African American History

Alternativer Bildtext:

selling slaves able to acquire cheap raw materials from USA for factories in Europe many of the horrible on board slaves died a traditional form of slavery = chattel slavery • humans. personal property bought and sold like commo- doties forced to work on plantations or as exploited servants : cool/wash, household chores 12 mil. shipped /2 mil died. Raw Material Slaves Africa: - Benifit from the acquisition AFRICA harmed trade movement of of the continent middle passage bc the the saw led to the social destruction of some African Societie because as they Saw their people sold conditions 4 slave mass people out economically dependet on slavery meaning that they did'nt other perhaps develop economic opportunities Prisioners of war from other african tribes. →→ Criminals poor members of society Officialy ends with EUROPE manufactured goods (iron alcohol) كلى federal prohibition 1808 North America: Slaves who were shipped: - able to LD to pay of their debts slavery still continued = - benefited greatly from slave labor • cruel • violant • Centuries long project shape amass large the fortunes for plantation owners d to the lack of workers. the relationship betw blacks and whites able to sell raw ahorrant materials که conditions on ship. •very bad: crowded, chained down diseases • Slaves were tortured so that they would behave Lo+sexual violance trips Several mas • resistance :. collective ones the • taking their own life answer: TORTURE africans sold other africans <<< chattel slavery SLAVERY IN AMERICAN COLONIES 16 19 20-30 enslaved African arrived before African Americans : first attemp but were to use Native Americans not satisfyed with work indentured Servants: Donly a certain perid of time (4-7 years) → White = full human as labour, ANTHONY JOHNSON (black slaveholder) JOHN PUNCH CASE Conly on punishment) 1662 PAR TUS SEQUITUR VENTREM mothers race detirms Lo even if the father is => Africans as in Jamestown (Virginia) religious arguments: darkness = sin SLA VE the slave /free status of the child white !! (rape as potential new source of new slaves) God intended for white man to rule : a cheap labour, because if - Shows the development of race and slavery as a social status -Dlater on: were not allowed to even speau incoort African Slaves = best Souloution over black men justifyed forced labor, subjugation and violance blacks against you minimize You maximize your CODE 5 income the distributions LEGAL STATUS OF SLAVES Slaves were considered property → Owner was to Slaves Owner them children slaves had was be diol no right followed the allowed not allowed slaves were not protected property to to own mother's sell and hire hold legal punish, beat, rape and even Kill by law line them citizenship DEFENDING SLAVERY 1. Slavery is a moral problem, but it moment in in this time because problems out at -> became slaves even if the father was white of the cannot it would will 1 United staates be abolished cause larger work and 2. Slavery is the best solution for the organization of regulation of social inequality, i.e. Slavery as a positive good Important: Only a very small, radical abolition of slavery to the minority of abolitionist faught for integrate freed Slaves as citizens in US society. Instead most wanted them to Africa. to the equal return 13gs Review African Americans (Last update: January 24, 2022) Overarching question to be considered: Free at last? Equal at last? Topics: Slavery (first African American slaves, slave trade, legal status of slaves, living conditions of slaves, reference to Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, slave holders (e.g., Thomas Jefferson → picture), slave narratives, abolitionist movement (e.g., Sarah and Angelina Grimké)) اب U.S. Civil War/ Reconstruction (Civil War Amendments/ 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments to the Constitution, rebuilding of the South) Jim Crow Era/ Segregation (discrimination and separation of spheres, Plessy v Ferguson, lynching, intimidation, KKK) Civil Rights Movement (fight for equal rights, Rosa Parks and Montgomery bus boycott, voting rights/ movie Selma and impact today/current debate on restricting voting rights, Brown v Board of Education (1954) speeches by MLK/ Malcolm X, other important civil rights activists, e.g., W.E.B. Du Bois, Maya Angelou, James Baldwin, Andrew Young, Ralph Abernathy, Hosea Williams, John Lewis (died in 2020), Jesse Jackson, Coretta Scott King, etc.) Black Power (Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Black Panthers, Nation of Islam) Black Lives Matter and current situation of African Americans (Michael