foreign oil corporations demand more control over oil resources violence between different ethnicities as well as instances of piracy, kidnappings & the bombing of oil pipes in Niger Delta Nigeria is a multi-ethnic nation there are more than 250 ethnic groups the three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa (north), Igbo (south-east) & Yoruba (south-west) together they account for roughly 68% of the population the rest of Nigerians ethnic groups live all over the country the ethnic identity of each individual group usually centres around a common language, shared religion, values, traditions & customs (in terms of food, traditional clothing, ...) 2 Abitur 2022 Yoruba territory: population: lifestyle: religion: languages: Igbo the absolute rulers are called Emirs their word is basically the law they are supported by a powerful council called "Mallamai": enforce the will of the Emir & Sharia law very conservative women are often seen as second-class citizens territory: population: religion: languages: Englisch Grundkurs they are rarely allowed to work or obtain education often serve as house slaves for their husbands men traditionally have more than one wife & mistresses territory: population: northern Nigeria about 35.7 million strict conservative Islam with the enforcement of the Sharia law Hausa lifestyle: men rule their families & have more than one wife & mistresses polygamous family model in bigger cities women have more rights religion: languages: 4. economy oil industry south-western Nigeria about 41.7 million Christianity, Islam & their own religious & cultural beliefs Yoruba & Yoruboid languages Lotta Meiners lifestyle: they have strong & independent women south-eastern Nigeria about 31.5 million Christianity mixed with indigenous Igbo religion & belief system Igbo & Igboid languages with a huge number of dialects oil has been discovered in 1956 Nigeria depends on the oil industry oil has a huge influence on the stability of Nigeria's economy 75% of Nigeria's export earnings come from oil a lot of the oil profit is made by British companies Shell which provides 70% of Nigeria's oil production Niger Delta has a lot oil deposits 3 Abitur 2022 problems: Nigeria National Petroleum company (NNPC): was founded in 1977 an oil regulator & a corporation at the same time the NNPC works & cooperates with international oil companies the oil companies pay for the licences & taxes on the profits NNPC sends this money to the Nigerian government it has happened that revenues went missing & the money didn't get transferred to the government negative effects on the environment: Englisch Grundkurs Nollywood bad working conditions criminal gangs steel oil & make profit from it on the black market (2019 22 million barrels of oil were stolen & sold on the black market) only a few already rich people benefit from the oil revenue the poor population such as farmers are affected negatively contamination & pollution of water agricultural fields are contaminated fish get poisoned, birds are soaked in oil, plants die abandoned villages Nigeria's growing film industry 3rd biggest film industry worldwide the industry enables many jobs that are well paid started in the 1980s in Lagos they are producing about 2000 film a year the films tell Nigerian stories dreams & realities 5. Lagos Lotta Meiners & problematic continent) they have less material than other film industries & therefore film in normal flats academia & festivals were interested & spread the popularity it's a voice for Nigerians & the Nigerian experience is presented pro/contra political motives Nollywood presents Africa authentically (Hollywood presents Africa as a poor Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria former capital of Nigeria one of the fastest growing cities in the world a city of extremes & sharp social & economic contrasts it is often called the city of optimists & city of opportunities work hard to be successful 4 Abitur 2022 pro - generates around 10% of Nigeria's GDP¹ -hosts 65% of Nigerians businesses & headquarters of multinational corpora- tions - has an expanding upper class - well-paying jobs - many entrepreneurs - one of the largest tech hubs on the con- tinent - fashion & art capital of West Africa - high living standards 6. problems of Nigeria wealth gap Englisch Grundkurs poverty: even distribution of power, money & natural social inequalities a few people benefit from the economy & become wealthy the wealth gap is growing Nigeria spends little money on social measures education contra - the cost of living is high - rapid population growth & overpopula- tion - 2/3 of the 21 million inhabitants live in slums (e.g. the slum called Makoko) - housing shortage - people live in wooden shacks sur- rounded by dirty oily water - sanitation is rudimentary - the water is contaminated with rubbish & human waste (still used as drinking water) - malaria, respiratory diseases & malnutri- tion are common - high