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markets - Empire & trade were certainly close connected Exploration & Discovery: large sea-going community provided the Crown with explorers, adventurers, pirates Establishment of Trading Posts: need for greater trade, trade was the most influential motivation of colonization, it meant enrichment of the Crown's treasures The first Empire: formed by the North American colonies, stretching along the east coast from the Canadian border to the Caribbean The second Empire: loss of American colonies, existing colonial possessionsin Canada and India were enlarged and a policy of securing the sea route to India was pursued, India & Far East meant import of cotton, spice, tea 19th century: idea that colonies were primarily markets for British goods and only of economic interest developed into the policy of imperialism, Britain enlarged her Empire, Western values were imposed on native population, mission to bring civilization to backward natives, imperialism was linked to the concept of racial/moral superiority of whites, mother country had ,,duty to teach British values to the indigenous populations" FROM EMPIRE TO COMMENWEALTH After India became independent after the Second World War and was now a sovereign state again, the other colonies also gradually dissolved voluntary association of 49 inde- pendent countries mother country & her dominions all have equal - status difference between "British Empire" and "Commonwealth": under the British Empire, the countries were oppressed and exploited positive aspects of the British empire: money trade links receiving natural resources expansion of English language influence around the world - Independent state negative aspects of the British Empire: manipulated India became aloof racist way of thinking (was normal) - slavery, indigenous people were treated badly loss of culture in many countries, little respect for their traditions British tried to force their way of life on other parts in the world The legacy of the British Empire: British style of democracy, British legal/education systems in former colonies, English survived as a common language - for good or for Bad the BE has left its mark across the world you w GENERAL FACTS because of the refuge crisis diversity has risen (racism has risen to) - advantage for the image of the UK because of variety some parts of GB are hugely influenced by certain cultures still migration from Commenwealth countries HOW IMMIGRATION SHAPED BRITAIN MULTICULTURALISM IN BRITAIN TODAY colonialism has contributed to the development of multiculturalism in GB, colonialism/expansion of Empire hat huge influence on diversity/multiculturalism PROBLEMS MIGRANTS ARE FACING migration is a big issue for Britain UK is a major migrant receiver there has always been migration migrants have played a major role in British history the war was a multicultural effort and migration played a key element in it in GB poor city areas language barriers - racism, discrimination, still people who don't embrace immigration low paid jobs, unemployment among ethnic minorities people developed racist attitude feeling excluded, treated unfairly class division social disadvantages immigrant fears dissolution & disappearance insults, harassment, prejudices huge inequality no multicultural society based on mutual tolerance & acceptance massive influx of immigrants led to tensions, culminating riots enrichement for society, broadens the multiculturalism as the essence of the British identity horizon PRO colorful society, contributes to culture support tolerance and respect, creating an open minded society good impact on economy, increase wealth of Britain intercultural relationships more peaceful society, more accepting of differences, promotes understanding diverse knowledge/experience, improve of trade/creativity/innovation Jewel of the Empire A IN PRO gave them democracy, free press etc, modern education CONTRA built railways, chanels, harbours created a small middle class English language gives them an advantages in global economy the British Empire from an Indian perspective Britain is known for its multiculturalism BUT there are lots of discussions if the multiculturalism really works or whether it failed religion conflicts - language barriers difficult to deal with different cultures, understanding their beliefs/norms fear among the individuals that they might lose their original culture/identity social conflicts/tensions due to different beliefs, practices, ethnics (culture clashes) inequality, discrimination, racism different values, social principles could collide Britishness might be lost: loss of original culture, identity, values) - no unity, ethnic groups separate themselves CONTRA couldn't raise economic growth, industrial revolution, lift people out of poverty didn't educate people - English divided India into two nations, people who know English shut out those who can't intimidated by British invaders, were suppressed by them, discriminated 2ND GENERATION IMMIGRANTS multiculturalism has failed: were born in GB grow up between culture of parents and culture of surroundings stand with their feet in two different worlds they feel as modern Britons and want to live like that religion & tradition lose importance - challenge: reconciling British culture with the expectations of their parents - thanks to their parents, they know the language, traditions, customs of their homeland yet they often feel more committed to advancing in Britain than preserving their connection to their homeland torn between two cultures - pressure because of parents expectations identity crisis, ambivalent feelings, inner conflict, exhausting young immigrants feel rootless missing sense of belonging aware of family values respects original culture/roots still committed to tradition hold on to eir parents lifestyle but are integrated into the western culture as well FIRST GENERATION IMMIGRANTS difficulties learning and speaking English not highly educated often want to be on their own, refuse to integrate, isolate themselves not very open minded to British culture very committed to their own culture and traditions refuse to adapt aren't expected to lose their national identities but to have shared identities upholding their cultural heritage but still being British