Brown, Freddie Gray, Eric Garner, George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Jacob Blake, and many more suffering from police violence/ racial profiling; social, political, economic situation of African Americans today, e.g., education, (affordable) housing/ eviction, health care, employment, law enforcement/ judicial system/mass incarceration, etc.) U.S. election, political system and election process (Barack Obama - the first African American president - and his important speeches, U.S. election 2020 and outcome, President Biden's first year in office) Important African American personalities of our time consider all of the articles, literary texts, listening comprehension assignments, videos, songs, posters, cartoons, etc. we have covered in class and keep up-to-date about current events in the U.S. → do your own research, listen to podcasts, read the newspaper, watch documentaries, etc. Movies: The Butler (2013) Selma (2014) Novel: All American Boys (2015) cf. information Ministry of Education (see Teams → "Abitur 2022") LIVING CONDITIONS did not know to were not to read and at books denial of education = to prevent escape and resistance to look did not even beds belonged to people were property some how allowed stand on benches and were religious worship not allowed abusement had with differently used dealt Makechift church was gathering around LD was a tub full of water. prohibited and resulted in punishment (Laura Smaley) allowed to use were at different times (Harriet Smith) -Blacks to leave →-→-→ had and inhuman conditions / slaves having to eat from one punishment - whipping in public =▷ fear and hunger omnipresent (allgegenwärtig) serve constant work rape write - slept on the floor /on pallets →→soled like animals /commodoties = Auctions beaten like cattle (Rinder) to carry the white peoples church 1 even at night and beyond tiredness or move freely through (Trog) and of female slaves Pass a ticket "pass" from their owner =▷ system SLAVE -D Defending slavery IDEALIZING SLAVERY : Slaves had low (live in hoveles) slave holders Lo presented normal life the with be very different well-fed + lots of free time -D" are free to can grow their =▷ In reality. did and agreed to expectations -- can own vegetables and have HOLDER THOMAS JEFFERSON liberal politician but also was in vol ved at 5 the as and wanted this quality of live FREDERICK DOUGLASS former slave, leade of abolitionist movement, autobiographies, advocate of right especially woman HARRIET JACOBS sexually abused by her m hiel for 7 years, Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl" specif then SOLOMON NORTHUP parents freed slaves, kidnapped into slavery, 12 years a slave raise much ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL" needs of slaves those of white people want" do what obvious that most of the slaves it is not choo se this "life style" and were purely dehumanized treated with brutality in humanity their children a Southener and slave holder more than 600 Decleration of independance" 1776 } own meant everyone → every white person - NOT BLACKS so then there is bc. not men (people at no equality • 3rd President of USA as SLAVE NARRATIVES • NAT TURNER former slave poultry they live •JOSIAH WALLS Slave led 4-day-rebellion 1831 member of Republican Party HARRIET BEECHER-STOWE white abolitionist ) from a religious family novel "Uncle Toms Cabin" - desire • LAND OF LIBERTY CONSTITUTION 1787 in 1787 : COMPROMISE: + slaves to harvest the crops 夕 NORTH desire to abolish slavery loose, decentralized alliance strong federal government South dependency on 4 opposing views 5 slaves ("unfree persons") = 3 people when calculating the number of delegates sent from a particular state =▷ Significance: US Congress barred from passing law prohibiting the importation of whites blacks inferior position to ensuered continuation of slavery in the South slaves for 20 years Lo 1807: Thomas J. Signed law which officially ends Transatlantic slave trade but not slavery UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Secret network in the 19th century that helped slaves to freedom in the North or canada consisted of secret routes and Furgitives often travelled by night and by foot hundreds of miles Members: free born blacks, ex-slaves, white abolitionists => sworn to absolut secrecy throughout the UNDERGROUND RAILROAD escaped leading figures 1: Harriet Tubman (runaway slave) D let dozen Secret expeditions ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT 1888 1783 "safe houses" = provides refuges with a) material help b) hiding place aim: end of translantic slave trade and chattel slavery estimated 12 mil. Africans were forcibly transported to the US first criticism by rationalist thin kers (contrast to Dec. of. Ind.) evangelical religious groups slavery un-Christian quality. 