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many people as possible were shipped in a boat to American 15% died on ships - ■ ■ 1620 Mayflower: English ship with first English Puritans, cultural icon Mayflower compact: document of Plymouth Colony Boston Tea Party 1773 a political protest by the Sons of Liberty - Target was the tea act of 1773, allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes - Intolerable act, Americans had less independence Declaration of Independence 1776 Thomas Jefferson produced the first draft Announced on the 4th July 1776 American colonies announced their freedom from British rule - Took at first step towards forming the United States of America "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." First concept of the American Dream Bill of Rights 1789 declaration of rights, purpose to protect the civil and political rights James Madison: made 12 amendments (e.g. freedom of speech) Reinforces the freedom and equality Washington decided about the Bill of Rights Manifest destiny 1840s widely held belief in the 19th century coined by the American journalist John L. O'Sullivan in 1839 settlers were destined to expand across North America special virtues of the Americans: establish moral rules and values across the globe mission to redeem and remake the west in image of agrarian America - "God given" mission to expand westward - Irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty Conflicts with Native Americans Civil War 1861-1865 First modern war because of the industrialisation started between two separated states - North: union and South: confederate developed into a war of society (slavery as main issue) North: abolished slavery, industrial revolution started, didn't need slaves anymore, realized that slavery is inhuman - South: slaves as workforce, needed them on plantations, kept economy booming - 1863: Lincoln declared all slaves free Recruitment of African Americans as soldiers for the Union army 1865: became one country again when slavery ended Jim Crow Laws 1880s-1964 segregation was allowed by law in the southern states - Segregation: different facilities for white people and POC Limited opportunities for POC's Based on negative image of POC by the whites (animal-like, aggressive&dangerous, less intelligent) KKK founded 1865: killed POC, saw themselves as protectors against a potential threat Disobeying the law results in punishments such as jail 13th amendment made it legal to still use prisoners as slaves The Great Depression 1920s- 1930s after World War I., leading to the Roaring twenty's unregulated capitalism, self-regulation, lots of new inventions People and companies made lots of money, started to invest Banks couldn't hold up the stock prices 1929: wall street stock market crush Extreme loss of values in stock market exchange Companies had to shut down, lost jobs Roosevelt: variety of programs called "New Deal” to get past the Depression Americans had little to no income - Increase of emigration, flee from harsh economic conditions - People started to get suspicious about the American Dream American Dream 1931 James Adams: a land in which life should be better and fuller for everyone, with the opportunity for each according to ability or achievement First concept in the Declaration of Independence equal rights and freedom - Immigrants want to live their own American Dream (better life) Economic dream: success, prosperity ("from rags to riches") Social dream: equality, opportunity, classless society Political dream: democracy, justice (minimum of state interference) Personal dream: freedom, self-fulfilment, dignity, happiness - Symbols and icons which represent the American Dream: - The Statue of Liberty + American flag symbols of freedom, democracy, enlightenment, independence California is the "Sunshine State" - Hollywood reflects the idea of material success Arnold Schwarzenegger as a german who is successful in America From Rags to Riches rise from poverty to wealth From dishwasher to millionaire one can achieve everything as long as they work hard enough to reach their goals America: place of unlimited opportunities (Pull factor for immigration) American dream: own a house for family, suburbia, be able to consume new and expensive products Reality: American Nightmare no classless society No chance in rising up in social mobility Unrealistic for unprivileged people Millions of jobs are gone, unemployment rate rises No job, no money and no home means increasing crime More inequality, huge gaps between rich and poor No access to health care of good education Small-town life - Great Depression/WWII changed the dream American dream is just an illusion Civil Rights Movement Emmett Till was lynched by two white men in 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery in 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott: POC decided to not ride the bus for one day A group with Martin Luther King as leader decided to continue the boycott, ended after 381 days - Boycott brought the subject of racial segregation to the forefront of American politics Four black freshmen sat at the "whites only" lunch counter at Woolworth in 1960, refused to leave without being served - 1963: Martin Luther King organised the March on Washington, 250.000 people joined King held his famous "I have a dream" speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial - 1964: legally ended segregation, President Johnson signed Civil Rights Act, preventing employee discrimination due to race, colour, sex and religion 1966: violence increased due to more black militants Martin Luther King Civil Rights leader and activist - Christian, non-violent approach to Civil Rights Movement - Fought for racial equality, hoped that whole world would become a colourblind society First action was at the Montgomery Bus Boycott - 1963: held the "I have a dream" speech on the March on Washington - 1968: shot on a speech in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray Memorial in Washington