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be the best in charity work, etc. (can't be replaced by a celebrity), best choice BREXIT GENERAL INFORMATION UK has left the EU they wanted to be more independent - David Cameron (Prime Minister) initiated the referendum in 2016 (small majority voted "leave"> 51,9% yes, 48,1% no) - LEAVE: independence, own decisions, EU wants money (more costs than benefits) REMAIN: peace, trading (single market), free movement, environmental protection, no more borders within Europe - multiculturalism > celebrate the diversity, not exclude anyone - Scots, Welsh: don't identify with Britishness (have their own identity) ethnic minority: want to be included by being called British, but otherwise they want to be different and represent their mother country SCOTTISH REFERENDUM Scotland independent from UK, in 2014 (55,3% no, 44,7% yes) YES (independent) Scots should decide how their wealth is spend - Scotland differs in its political culture from the UK - can get the government they vote for could be rich if they could use all their resources (oil) COMMONWEALTH - Commonwealth of nations exists of 54 independent countries - formerly under British rule - PRO: English worldwide (better communication), built schools/hospitals, progress - CONTRA: British rules enforced, English as official language (destroying cultures), racial tension HAS BREXIT BEEN A GOOD IDEA? NO shared history oil resources aren't reliable - three angry neighbours as a consequence - fragile economy, lose jobs - many Scottish achievements were made with the support of the UK YES independent seat at World Trade Organisation (WTO) - more control above Britains law - no Eu membership fees (billions can be spend in own interests and directly on GB) - no slow and inflexible bureaucracy "UNITED" KINGDOM? CAN THE UK STILL BE SEEN AS A "UNITED" KINGDOM? YES NO greater influence in international politics when working with EU - very easy trading with EU members ("EU single market") - many jobs had been linked to EU products had lower prices in EU some businesses in UK shrank value of the pound dropped NO countries still have the same monarch/ head of state. even though Brexit has taken place some countries are still united: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland (geographically?) - Scotland and Northern Ireland want to stay in the EU difficult to find compromises in between far too extreme opinions - many people have different opinions, gaps (Scottish vs. English, young vs. old) GENERAL FACTS 218,54 million inhabitants (largest population in Africa) president in office (since May 2015): Muhammadu Buhari (80 years) no one else wanted to be president because of the bad state of Nigeria, he fights against poverty - largest ethnic tribes (among 374 in total): Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo, Ijaw > tensions, in conflict main religions: Muslim (53,3%), Christian (45,9%) independent from Britain since: 1 October 1960 median age: 17.0 years (global value 30.3 years) CHALLENGES THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE FACE military group Boko Haram - ban western education, impose a stricter enforcement of Sharia law -poor infrastructure child labour - #Bring Back Our SchoolGirls > kidnapped nearly 300 school girls - want a pure islamic country, no western ideas, no school girls, no emancipated women) poor health system and medical support poverty - corruption environmental pollution due to the oil industry - youth unemployment rich-poor-divide lack of education high illiteracy rate - lack of children's rights (forced marriage, etc.) NIGERIA THE ECONOMIC POWER OF THE COUNTRY oil industry -generates about 5.9% to 9% of the country's GPD and over 95% of Nigeria's export revenue - Nigeria is the leading oil exporting country in Africa and eighth in the world film industry (Nollywood) SINGLE STORY - one-sided perspective > limited view on African countries and people with different cultures - stereotype-thinking made by media, TV, etc. - show this one-sided view over and over, this perspective becomes the identity - dangers: degrading other cultures and countries, less tolerance and cultural openness, false view COLONISATION - colonial time era: 1861 - 1963 - Britain gained control of the whole territory - positive impact: many aspects of modern life were established in Nigeria (education, English language), economic profit (areas with lucrative crops such as cacao and peanuts) - negative: the British paid little attention to ethnic, tribal or religious aspects, African chiefs lost their traditional authority because of decisions that were made by the British governor in Nigeria or in London, extinction of Nigerian values, traditions and culture Civil War (1861-1865) AMERICAN HISTORY - FREEDOM AND SUCCESS II/6 1776 1863 1920 1963 2012/13 2015 AMERICAN MYTHS AND REALITIES today AMERICAN DREAM DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Founding fathers EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Abraham Lincoln 19th AMENDMENT MARCH ON WASHINGTON Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. TRAVYON MARTIN IS KILLED BY POLICE OFFICER G. ZIMMERMANN Black Lives Matter LEGALISATION OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE Obergefell v. Hodges THE AMERICAN DREAM - DEFINITION (term coined by James Truslow Adams in 1931) is the idealistic belief that life in America is fuller and richer for everyone, regardless of race, gender, financial and social background, religion, enabling