1777 all Nothern states abolished slavery. between full with Blacks •Jefferson signed the law to plantation + slave owner = abolitionists helped. runaway or Canada to escaping ca. 30.000 slaves. Deep South still plantations low-cost-labour in order to free slaves → abolitionism (in form as UNDERGROUND RAILROLD) 1807 US prohibits the importation of slaves (transatlantic slave trade). ! but!: not slavery! 1804 as slaves to escape to the North THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT 1850 - abolit ment of slavery the South many nothern states criticism towards South claims: slavery is Slaves are better of th an to slaves positive good". arguments of radical white Southerness => SECESSIONIST -D South would not something in order to save the US from breaking apart: agreed to law → denying slaves - incre ase to take slave catchers were allowed the North to the South, if they could escaped slaves to be was if North South would simply United states the right of Jury trial of penalty for slaves asha med wage Northern COMPROMISE 1850 includes FURGITIVE SLAVE who had escaped procedure of recapturing slowes slave holding states be better of alone not tolerating slavery, secede from the of labours ACT to non African Americans from prove that they are actually After founding the USA questions still remained equal" ? all men states right executive → SLAVERY ??? (" " NORTH strength in and Industry CIVIL WAR 1861 -1865 a.re created over federal power of President? adapted to new and welcomed technology new machine -D replacement of human labor do not need slave bc. of mashines manufacturing population growth fear of loosing South support and develop differently economically rich حL 1860: Cimmigrants from Europe) growing abolitionist movement 'monstrous injustice) government: SOUTH economy based on agriculture. (tobacco, cotton, sugarcane) Drich plantation owners + poor white population dependence on NORTH Abraham Lincoln becomes a single southern state - opposed commercial services / trade dependence on slave workforce Slow in expecting changes - conservative genuinly misstrust between. · 1854: founding of Republican party (A. Lincoln) NORTH and South 18:59: 18 Free States → America expending westwards, each 115 slave States threat to the balance between S+N → South feels oppressed new territory is new the further spread of slavery president without winning 1861 South secedes from Union / establishment of the Confederate States of of South + preserve a America /defend the political rights the blessings of slave y 11 states secede from the UNION : 12 April 1861: Confederate States attack the militar UNITED. STATES BATTLE OF FORT SUMTER ↓ Beginning of CIVIC WAR -bloodiest conflict in American History. /South having big disadvantages Dressources pless pop. weapons war is not about race and slavery, at least that is what soldiers think and should think bc.: Why should whites fight for black rights? persumption that Blacks are not smart enough blacks not allowed. in the military → fear that turn against Whites ·22 September 1862: Emancipation of Proclamation -Dif CS don't join the Union in the next 100 days then from the 01 01. 1863. all enslaved people shall be free } but: applies only to the Confederency (not to the border state, staid but but slows) now moral war CIVIL W.AR 1861 <-1865 • new purpose laim of work) •now: black soldiers 10% of force : France + Britain can't be: ant - slavery position: • April 1865: official end of Civil war • 19th. June 1865: JUNETEENTH Black but : countless Blacks remained in bondage 4 ما Support Confederancy 2 ended with the immediate consequences of the Civil War. • around 600.000 deaths on most large southern cities destroyed argiculture of the SOUTH is damaged / decimated abolition of slavery SOUTHERN economy impact on 250.000 blacks experienced that they. are free both side long-term consequences of the CIVIL WAR: : abolition of slavery preservation of the UNION + centralized image of NEW NATION government increase production facilities needed for. the war could be converted into powerful industries immediate problems after the Civil war: destruction of agriculture opportunities. destruction of rail roads - vorooted (4D aus gewohnter Umgebung rausgeschmiesen). political problems of reintegrating the SOUTH into the to treating the SOUTH as conquered territory readmission (wieder aulassung) Surrender of the Confederates ∞ who will what to do with the leaders? confis cation / curtailing of