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global? 2.0: -industrial revolution -how can my company go global 3.0 -everyone can participate -how can I as an individual go global? NGO's -non governmental organisations -gained more publicity -promote interested of the poor and face global problems -> raise attention Example: Greenpeace, Oxfam Globalization Definition: -process of increasing global conformity with regard to cultural, economic and technical convergences -transfer of goods, capital and services -simplifies communication and interaction with foreign speakers due to the lingua Franca English -economic globalization: companies produce in countries where the costs incurred are lowest, focusing on profit efficiency and speed -cultural globalization: spreading of cultural characteris, which are expressed eg in sports, fashion, music, food etc- Causes -first industrial revolution and second industrial revolution were characterised by inventions such as the light bulb, the automobile or the steam engine. Old structures were renewed, society was transformed -the third great wave is characterised by innovation in the technological field, which include artificial intelligence, the internet, mobile technology, drones or even mobile translation Finance and education are also affected, as there are now cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, as well as numerous opportunities for education and training in all possible directions on the internet Positive consequences -Innovation is followed by growth in employment -> many new jobs, even in developing countries -hopes of spreading democracy, human rights and universal values while conflicts can be prevented -possibility of international relations, fighting racism -significant health benefits -talented individuals influence the market -global cooperation -exchange of knowledge Negative consequences -developing countries fear dependence on foreign supports, investment and credit -erosion of national cultures -massive illegal immigration -gap between rich and poor -exploitation because of cruel working conditions in developing countries -increased mobility can promote the spread of disease (eg Covid19) -small family business cannot compete against international competition -financial crisis of a state can cause international damage -increase of global crime Typical features of globalization -liberalisation of international trade -the immense increase in international trade -the increase in foreign direct investment -cross-border financial flows -transnational corporate structures (textile industry, semiconductor industry, etc.) -global markets -exchange of information (know-how, ideas etc) Driving factors -technological drivers Market drivers -economical drivers (imperialism) -political drivers (industrialisation) -assumptions -it all started with imperialism Culture/ Religion -travelling -fashion beauty standards -literature, music, films -migration -custom traditions, values, beliefs -food -religion -> exposure language →> converting is more usual -diversity of people -languages -studying abroad -sports -international Events -Access to information Technology -social media -internet Globalization -communication all over the world -copying technology -job opportunities -economical advantage -media progress -artificial intelligence -military technology Economy -global trade -constant exchange of development -export/import ->easier access to other countries -economic independence -outsourcing of labour and productions Every day life -food and clothes -communication with people all over the world -leaning different languages -education -mobile phones/ social media Politics -international alliance and cooperations -trade as warpen -investment policy -updates about every original decision from all over the world -more opportunities for espionage -global challenges (Covid-19) + opportunities (vaccine) -cold war -migration -climate change -worldwide movements (BLM) Winners and losers -bigger and stronger countries -economically ->industrialised developing countries -big companies -multination corporations =global players -GER industry Winners Losers -developing countries (progress) -environmental workers do developing countries -smaller companies - competition -local farmers -loss of individuality -textile industry -low-cost factories -cultures-> westernisation 3 eras of globalisation Globalisation 10 (1492-1800) -global competition among countries ->religion/ imperialism -question about a country's power => how can my country go global? Globalisation 20 (1800-2000) (1800) -industrial revolution ->cheaper transportation ->railway steam engine (2000) -easy communication-> PC, telephone, internet -interrupted by World Wars => how can my company go global? Globalisation 30 (2000-today) -global competition and collaboration among individuals -everyone has the chance to participate => how can I go global as an individual? Mostly European/ American companies/ individuals People from all over the word (eg Using the internet) Effects of Covid-19 on globalisation Technology +communication via digital devices +working from home -coordination/management/timing Economy -suffering companies -crash of stock market -delays in import/export -less orders -fear of economic crisis -gap between big and smaller companies Tourism -trust issues/migration +less people travel - positive impact on environment -> less CO emissions negative impact on countries that depend on tourism (Mallorca) -risk of overcrowded places once travelling is possible again +animals less endangered Society -isolation - depression - mental health issues ->domestic violence +crime went down -people fear democracy -loss of jobs Medicine +medical cooperation -health system is dying +rising awareness for potential outbreak of viruses →> higher standards Politics -trade war -high pressure +political cooperation +crime rate went down -increasing racism (China) +changing school system (digitalisation) NGO'S -non-governmental organisations -gained publicity over recent decades -promote interest of the poor Examples: Greenpeace, Oxfam Uni or Apprenticeship University + -helps to develop as a person -enables to work in a specific job -enjoy learning and getting to know more about a subject you love -expensive -not a good opinion if you feel forced to do it Apprenticeship + -work experience ->helps you to get good a job -company might provide a community -less social life -no extra qualification -snobbery Studying abroad + -new friends -gain experience -change mindset, adapting -impress future employers How does Word of Work change? -Globalisation: -new ways of communication -global market World of Work -Technologies take over jobs -not staying with one employer -constantly changing -better work conditions and equipment -more stress -> always available -more stress - mental health issues -expensive -homesickness -you have to adapt to a new culture, language and