everyone to attain their own version of success - nevertheless, it is highly dependent on money, rights, acceptance and ambition - it is based on Christian values and beliefs and is regarded as a controversial concept today all men are created equal and deserve the unalienable rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness permanent abolition of slavery, resulting in the 14th Amendment guaranteeing citizenship rights and equal protection of laws made it illegal to deny the right to vote to any citizen based on their sex brought forth the Civil Rights Act (1964 - desegregating public facilities) and Voting Rights Act (1965- prohibiting discriminatory practices in employment and voting); recognised as a compelling symbol of the fight for the civil rights Rosa Parks: Montgomery Bus Boycott (refusal to surrender her seat to a white person) presumably the largest movement in US-history: seven-in-ten US teens and 56% of US adults support it (2022) two individuals filed a lawsuit challenging the state's refusal to recognise same-sex marriage on death certificates Important terms life liberty pursuit of happiness social mobility (from rags to riches) equality education > everyone can do it freedom AMERICAN NIGHTMARE - social gap / inequality between rich and poor - discrimination and racism - lack of health care or education - higher crime rate AMERICAN DREAM TODAY - huge gap between rich and poor - different social classes - school (not everyone can go to school, e.g. poor people) - black people are not treated equally even today - not everyone has a free choice AMERICA AND U.S. TODAY AND IN THE LAST FEW YEARS - January 3, 2020: president Donald Trump approves the targeted killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani in Iraq - May 25, 2020: George Floyd murdered by police officer who kneeled on his neck during an arrest - March 22, 2021: ten people are killed in a mass shooting in Colorado > second mass shooting with at least 8 dead in a week April 7, 2021: gunshots at a house in Rock Hill, South Carolina - May 24, 2022: school shooting in Texas all based on 14th Amendment (equality) > results in fighting for same rights for African American, same rights for women etc. promise of equality has been already there (14th Amendment), but 100 years later they still fight for equality (in reality not given) A RAISIN IN THE SUN By Lorraine Hansberry A RAISIN IN THE SUN Typical American Dream story THEIR - poor, small, comfortable apartment - too many people in the flat - Travis doesn't have his own room and sleeps on a couch in the centre of the apartment share bathroom with neighbours - - only one window - Walter works as a chauffeur, being unhappy and poorly paid, he even faces racism Chicago Southside LIVING SITUATION CHARACTERS AND THEIR DREAMS - Mama (Lena Younger): dreams of a house and an own garden, family members should be happy > comes true, but might be full of trouble being the only black family in an all white neighbourhood - Walter Lee Younger: dreams of buying his own liquor store > does not come true (he is betrayed by an assumed friend of his and thus loses the money Mama gave him) - Ruth Younger (Walter's wife and Travis' mother): dreams of a better place, happy kids > comes true GENERAL INFORMATION The story tells of a black family's experiences in south Chicago, as they attempt to improve their financial circumstances with an insurance payout following the death of the father, and deals with matters of housing discrimination, racism, and assimilation. - Beneatha Younger (Walter's sister) dreams of becoming a doctor, being emancipated > unsure (the money considered for her studies is lost) PLANT SYMBOL - Mama always has a plant with her - she takes it with her when they move > plant doesn't get enough light and water > always cares for it > similar to her care to children > dream to own a house/garden > when plant grows everything will become better > new beginning STORY+ PLOT ACT 1, SCENE 1 - Ruth and Walter talk about their unhappy life - they keep mentioning a cheque which Walter wants to use to invest in a liquor store - Beneatha wants to become a doctor - Mama dreams of buying a house for the family, she is worried about the distance between her children and herself ACT 1, SCENE 2 Youngers clean their apartment - Mama is upset because Beneatha has invited over Asagai (friend from school, from Nigeria) - Ruth returns from a doctor who has told her that she is two months pregnant - finally the cheque arrives -Mama tells Walter that she does not want to invest in a liquor store ACT 2, SCENE 1 - Beneatha performs a tribal dance in the apartment in the Nigerian clothes from Asagai Walter returns home drunk and joins her - George arrives to take Beneatha out, Walter tries to talk about business with him. - Mama has bought a house in an entirely white neighbourhood, Ruth is happy, Walter depressed ACT 2, SCENE 2 - Beneatha comes home from a date with George, but is not interested in him anymore Walter will probably lose his job because he has not been to work for the past few days - Mama gives Walter a big sum of the money to shake him out of his misery, he dreams of a bright future for his family ACT 2, SCENE 3 - moving day, there is a changed mood around the household - Mr. Lindner visits to tell the family that they are not wanted in their new neighbourhood - Bobo arrives to tell them that Willy has disappeared with their money - Walter confesses that he also took Beneatha's money, everybody is shocked ACT 3 - Beneatha and Walter are depressed in their room, Asagai will go to Nigeria with Beneatha - Walter calls Mr. Lindner to sell the house to him, but when he arrives he stands up to him and tells that they will move M. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARES COMEDIES, HISTORIES, & TRAGEDIES. Published according to the True Original Copies LONDON Friendly lac Laggard, and Ed. Blonda SHAKESPEARE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ELIZABETHAN AGE 1558-1603, Anglican Church (peace between Protestants and Catholics), confidence, the "Golden Age"> economy RENAISSANCE "rebirth" of Roman/Greek culture, art and science HUMANISM focus on the human being/problems (social/political/ethnical view) PROGRESS IN LEARNING Elizabeth | supports philosophy, exploration, education FIRST NAVAL POWER OF THE WORLD due to defeat of Spanish Armada (1588) > economic success than trading ANGLO-SPANISH WAR trade decreasing, population affected by taxes, etc. SHAKESPEARE'S LANGUAGE - the sound is more important than the formal structure - limited vocabulary (> Shakespeare contributed 1500 new words) - Shakespeare used a lot of imagery, metaphors, insults and wordplays ROMEO & JULIET (SUMMARY OF THE PLOT) 1. Two wealthy families, the Montagues and the Capulets, have another brawl in the city of Verona. 2. Romeo falls in love with Juliet. They discover they are sworn enemies due to their feuding families. Friar Lawrence marries Romeo and Juliet. 3. Romeo gets into a fight with Juliet's cousin Tybalt. 4. Prince banishes Romeo because he killed Tybalt. Romeo and Juliet are heartbroken. 5. Juliet's father wants her to marry Paris. Juliet refuses and goes to Friar Lawrence where they come up with a plan for Romeo and Juliet to be together. 6. Juliet fakes her death and waits for Romeo to come so they can run away together. 7. Romeo thinks Juliet has actually died. He drinks poison so he can be with Juliet in death. 8. Juliet wakes up and discovers that Romeo is dead. She kills herself with his dagger. 9. The Capulet and Montagues families vow to never argue again. PROFESSIONAL LIFE Shakespeare's surviving work consists of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets and several other poems - he produced most of his known work between 1589 & 1613 > retired at the age of 49 and died 3 years later - his early place were mainly comedies and histories, later he wrote romances - became known as a famous player writer in 1592 - SHAKESPEARE'S RELEVANCE TODAY PRO had a huge impact on the English language (history of the English language) - motives & themes are eternal > universal appeal - Shakespeare had a huge influence on history, politics, language sonnets are a cultural product, insight into that time (teaches about Elizabethan era) SONNETS a 14 line poem > Italian sonnets: 2 quatrains (4 lines) + 2 tercets (3 lines) > English sonnets: 3 quatrains 1 couplet (2 lines) PRO sacred part of history and literature - teaches history, context for the time period - visualisation of the past Shakespeare helped a lot in forming the English language - gives students a better understanding for the original language which gives one a base for a deeper understanding of modern English - broadens the horizon in forms of comedy, tragedy and romance - Shakespeare's central themes love, poetry, time CONTRA topics are not modern - language is difficult to understand - there are other writers who dealt with the same topic and used modern English e.g. Romeo and Juliet is exaggerated, bad image on true love - lack of interest - no improvement of own writhing dealing with these complex sonnets SHOULD SHAKESPEARE BE TAUGHT IN SCHOOL? CONTRA - fiction, old, not useful no need and use of Shakespeare outside of school - outdated and confusing - language is old and not understandable - doesn't relate to modern times, not current with our problems in our century takes time out of class that could be used for learning more important things MARGARET ATWOOD THE HANDMAID'S TALE DYSTOPIAN LITERATURE - VISIONS OF THE FUTURE Focus: The Handmaid's Tale THE HANDMAID'S TALE PLOT The Handmaid's Tale is a story of life in the dystopia of Gilead (used to be the US, but after the turn of the 21st century, the US has, under the influence of religious fundamentalism, turned into the "Republic of Gilead"). Due to a low fertility rate, women are forced to bear children for the high rank of society. These women are called Handmaids. Offred, the main character, gets assigned to a Commander and his wife. Each month when Offred is most likely to conceive, she has to have intercourse with the Commander during a ceremony. Before Gilead, Offred and her family tried to escape, but after they got caught she hasn't heard of her family. She breaks routine on the orders and becomes close with the Commander. When she wouldn't get pregnant, she decided to have intercourse with Nick, the driver. Later they start a risky relationship. In the end, a black van arrives to take Offred to freedom, as Nick has told her. !UTOPIA AND DYSTOPIA! UTOPIA A place, state, or condition that is ideally perfect in respect of politics, laws, customs and conditions. That does not mean that the people are perfect, but the system is perfect. CHARACTERISTICS - Information, independent thought and freedom are promoted - figurehead or concept brings the people together, but not treated as singular - no fear of the outside world - harmonious state - individuality and innovation are welcomed