rights - Controversy over. statues (still Americans are free now!!! freedman slaves after end of Civil war problem of food supply and job infrastructure and disoriented people, both blacks + whites make decisions? → federal / state government? an issue today) UNION us. quick RECONSTRUCTION ERA period of time after the Civil War (1866 1877) → marked by rebuilding the SOUTH and deployment of Nothern troops rule in the SOUTH to ensure military equal rights implementation of Federal Sovereignty of the SOUTH limited by government 4 BLACK CODES regulation passed the effect of black emancipation -Preduce of fendamental Amendments: 13 (1865) 14 (1866) aim (and owners 45 (1869) . voting testifying against whites . by Southern politicians Why not able - abolishment wanted slaves but: (1866) Civil Rights Bill: ↳ Counteracting BLACK CODES LD whites remained control Congressional Reconstruction 1866 - 1874 change in perspectives opinions : → the view that African Americans should be free was considered as a idea of a minority of radicals" only a short - suddenly became a political programm Congressional majority -D extended rights : to (can be used as punishment) US Citizenship exercise these dependence On whites economic intimidated and terrorized by the Seperate-but- equal doctrine the and buying land to choose one's occupation Technically, Blacks received equal rights in these difficult for them to exercise these rights official end with the Civil Rights Act in 1964 rights? ККК the → prohibiting the denial of vote because of race => granted African Americans full the planters while ago packed voting tied to property and literacy requirements LP (test to prove the ability of reading/writting) Poll taxes (-voting fees) to go on working for them slavery (Difference to Em. Pr.: everywhere not only in rebellious states) all for mer slave by a to own weapons minimize and the vote right to matters, but practically Voting Rights Act. Share cropping- even though slavery abolished and just disappear to occupation were did not in connection 1.) plantations investors were subdivided 3.) Share cropper s.) at the deliver ➜ payement form : cotton divided up them must end 4.) Sharecropper bought and rented →Former slaves: lacking skills + capital little alternative in the based agriculture Share cropping: opportunity LD stay in the South amount a certain · and abandoned + the black Americans. Sharecroppers unrelen ting poverty On paper = free man Reality = economical - al most always nowhere else to of the year: the and sold to them trapped old after the plantation system of the South Civil the plantations did not status is in a cycle of investors out to poor tenant families (=sharecropp) Southern economy not better of crops war of freedom his seeds + belonged anything else to the land owner boy =D high prices (seeds, fertilizer, food) many Share croppers owned most /all they earned if they to had not in debls go the had had endless than which a big choice mainly was + independence yearly to the landowner landlord enough, hard in the local store of what they could work + one of a slave even What was the problem? - economically, politically, socially, the promise of equality that was actually guaranteed trough the 3. Amendments remained out of reach for AA LD especially in the South How SEGREGATION 1865 1960's = white ها enforced racial segregations officially passed for protection of AA LD reality: : used to limit the •₁.1. Jim Crow Law => Black cars ruling LD the was it done? → JIM CROW LAWS cafter the end of Reconstruction mind set of black people being after the away that they just go Plessy v.. Ferguson (1896) Civil Rights Act (1875) AA theaters Supremecy is re-established SEPERATE-BUT-EQUAL - LAW 1 war rights of BLACK POPULATION and White had equal treatement in different aspects. guaranteed of public life Homer Plessy 1 mixed man from Lousiana, got arrested for sitting in a whites - only street car that is - lost the case, Supreme Court declaired but equal facilities not discrimination !!! reinforced policies of racial segregation had the support and LD extended practise to nearly all areas of and of the power could possibly meet →→→SEPERATE - an BUT - EQUAL inferior = life trough segregation population race to sit seperatly in railroad were ↳ even in prison: seperate restroom / elevators / drinking fountains L▷ through Signs as : "Whites only " / "Coloured" → in reality almost anything but equal : ➜ =D JIM CROW LAWS era and RACIAL SEGREGATION Lin Shools state offices, public bars, parks, beaches, swimming pools, hotels, prohibition of interracial marriage =mis ce generation in worse shape white authorities Court