unemployment rate - 3/4 of slum children don't go to school - there is little access to hospitals or med- ical supplies - poor infrastructure: power outages, appalling road conditions & over- crowded schools - environmental pollution caused by the industry Lotta Meiners urces poverty is a big problem in Nigeria the poverty rate has risen from 27% to 69% in the last 30 years 67% of the population lives below the poverty line most houses don't have toilets, running water, or electricity many people don't have access to education, internet, or medical treatments ¹ gross domestic product = Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) school attendance is compulsory for children aged 6 to 15 (is rarely the case) poor educational infrastructure missing teaching aids (projectors, computers, ...) low teacher income & promotion 5 Abitur 2022 polluted learning environments supplies must be paid for by themselves many different languages make one school system difficult a lot of private schools have fees - the state doesn't invest enough money in education in northern Nigeria: terrorism groups prohibit girls to visit schools girls' participation in schooling is more likely affected by parents' lack of interest child labour 31% of children/about 50 million kids must work to support their families financially poverty is a major factor for child labour common forms of child labour: Englisch Grundkurs many in poverty living families cannot afford the children's education low income for many hours of hard work boys tend to earn more Nigeria is a male dominated society in which males are considered superior street vendors domestic servants prostitutes shoe shiners barbers agricultural workers (cocoa farming, gold mining, sediment sifting, ...) carpenters Lotta Meiners boys become child soldiers in regional conflicts & wars unskilled, physical & labour-intensive tasks reasons for child labour: - direct result of Nigeria's extreme poverty for many families child labour is the major source of income families have no other options effects of child labour: prevents them from basic education & development commercial sexual exploitation of children (especially girls) hazardous conditions: the children are often exposed to dangerous, harmful & unhealthy environments such as fertilisers & chemicals bodily harm severe trauma major long term health issues children who work on the streets often make easy targets for violence & kidnapping especially vulnerable children such as orphans are at higher risk for human trafficking² & forced labour 2 the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery or commercial sex exploitation 6 Abitur 2022 there are labour laws around 30% of child workers don't receive compensation & must work against their will (slavery) intervention attempts: Nigeria signed the UN Convention on the rights of the child in 1999 & the African charter on the rights & welfare of children in 2001 despite that the rights of most Nigerian children are not respected crime & violence Nigeria does not actively enforce safety regulations or preventative measures in the workplace gun violence armed robbery assault ethno-religious rivalries domestic violence (approximately 1/3 of women suffer domestic violence) high crime rate kidnapping terrorism piracy police brutality Englisch Grundkurs Boko Haram: Lotta Meiners other problems an Islamist terrorist group in Northern Nigeria advocate the introduction of Sharia law across Nigeria reject western education attack schools to kill teachers & male students & kidnap female students are known for murdering Christians attack army bases, military personnel & civilians in 2014 they kidnapped almost 300 young women from the city of Chibok intensified its terror attacks when president Buhari announced his intention to fight for the girl's freedom over dependence on oil sexually transmitted diseases drug addiction racism child soldiers mass unemployment & the need for several jobs due to low wages corruption, maladministration & manipulated elections poor infrastructure: no electricity in some places & flooded streets in rainy season money vanishment exploitation ue 7 Abitur 2022 Englisch Grundkurs emigration & "brain drain"3 big geographical differences: the rivers Niger & Benue form a boundary between northern, south-western & south-eastern Nigeria northern Nigeria: savannah grassland & pastoral agriculture southern Nigeria: highland, cash crops (e.g. oil palms) 7. potentials of Nigeria a strong economy the youth is optimistic & politically as well as socially committed it's a diverse & multicultural country possibilities to improve the situation Lotta Meiners the government must fight the corruption & be consistent to regain the trust of the population Nigerians must respect the different cultures & ethnicities as a strength of their country they have to be investments into infrastructure & education 3 the emigration of highly trained or qualified people 8