DYSTOPIA A futuristic, imagined universe in which oppressive social control and the illusion of a perfect society are maintained through corporate, bureaucratic, technological, moral or totalitarian control. Dystopias, through an exaggerated worst-case scenario, make a criticism about a current trend, societal norm or political system. CHARACTERISTICS - propaganda to control the society - no independent thought, information or freedom - figurehead or concept that is worshipped by the citizens of the society citizens are perceived to be under constant surveillance (Überwachung) - fear of the outside world, dehumanised state - citizens conform to uniform expectations - society is an illusion of a perfect utopian world UTOPIA - DYSTOPIA A CLOSE CONNECTION - - it takes a lot to maintain a perfect world - the same world is not automatically perfect for everyone in the same way > a little elite creates a perfect world that they consider as perfect for everyone which turns out as a nightmare for the majority of the people > the suppressed people only work and live for the upper class TOPICS IN DYSTOPIAN LITERATURE - individuality and freedom is limited inequality industrial development imprisons people poverty, social hierarchy, suppression controlling and oppressing government - loss of human/basic rights - artificial intelligence (A.I.) - climate change, pandemics overpopulation EXAMPLES DYSTOPIAN LITERATURE The Handmaid's Tale, Time Machine, We, 1984 MAIN TOPIC/MESSAGE - POWER: manipulation of power, power entirely from the top, system takes power from women - SEXUALITY: Regime of Gilead controls sex and sexuality, they execute gays and lesbians, destroy pornography and sexual clothing, kill abortion doctors, outlaw divorce and second marriage - FEMINISM: Moira as a representative, women teach each other about the new regime THOMAS MORES UTOPIA perfect system, people have enough free time where they play games to learn how to get along with each other, everyone is a farmer to ensure enough food, people are productive and healthy, equality WOMEN IN GILEAD - Genesis 30:1 in The Handmaid's Tale: Gilead is mentioned in the bible, handmaids are regarded and treated as the servants - in The Handmaid's Tale society relies on handmaids - women who are not obedient to the system are regarded as unwomen and are sent to the colonies DYSTOPIAN PROTAGONISTS - in the beginning they are afraid of the system/ regime, just do what they should do start to question the regime, get sceptical, are courageous, brave, start to break rules - Offred secretly revolts against the system by getting close to the Commander and by meeting Nick OFFRED good relations to Moira, her husband - bad ones to people from Red Center (Aunt L, Serena) - neutral or platonic to other handmaids - distant to her own mother GLOBALIZATION CHANCES AND CHALLENGES CHANCES access to new cultures - spread of technology and innovation - lower costs for products higher standards of living across the globe DEFINITION Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross- border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries. access to new markets, new talents CHALLENGES loss of cultural identity immigration challenges and local job loss - foreign worker exploitation (search cheap labour sources, China) - international recruiting GLOBAL ISSUES (EXAMPLES) climate change, pollution, water shortages (many people don't have access to clean water), violence, security, well being, lack of education, unemployment, hunger, government corruption, terrorism ERAS Thomas L. Friedmann divides the history of globalization into three periods Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800): beginning, Columbus (started to trade between old and new world) Globalization 2.0 (1800- 2000): multinational companies, integration, computer, web - Globalization 3.0 (2000-present) diversity, collaboration, competition, globalization of individuals CLIMATE CHANGE - levels of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere are high, started breaking C02 records in 1950 and haven't stopped since 95% chance that human activity is the cause; humans are burning more and more fossil fuels, consuming more products of animals (causes methane) > increase carbon emissions and global warming > all those gases in the air, when sunlight gets into the atmosphere, some of the heat gets trapped and the planet gets warmer ("greenhouse effect") -earth is getting warmer, that is happening far too quickly there are countries that produce high amounts of carbon emissions but are not as effected as other countries with lower/none production - Paris Agreement: targeted how much carbon emissions a country should/could have (max.) > not held by many > aimed at a 1.5-2 degrees rise until 2100 (Trump stepped out with his country) >>> only +0.5 degrees will have a horrendous effect on the environment: +19% people exposed to heat waves, all coral reefs lost by 2100 CONSEQUENCES - mass extinction - millions of people are likely to suffer worsening food and water shortages - rising sea levels (water expands as temperatures get warmer, melting ice sheets and glaciers) - people lose their homes, entire costal cities could be underwater within 80 years, entire island nations in the pacific could completely disappear more fires >> extreme living conditions for humans, animals, plants HOW TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE/ SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES change the way of transportation: car > bike, bus, by foot, political regulations concerning obligatory rules, improve the public transport (price, schedules) - food: reduce meat consumption, reduce animal products, choose regional and seasonal products >> reduction of methane, shipping, etc. - there are projects as a reaction to the problems: renewable energy - less plastic, bring your own bag, recycle, re-use items - reduce food waste - reduce energy consumption (turn off lights, heat less) - political activism / engagement Į WHY IS IT SO HARD TO REACH THE NECESSARY GOALS? - people in Germany do not really feel the effects of climate change and thus do not realise how bad the situation is right now - for people it might be hard to get out of their comfort zone and change their lifestyle - there are still people who neglect climate change, do not take action and spread their views - people forget about the climate crisis when different issues had been in the centre: migration, covid, war - some kind of work will still be reliable on energy and has little chances to reduction - elderly people do not feel affected or targeted by the issue due to their little lifespan left - some companies/industries block taking action on economic, financial purpose >> climate change is a global matter because our behaviour has an effect on people in different countries and everyone is affected somehow (temperature rise, floods, etc.) now or later >> this makes climate change also a local matter when it comes to taking action and fighting global warming STUDYING AND WORKING IN A GLOBALISED WORLD, ROBOTS WORLD OF WORK 1. AGRARIAN ERA until the 1700s HOW THE WORLD OF WORK HAS CHANGED - FOUR ERAS - agricultural work caring for animals - tradition, gender roles: men physical work, women at home - needs physical skills: strength, power - same job for whole life 2. INDUSTRIAL ERA Industrialisation in Britain (1700s) - from rural to urban areas - less physical work, more machines MODERN WOLRD OF WORK - modern world of work has a great negative impact on the people's lives and (mental) health due to a higher performance pressure - people try to fulfil the expectations they are assigned by corporations/business/people/etc. that they are condemned to fail - people are overloaded, no work-life-balance - dangerous work - higher production rate 3. DIGITAL ERA 20th century improving technology machine replace workers new jobs inventions new skills needed (deal with technology) increased production, lower costs VISION OF THE FUTURE (ASIMOV) - there will be more and more robots, beginning of the age of robots (1985) - advantages robots: kind of work they do, can take on dangerous tasks (work in mines/ deal with radioactive material) - disadvantages: threat of technological unemployment, disappearance of self-respect - we need programs of retraining and reeducation, keep creativity, do work robots cannot WILL INNOVATION SAVE OR RUIN US? - positive consequences: new jobs (mobility etc.), internet (fast communication), higher production rates with fewer costs - negative consequences: loss of privacy, data, loss of control, unemployment accepting innovation and automation even though there are as much positive as negative consequences you decide if the machines start to control your life or if you control the machines for a better change in society and work ENGLISH AS LINGUA FRANCA + OTHER - English as lingua franca: English as a common ground for people to communicate even though they do not share the same language - Creole: mixture of languages, consistent grammar - Globish: basic vocabulary, no jokes, simplistic grammar > enable people who do not share the same language to communicate on an easy level 4. INFORMATION AGE - benefits from industrial/ digital progress - security - better working conditions - change, flexibility needed - own businesses, start-ups - mental strength creativity, digital know- how, life-long learning - Pidgin: mix English another language, grammatical simplicity, easy - Foreigner talk: simplified English used by native speakers, distinguished grammar - Baby talk: small children, simplified language, body language, non existent words ROBOTS HOW COVID-19 HAS SHAPED THE WORDL OF WORK (2020) - huge progress: digitalisation - home office. - economy disrupted (tourism) - loss of jobs (no home office) - more distance, online meetings - new jobs (testers) - work and private life blurred > consequences mental health TURING TEST - find out if the other person in the conversation is a human or not - if you don't find out you pass the test I can't see or hear the other person - A.I., test on robots intelligence - there already is a big robotic realism in the 21st century - they can walk, talk, carry things, respond to answers, read emotions - some look like human with realistic faces, gestures > Sophia Does the English language still occupies a special role as the world language? No: there are more languages with more native speakers (Chinese/ Mandarin/Spanish), 78,8% of global population do not speak English Yes top language in internet, a lot of people speak English as foreign language, international business, English learning systematically integrated in schools, English as second official language in some countries EX MACHINA -turing test modified furing test, Alex should decide if Ava is rather robot or human, sees and knows that Ava is robot, but recognises human- like features (feelings, emotions, expressions, attractiveness) - dystopia: one person has the whole power and