did'nt (1877)) imprisioned providing seperate Black and facilities for blacks usually not equal standards for example: Shools had poorly trained great disadvatage for Whites non-White teachers Suffrage right to vote actually given trough 15th Amendment LD BUT P taxes - pay poll literacy test - In consequence in - => targeted - the poorest and group of society =D mostly b the the parlament AA were seriously disadvantaged in justice system criminal → AA did not All - white juries were →→→ frequently punished not commit example: Scott boro boys. teenagers 2 white least educated African African American opinions were not reple sented. ser ve as = the act of killing African Americans as white Americans Americans the jurors (could not vote) heavily biased against AA and LYNCHING con victed Blacks for crimes got sentenced with death for alleged rape -> miscarriage of justice. ] women Lynching a tool to install fear + restore white supremacy mostly in the SOUTH and against black men Southeners only wanted. to protect the honor from aleged black rapist K to in general: fear full of mixing races + inter marriage = Lynching black man Emma Till asked in a white lady it was a dear with shot in the head and order to discourige contact to go on a date. He his friends. In the thrown in a river mostly trough out racist organisation 3 ККК sb. without never enjoyed the white people seldam had to fear consequences when killing blacks --> contorary : blacks got senteced bc for make-up scenerios by jury with death as a legal trial, usually by hanging protection of the Same they did ܢܚܘ racist secret organisation in the Souther states - want to establish white supreme cy action trough lynching, bombing, arson (Brandstiftung) an all-white of Southern women" between both was a teen ager end got kidnapped, beat, races and + suppression of Blacks + other minorities CIVIL RIGHTS 1948: desegregation of army (bc of the impact of AA in WWI) BROWN U. BOARD: 1952 five different cases combined →-→ to show of white the school for black students were anything but equal students (outdated school material, poorly trained teachers) after Oliver /Linda Brown, wanted to attemp white school but could not bc. named Segregation in the end Court rulled over their understand Dec. 1955: of school segregation all from different states to Court by NAACP into Brown v. Board of education decision and began to that that black schools were 17. May 1954 Supreme Court concept of Sept. 1957: little Rock nine a white School + unconstitutional over threw the rulling of 1896, deciding that Seperate -but- equal was = the rulling powed the way but real achieved slower →→→ Bus Rosa Park Da black -- her - the mab of untill a military triggered used the arrest gave the mass Boycott: bus indeed unequal Lo put city courts unconstitutional MLK: Because of the non excellent orator (Redner) helped to incident in Montgomery woman refused students troop came clashes system under declared secure the equal rights protest violant protest, MCK MOVEMENT was organised 1 Alabama to give up her seat to a white Civil Rights move ment a new > did not allow = 1960: MLK helped JFK during his desegregation in the deep South nothing came fear of progress was often ·DESEGRE GATION of shools but Lo king not satisfied with 1960: King organized non-violant direct violant with for over for blacks by McK Schools (Lomany black students financial pressure public transport segregation. Under the enforcement of opening while a most efficient leader the } year to thoose election campaign, promised of CRM of the for closed blacks no black pers. into man impetus as loosing S. Democrats support to work small effort action protest police, uing + many followers arrested Kennedys for CRM Birmingham, Alb in CIVIL RIGHTS 28. August 1863. King led CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (1964) for bid any discrimination because of race, sex, colour, religion or national origin MLK: remembered for Nobel Prize -Dassassinated on work a march on Emancipation Proclamation more than king delivered the CRN W.EB du Bois: LD Wiliam Eduard born: 1868 - 1963 African Lo his citizen were Book The souls CD considered as Niagara movement worked for organizer powerful "1 in 1964 April 4th non-violant-protest JOHN LEWIS: 619 40 - 2020 freedom Rider, NAACP voice Burghardt American writter, teacher, sociologist, transformed the way that seen in society of the member for Other • Maya Angelou Ralph Abernathy 250,000 Americans the greatest dream rewarded was , 1968 in Memphis March racial MOVEMENT Washington = for signing the a 100 years ago Du of Black Folk" a required reading -D justice + equality → against black violance. important Civil Rights Activists: Bois of the of Washington justice with 1. SCLC (Southern Christian leadership Confer.) • highlight the disenfranchisement of AA in the South to • marched from Selma Alabamas state capital MONTGOMERY in 3 days to despite violant clashes with police the Speech in James Bald win Hosea Williams Coretta Scott King VOTING RIGHTS targeted specifically literacy test, poll taxes. and intimidation of Black voters in the South two activist in legislative lives American History triumphs Student Nonviolant + march in Selma AA studies of Black ACT (1965) all the the (SNCC) Coordinating Comitee Andrew Young Jesse Jackson CIVIL RIGHTS the for many blacks enough, especially because the . organisation such employed aggressive MALCOLM X *1825 - + 1965 . BLACK POWER 4 arose out of dissatisfaction + frustation of white crueltys L resulted in establishment. Panther Counter measures non-violant tactics were not of the existing of extremist KU KLUX KLAN (kk) which ) MOVEMENT: Spiritual precursor later soften his agressiv + hatefull attitude MOVEMENT got in to fights with Elijah Muhammed, the leader of the Nation of Islam •+ 1965: killed by three members of NOI after his exit STOKLEY CAR MICHAEL: 1995: the the of - more radical protests than CRM 1966-1967: member of SNNC 1968 member of Black Panther experienced unequal behaviour towards AA first as he tried to go to college in prison be of buglary, firstly introduced to the Black Muslim Nevertheless: (1966) Parly organisation had contro- dictary views ·later also: nationalist + anti-Semitic elements Black Other activist encouraged embrace their Blackness AA to take pride. as positive value => much came from it: Hairstyles, songs, clothing embraced again -NATION OF ISLAM Mindset: the solution for Black people lays in racial seperation = AA should form their own institutions, credit Unions and Political partys Movement Louis Frankhan (NOI) reviewed ideas from the 60's blacks and whites are worlds a part and should live in seperate States in the US Most members. of AA community supremacy + wanted acceptance and in their ethic heritage + was freshly rejected both white + black equality AFRICAN AMERICA MS - TODAY Many Blacks have made Social + political progress poll from 2015: 55% of blacks. Said it was easier achieve for them AA occupy leading positions entertainment industry . 4 AA have However, the racial devide Still is widening As we 4 than for their parents f 40 -2008+2012: Barack Obama as the first Black →2020: Kamela Harris first Black + female Vice President =D indicator of "post-racial society have seen in to face discrimination the un employment in = twice as high as wage gap between politics, multinational businesses, sports and ECONOMIC ASPECT: → even though wealth y between average no money in reserve substantial number of AA = little no income 4D dependance on welfare programmes ↓ out: · Medicaid (social health care programme) } Obama care past: real equality seems theory many AA middle has developed, whites and blacks wealth of white household sixteen times of a caree exists and the gap between black and _fields of class the life: 4 CYCLE OF POVERTY: > children grow up in the gangs, drugs, violance Dinfluence. company increases This bad Criminal 1 still blame the personal lack of initiative, stamin a American Dream" president black household → What to do by medical emergencys, operation + live in to poverty food + heath care. the Black community is a big issue those of whites. what blacks and their Explanation educational gap (whites better qualified) alarming wealth responsibilities: exist only in white peers Percentage of AA without health. insurance is falling ? racial prejudice (even with same education worse employemen fault of the system =black schools = unable to provide proper education Lo mandatory busing" (CRM) abolished = · remaining school segregation (areas and discipline whites дар eam , lack of funds. better = schools poor and disadvantaged areas, get in on behavior and development. the risk of young AA with a future contact with AFRICAN AMERICA NS •LEGAL ASPECT: incarceration of blacks. Lo Inhaftierung justice system criminal is diverging Obamas Fair Sentencing Netflix documentary 13th RACIAL PROFILING are does Black males are disproportionatly more - the rate of blacks being killed by + more likely to be Unarmed + POLICE SHOOTINGS BLACK LIVES MATTER international 5 times higher as rate of Whites not treat black & whites. sentences for the possession of drugs equally attention: But there are from police brutality US society: The "Black murders through the 6 reasons for these high