The Second British Empire (Victorian Empire)

The Second British Empire, also known as the Victorian Empire, emerged after the loss of the American colonies. This phase saw a shift towards a more imperialistic approach, with Britain seeking to secure sea routes to its existing colonies and expand its influence globally.

Key developments of the Second British Empire included:

• Establishment of strategic ports and territories: Singapore (1819), Hong Kong (1841), Malta (1800)
• Colonization of Australia (1813) and New Zealand (1839)
• Expansion into Africa: Nigeria (1873), Suez Canal (1875), Rhodesia (1890), Union of South Africa (1902)

Vocabulary: Imperialism - A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became Britain's main settlement colonies, developing European-style civilizations. In Africa and Asia, British influence was exerted through merchants, administrators, and Christian missionaries, who sought to bring Western values and the English language to local populations.

Definition: Colonialism - The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

This period saw the height of the British Empire's global reach, with territories spanning every continent and a quarter of the world's population under British rule.

From Empire to Commonwealth

The transition from Empire to Commonwealth was a gradual process, reflecting changing global dynamics and the growing desire for independence among colonial territories.

Key aspects of this transition included:

• Internal evolution within colonial territories leading to a decline in imperial control
• Peaceful transitions to independence in some cases, but conflicts and rebellions in others
• Establishment of "dependencies" - territories that remained under British influence

Highlight: The process of decolonization accelerated after World War II, with most former colonies gaining independence.

The development of independence typically followed three stages:

1. Crown colony (governed directly by London)
2. Self-governing colony (internal sovereignty, with Britain controlling defense and foreign affairs)
3. Dominion status (fully autonomous, with the crown often remaining as Head of State symbolically)

Example: Canada (1867), Australia (1900), New Zealand (1907), South Africa (1910), and Ireland (1922) were among the first to achieve dominion status.

Challenges in the decolonization process included:

• Dissatisfaction with British rule
• Growing nationalism in colonial territories
• Racial tensions, particularly in colonies with diverse populations

The Commonwealth

The Commonwealth emerged as a voluntary association of independent nations, officially founded with the Statute of Westminster. This marked a significant shift from the concept of empire to a more cooperative international organization.

Key features of the Commonwealth:

• Comprises 54 independent nations, many of which were former British colonies
• Promotes democracy, human rights, and social justice
• Maintains economic and cultural ties among member states

Quote: The Harare Commonwealth Declaration of 1991 states: "The Commonwealth is committed to the promotion of international understanding and world peace."

The principles of the Commonwealth, as outlined in the Harare Declaration, include:

• Democracy based on the British parliamentary system
• Common language, culture, and traditions
• Economic and sporting links
• Commitment to human rights and social justice

Highlight: The British monarch serves as the symbolic Head of the Commonwealth, although this role is not hereditary and is separate from the monarch's role as head of state in some Commonwealth realms.

The Commonwealth continues to evolve, reflecting the changing dynamics of international relations and the diverse needs of its member states.