there is a lack of freedom and human rights, criticism and warning towards constant surveillance which derives from the ongoing technological process comparison The Handmaid's Tale feeling of being trapped, suppression of individuals (handmaids, Ava), surveillance (the Eyes, cameras) SUMMARY - summary of most important information (task) - no line numbers - The text "..." by and published in... on the... is about /deals with ... ANALYSIS - thesis: the author uses ... to..., with his special use of ... the author tries to ..., the author reveals ... by using ... HOW TO ANALYSING NON-FICTIONAL TEXTS STRUCTURE / LINE OF ARGUMENT - identify introduction, main part and conclusion - name what the author does in these parts - aspects: example, description of ..., advantages/benefits, counterarguments, presentation of current situation, stats/figures, references to experts/quotes, past/historical events, demand, reasoning, call for action, promise In the introductory part (II.1-7) the author presents ... In doing so, he refers to ... (concrete examples, ...) In the main part (Ix-y) the author presents... In doing so, he (bases the aspects on credible sources such as public critique, ratings and facts and figures) In the conclusion (Ill.x-y), the author ends his article by and by (appealing to the reader to ... ) - LANGUAGE STYLISTIC DEVICES anaphora, alliteration, enumeration, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, parallelism, personification, quotation, repetition, simile, rhetorical question, exaggeration, antithesis/ contrast SYNTAX/SENTENCE STRUCTURE short/elliptical/incomplete sentences - long, complicated sentences/insertion .. CHOICE OF WORDS - words (more precise: nouns, verbs, adjectives) with positive / negative connotation word field - words with specific grammatical function (e.g. comparative forms, superlative, passive) TONE - attitude of a writer towards a subject or an audience - tone can be: formal, informal, sarcastic, serious, comic, sad, cheerful, passionate, angry, rational (logical), optimistic - function: decides how the reader reads a literary piece, how the reader should feel REGISTER - the set of language that is appropriate for a particular situation involving people of a particular status Which attitude of the author is expressed by his use do language? Is it ironic, serious, humorous, pompous, sentimental, ... ? Which evidence do I find to prove my idea? What is the effect? The moderate/angry/... tone is meant to ... - formal/colloquial/familiar/neutral - Who is addressed? Is the language in use formal/neutral/...? Which evidence do I find? What is the effect? STYLE -how a writer uses language, it is the tone add the voice of the writer - comprises everything concerning language, especially: diction (world field), sentence structure, rhetorical devices -register may be called poetic/ MODES OF PERSUASION / PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES / COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES example opinion - hyperbole direct appeal - rhetorical question > engage the audience, encourage them to consider the issue, answer is obvious, accept authors answer - evidence (statistics, figures, expert opinions) > author seems knowledgeable, argument reliable - inclusive / exclusive language inclusive: persuade by including the reader, exclusive: sense of solidarity - formal / colloquial language formal knowledgeable, argument reasonable and rational, informal/colloquial: friendly, feel that the author is on the same wavelength - generalisations (sweeping statements about a whole group based on one member) - humour (sarcasm, irony) > providing a more engaging and friendly tone ethos: appeals to the speaker's status or authority, making the audience more likely to trust them, appeal to morality and ethics logos: appeals to the audience's reason, building up logical arguments, logic and evidence, rational appeal - pathos: appeals to the emotions, trying to make the audience feel a certain emotion (e.g. feel angry or sympathetic) ANALYSING FICTIONAL TEXTS LANGUAGE STYLISTIC DEVICES - anaphora, alliteration, enumeration, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, parallelism, personification, quotation, repetition, simile, rhetorical question, exaggeration, antithesis/contrast CHOICE OF WORDS - words (more precise: nouns, verbs, adjectives) with positive/negative connotation - word field - words with specific grammatical function (e.g. comparative forms, superlative, passive) SYNTAX/SENTENCE STRUCTURE -short/elliptical/incomplete sentences - long, complicated sentences/insertion NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES - a first-person narrator can only have - a third-person narrator can have limited point of view a character in fictional work does not know everything >> imposes his/her understanding and interpretation on the action limited point of view narrator looks at the events and character from one of the characters or from the outside >> no access to thoughts and feelings of all characters unlimited point of view narrator can move freely in place and time and enters minds of the characters at will >>> omniscient narrator - reliable narrator: the reader may take everything the narrator tells at face to value - unreliable narrator: the reader must find out how much can be accepted (first-person narrators are often unreliable) SCENIC PRESENTATION the author shows an event in details as it occurs, using dialogue, depicting thoughts and emotions, describing