rates of shootings & incarcerations = Social movement to highlight racism /discrimination /inequality Protest against police brutality and racial motivated crimes against Blacks founded: 2013 firstly national attention: - Criminal justice system prisoners work for almost nothing = Slavery countless and #BLM #know their name. #know hername the un equal Act 2010 - abolishment of sentences institution slavery - Michael Brown. - Eric Garner George Floyd TODAY Breonna Taylor Atatiana Street demonstration for the prejudiced murders of Michael Brown + Eric Garner lives matter of police brutality media GEORGE FLOYD protest around 2020. killed by arrest got arrested for alleged counterfeit money other black victims who suffered the remaining white supremacy in the Jefferson - new of the police times higher impacted by the police two + by arrest don't even get to the miranda rights in the digital the world a police officer during the -Jacob Blake Freddie Gray Hill Andre Manuel Ellis movement" and the terrifying a lot also gained age: of attention highlight Black females suffering from police brutality too !!! SOCIAL ASPECT: big issue today: Over 70% of black children -- worst case breakdown of family parents are not a father to children grow up without family and giving love and character OVERALL SITUATION OF AA → equality greater risk of developing antisocial is still AA the in the last for many -> major progress a long way American Dream' decades married 11 Important for shaping personality behaviour is still a Dream" , but still the struggle of racism Timeline HISTORY of African American Hist нихору 1619 1807 1850 1852 1857 1861-1865 1863 1865 1866 1868 1870 1870s 1875 1877 A Dutch ship brings 20 African slaves to Jamestown in Virginia. (First African slaves brought to J.) Congress declared the further importation of slaves into the USA illegal. (President Jefferson sign legislation that officially ends transatlantic slave trade.) Congress passes a second Fugitive Slave Act, requiring law enforcement officers to assist in returning slaves to their owners. Harriet Beecher Stowe 's best-selling novel Uncle Tom's Cabin helps turn public opinion against slavery. In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court rules that African Americans are not citizens of the USA; slaves who escape to free states remain slaves. The Civil War breaks out when 11 Southern states leave the Union (=USA) to form the Confederacy. After a long and bloody war the South is left in ruins. President Abraham Lincoln signs Emancipation Proclamation that officially abolishes slavery-> declares all salves free -15 April: President Lincoln is assassinated by fanatical Confederate ->Reconstruction begins Congress establishes the Freedman's Bureau to assist former slaves. - the 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolishes slavery by law; more than 4 mio slaves gain freedom Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, giving US citizenship to all persons born in the USA the Black Codes, a set of rules, are passed in the South to ,,restore all of slavery but its name"; southern blacks are - denied the right to vote - excluded from certain jobs - prohibited from possessing firearms. - restricted from moving freely - denied the right to own land subject to a separate and much more severe penal code - the Ku Klux Klan is founded in Tennesse as a fraternal organization opposed to the emancipation of the blacks; white southern „aristocracy" fears „nigger domination" and aims at restoring white supremacy in the South; terrorist acts against blacks like lynching are carried out The 14th Amendment (guaranteeing citizenship) becomes law. -> affirms black citizenship The 15th Amendment (guaranteeing the right to vote) -> guarantees blacks the right to vote racial segregation is gradually enforced in the American South Civil Rights Act: equal rights for African American in different aspects of public life End of Reconstruction. Southern states begin introducing Jim Crow laws. 1880s-1920s 1896 1910 1920s World War I. (1914-1918) World War II. (1939-1945) 1945 1948 1954 1955/56 1956 1957 1960s 1961 1962 1963 peak years of black lynchings The Supreme Court declares "separate but equal" facilities legal (access to colleges, trains, etc.) (->in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson) The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) is founded; the U.S.'s oldest civil right organization the Black Muslims, later the Nation of Islam, promotes the separation of blacks from white Americans segregated regiments of white and African Americans fight for the U.S. ca. 1 mio African American soldiers fight for the U.S Ebony, the first magazine for black Americans, makes its debut. It becomes an instant success. President Harry Truman does segregated the armed forces by executive order. In Brown v. The Board of Education, the Supreme Court reverses its position of 1896 and declares segregation of schools unconstitutional. - Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama - The Montgomery (Alabama) bus boycott begins. - 26-years-old Baptist Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. begins active participation in the civil rights movement The Supreme Court declares segregation on buses in Montgomery illegal. the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) is founded to support the protest movement; leader: Martin Luther King Jr. - Malcolm X becomes famous leader of Black Muslims; promotions of a separation black state and acceptance of violence as a means of self- defense - Freedom Riders: black and white civil rights activists travel through the segregated South to peacefully protest against racial segregation -> Grandhian philosophy of non-violent resistance - sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in southern towns January: John F. Kennedy is elected President of the U.S James Meredith is the first black student to go the University of Mississippi. The violence and riots following his enrolment cause President Kennedy to send in 5,000 federal troops - Protests against segregation in Birmingham (Alabama) - 28 August March of Washington: more than 250.000 people demonstrate for equal rights; M.L King gives his "I have the dream" speech, delivered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. - Four African American girls are killed in the bombing of a church. - 23. November: assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas 1964 1965 1965-1968 1967 1968 1972 1989 1991 1992 1995 2008 2012/2014 2013-2022 - President Lyndon B Johnson signs Civil Rights Act, ensuring voting rights to African-Americans - Freedom Summer: a campaign to register as many African-American voters in the state of Mississippi as possible - revival of the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi - M.L. King receives the Nobel Peace Prize. - Malcolm X is assassinated: 21 February - Martin Luther King Junior leads marches from Selma to Montgomery; Civil rights activists marched peacefully for the African Americans right to vote - President Clinton B Johnson signs Voting Rights Act; literacy test required to be allowed to vote are suspended in order to allow many illiterate southern blacks to vote - Black Power Movement: stronger political focus; urban protests -1966: Black Panthers Party is founded: culminating frustration; radicalization; guns; urban protests Thurgood Marshall becomes the first black Supreme Court justice. Edward Brooke of Massachusetts becomes the first black senator since Reconstruction. - Martin Luther King launches Poor People's Campaign: economic protest and civil disobedience of rural and urban poor of all races - 3 April: M.L. King is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee Congress passes The Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prohibits discrimination in housing - eruption of violence in 125 cities nationwide Congress passes the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, banning discrimination in the job market and paving the way for affirmative action Douglas Wilder is elected governor of Virginia, the first African-American since Reconstruction to govern a state The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is passed, strengthening the rights of employees to act against discrimination April: Rioting breaks out in Los Angeles following the beating of African- American Rodney King by white police men October: Million Man March to Washington DC organized by the Nation of Islam (Louis Farrakhan) to promote "unity, atonement and brotherhood"; more than 250.000 of participants Barack Hussein Obama; senator from Illinois, becomes the first African- American to be elected president of the USA -public protests following the killing of unarmed African American teenagers - 26 February 2012: 17-years-old African American teenager Trayvon Martin is shot by a Hispanic security officer in Sanford, Florida -9 August 2014: 18 years old African-American student Michael Brown shot by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri Black Lives Matter Movement (Trayvon Martin, an African American teenager who was church while walking to a family friends house) -> protested against the deaths of numerous black and African-American people around the worlds (Death of George Floyd,...)