a scene, etc. > e.g. interior monologue PANORAMIC PRESENTATION author tells a story as condensed series of events, summarising in a few sentences what happens over a longer period of time flashbacks to understand actual feelings/situation, view on the future DEALING WITH SHORT STORIES -summary of the plot - analysis: language, style, literary devices; character analysis (direct and indirect), character relations and how they are presented by the author; narrative techniques and their effect on the reader; topics/themes/symbols presented or used within the story - creative tasks: inner monologue, transcript of a dialogue ELEMENTS OF FICTION PLOT - how the author arranges events to develop the basic idea, plot is planned -five essential parts of the plot: - exposition: beginning, characters + background + setting revealed - rising action events in the story become complicated, conflict is revealed - climax turning point of the story - falling action revolution begins, events and complications start to fall into place - resolution: final outcome of events in the story CONFLICT essential to plot, opposition ties incidents together and moves the plot - two types of conflict: - internal struggle within one's self - character vs. self: struggles with own soul, physical limitations, choices, etc. - external struggle with a force outside one's self - character vs. character: struggles against other people - character vs. nature: struggles against animals, weather, environment, etc. - character vs. society: struggles against ideas, practices or customs of others SETTING - time and location the story takes place, for some stories the setting is very important while for other ones it is not - when examining how setting contributes to a story, there are multiple aspects to consider: - place: geographical location - time: historical period, time of the day, year - weather conditions - social conditions: What is the daily life of the characters like? - mood or atmosphere: What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? CHARACTER - protagonist: clear center of story and all major events are important to this character, antagonist: opposition or enemy of main character - characteristics of a character can be revealed through: physical appearance, what he says/thins/feels/dreams of, what he (not) does, what others say about him, how others react to him - characters can be: - round is complex and undergoes development, sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader - flat is one-dimensional in that he is relatively uncomplicated and do not changes throughout the course of a work >> round characters are more interesting, meaning audiences can more easily sympathise with round characters than with flat ones - dynamic character who does go through change and grows during a story - static character does not go through a change POINT OF VIEW - first person, second person, third person narrator; limited/unlimited point of view, omniscient THEME - central message, title usually emphasises what the author is saying, figures of speech (symbolism, metaphor, irony) may be utilised to highlight the theme, common themes: things are not always as they appear to be, love is blind, people are afraid to change CHARACTERISATION - 1. Types of characters: - protagonist (main character) - antagonist (the person who the protagonist is against) - major characters (mostly dominate the story) minor characters (less important characters) dynamic characters (change and develop throughout the story) static character (does not change throughout the story) - round character (has different and changing character traits) - flat character (often stereotypical, viewed from only one side) - 2. Personal data and outward appearance - personal data: male, female, young, middle-aged, elderly-old, age, (status: married, in a relationship, divorced, single), nationality, languages, work appearance: tall, small, pretty, handsome, good looking, beautiful, big, chubby, thin, slim, pale, tanned, healthy, wrinkly, slim/round face, long/flat/pointed nose, eye colour, curly/straight hair, freckled/tattooed skin, loud/quiet voice, clothes 3. Character traits - positive: cheerful, open-minded, modest, decent, honest, reliable, trustworthy, organised, generous, optimistic, self-confident, sympathetic, gentle, considerate, sensitive, reasonable, ambitious, determined, brace, courageous, empathetic, etc. negative: bad-tempered, rude, violent, unorganised, narrow-minded, reserved, mean, selfish, deceitful (hinterlistig), dishonest, unreliable, anxious, pessimistic, lazy, insecure, egoistic, naive, etc. - 4. Direct or indirect characterisation? - direct: character is characterised through other characters or the narrator directly - indirect: character is characterised through his language, behaviour, relationships, etc. - In line ... , ... is characterised directly through the narrator by saying - In lines ... , ... is indirectly characterised through her behaviour. Bu describing her behaviour towards her classmate Marie with negative verbs "to bully" and "to interrupt", one can conclude that ... is a mean person - his thoughts in lines... that ... reveal that he is a ... person - by saying that ... one can conclude that ... is a person who ... - the conversation between ... and ... shows that ... - the relationship between ... and ... is characterised by ... which indicates that ... ANALYSING DRAMA - what to analyse: - analyse how [character] is presented in the extract - analyse the atmosphere created in the extract - analyse how [character] develops in the scene at hand analyse the relation between [character] and [character] - analyse [character +s] feelings/mood as presented in this extract >> for all these observations meaningful adjectives are necessary check what to use to analyse: - consider language - consider stage directions. - consider dialogue - consider the interaction between the characters adjectives to describe the atmosphere: depressing, alarming (besorgniserregend), sad, nightmarish (beklemmend, alptraumhaft), strained (angespannt), hopeless, frustrating, frightening (beängstigend), pessimistic, tense optimistic, cheerful (munter), exciting, reassuring (beruhigend), dreamy, amusing, peaceful ANALYSING POETRY - introduction: the poem's main theme, its message, who the speaker is, who he is addressing - formal elements: structure, form, language (simple/complex, repetitions, comparisons, contrasts, images/symbols describe how these formal elements are used to create a certain atmosphere/ feelings and explain how it supports the message - additional points and conclusion: say (if asked) whether you find the poem convincing or describe your own feelings, conclude with the main effect/impression The poem/sonnet ... by The title makes the reader think of deals with Th poem is divided into... (sections, lines) The poem follows/does not follow a clear rhyme scheme. It is (aabb) It has a flowing/monotonous/staccato rhythm The poet uses complex imagery/emotive language/contrasts in order to The words (mainly) remain to the world field The poem creates a feeling of ... The run-on line intensifies ... The poem is convincing/moving/special because ... The reader can identify with ... The reader is left with the impression iambic (xx), trochaic (xx), anapaestic (xxx), dactylic (xxx) MEDIATION - pick up the situation/context - pay attention to the criteria of the text format (possible formats: letter/email/article/speech script) - use your own words. - stick to the relevant content only - do not refer to work done in class - make use of topic-related vocabulary COMMENT/DISCUSSION - introductory sentence (Many people think that ... Generally speaking ... It is often said that ... The question arises if ... From my point of view...) - your personal opinion (whether you agree or disagree) - the reasons for your opinion (argumentation - pros/cons) plus explanation - short conclusion which summarises your opinion Main part First of all, ... To begin with... Firstly, ... Secondly, ... Furthermore, that ... Although,. Not only but also .... On the one hand... On the other hand ... However, .... Conclusion To sum up,.... All in all, .... For these reasons, .... As a result, .... All things considered, .... Therefore, .... Another reason is By contrast, ... LETTER TO THE EDITOR - introduction (name the article you are responding to, introduce the subject matter and briefly state your opinion/objection) - include a few sentences (arguments/examples) to support your view - end with a concluding remark and a clever, punchy line What seems clear is that .... Dear Sir and Madame, I am writing in response to the article Vocabulary: to have a good/positive opinion about sth, to (strongly) (dis)agree with sb about sth, to advise sb to do sth, to express criticism of DIARY ENTRY / INTERIOR MONOLOGUE - say what happened, express feelings/thought/worries - stick to the character traits of the person, stick to the content employed, formal style of writing CREATIVE WRITING CONTINUATION OF A STORY - the character traits of the characters remain the same, except for the case the task tells you something different - your text should fit the content of the underlying text - stick to the tense employed, stick to the narrative style employed - the social/financial background or origin might be expressed by a particular choice of words or way of talking - include questions which might be answered by the character or left open NEWSPAPER ARTICLE / ONLINE ARTICLE - headline, introduction, main part with information, conclusion try ending with a catchy phrase SPEECH SCRIPT - consider the addressee who should be reached by, present the issue, meaningful arguments and examples, present solutions when talking about a problem, give conclusion of the most relevant thoughts, present future prospects, call for action - well structure, appeal to the audience directly (inclusive language), make use of rhetorical devices/communicative strategies, pay attention to the appropriate register (informal/formal language, style) fitting the audience VOCABULARY VERBS OF ANALYSIS The authors uses, shows, represents, emphasizes, clarifies (make sth clear), displays (show), generates, focuses on, outlines, confirms, conveys, criticises, demonstrates, differentiates, elaborates, examines, illustrates, highlights, makes use of, utilizes, ... LINKING WORDS CONTRAST However, In contrast, Nevertheless, Yet, On the other hand, By comparison, On the contrary, Instead SIMILARITY Likewise, Similarly, Correspondingly, Also, In the same way SEQUENCING First, Firstly, To begin with, For one thing, Secondly, For another thing, Third, Also, Besides, In addition, Furthermore, Moreover, Finally, Last, Lastly ORDER OF IMPORTANCE Most importantly, Primarily, Above all, Most significantly FOCUSING AND LINKING With respect to, Regarding, With regard to, As regards, Talking of, As far as ... concerned CONCLUSION In conclusion, In brief, In summary, To sum up, All in all