mentality Working abroad + -new possibilities -helps you Grösse -experience global market place -international internship ones -new medical breakthroughs -end of poverty and hunger Visions of the future Better -international collaboration makes intellectual exchange easier -access to a bigger job market -when technologies take over simple work, we can focus on creative tasks and more important -hidden cost of living abroad -harder to find jobs -homesickness -increase between rich and poor Worse -as technologies are cheaper and more efficient than employees they would (and already do) cause job losses -unemployable class that is unable to adapt -constant competition -focus on academic work leaves uneducated behind -social dumping Intelligence = power => to be successful in the rapidly changing world of work people have to adapt and learn new things constantly, what make it difficult for a lot of people to keep op with the growing circumstances The world of work Job satisfaction What makes a good job? -loyalty -dependability -teamwork -flexibility -friendly Co-Workers and boss -security -safety -clean workplace Health and safety, Safe workplace Physical comfort Job stress What makes a bad job? -no teamwork -no helping eachother -unclean workplace -tell rumours -(cyber). Bullying Material Benefits Earnings (cash + benefits) Having enough work Fair/ equitable pay Job content Interesting work Meaningful work Autonomy Resources to do the job What makes a good job? Security Income security Job security Certainty of hours Relationships Work/life balance, fit with family/personal priorities Friends and colleagues Fair treatment, trust, voice Identity, belonging Career Opportunities Advancement prospects Learning opportunities Networking Uni or apprenticeship Uni: pro -gain new experience -helps to develop as a person -learn to evaluate things critically -specialised knowledge > enables you to work in a specific job -enjoy learning and getting to know more about a subject you love -might enable you to earn more money later Apprenticeship pro -work experience -> helps you to get a good job -no student debut -salary -company might provide a community contra -expensive -putting of your adult life -it will only make you happy if you really want to do this -> not a good option if you feel forced to do this etc. -there are jobs that you have to study for -sometimes you can do both no guarantee that you will find a job contra -not the same social life as people who go to uni -less social life -no extra qualification -snobbery (other people might think you are not smart enough) -school was anti- apprenticeship ->prejudice Studying abroad Pro -new friends -gain experience -impress future employers -change mindset -learn new language -independence/ responsibility -open-minded -adapting, new norms Working abroad Pro -new possibilities -multicultural and more diversity -challenge helps to grow -different ways of doing business -experience global market place -cross-cultural communication -bigger competition -more innovation -international internship Cons -expensive -homesickness -loneliness -possible bad connection to host family -you have to adapt to a new culture, language and mentality Cons -gap between rich and poor increases -hidden costs of living abroad -traditional working might disappear -loss of jobs unemployment -harder to find jobs -reduction of demand on unskilled labor -leave family -homesickness -loneliness Studying and working in a globalised world What is globalisation? -Integration of economies, industries, cultures, markets and policy - making around the world Results of globalisation: -buying goods which come from far away -travelling -new ways of communication -keeping contact with people in distant countries Changing of Word of Work -not staying with one company/ employer -more competitive -advanced work equipment -importance of non repetitive jobs -internet has revolutionised work (home office) -you have to be always available -> more stress History -America is built on immigration -Pilgrim fathers escaped on the Mayflower from Britain to America -people from many colonies, states or etc came to America and became a unity -7.July 1776 Declaration of Independence -1791 Bill of rights Afro Americans in the US -Civil war; abolition of slavery ->still no end of discrimination -civil rights and civil right movement ->secure equal access and opportunities for African Americans important people: -Martin Luther King -Abraham Lincoln -Rosa Parks Central beliefs of the American Dream: -everybody can achieve anything -be free and equal in all matters -escape poverty -fullfill ones personal potential -freedom equality and happiness -more equality -material success -democracy -if you work hard, you can work yourself to the top A raisin in the sun -play about an African American family aspiring to move beyond segregation and disenfranchisement in the 1950s Chicago Connection to the American Dream Mama: materialism; buying a house Ruth: life in peace Beneatha: career Walter: materlism; liquor store -> changes to his dream of helping his family => everybody achieves their dream despite of the colour of their skin The American Dream -no single definition; varies for each American -concept of a better, richer and happier life for all citizen -everyone has the chance of you have a strong will Progress -everyone has the ability to improve themselves and others Frontier -crossing borders to expand own territorism Success -realising the highest goal in life Liberty and Equality -the belief in the American form government of the people, by the people and for the people as the sole quarantor of Liberty and Equality Manifest Destiny -America is a Gods chosen country Multiculturalism -different races and ethnicities can be combined as one nation Is the American Dream still alive? + -people can achieve the American Dream if they work hard -equality of opportunities to achieve own goals -social background does not decide on where you end up -free education for everyone -encourages people to try their best -American Dream will always motivate people -American Dream is what you want it to be -only people who make their dreams come true will get a headline -its not possible to do every job you want -Americas society is not classless -high quality school and universities are expensive -not everybody has the same chances -minorities have to face racism and discrimination -American Dream: for rich white people only? -gap between rich and poor Historical background -America is built on immigration -1620: Pilgrim fathers, members of the English Separatist Church (a radical faction of Puritanism that represented the Protestant reformed principles) fled from Great Britian to escape religious persecution, political oppression and poverty -they sailed across the Atlantic on the Mayflower and found the first permanent colony, the Plymouth colony (Massachusetts) -many others were also dent there for criminal offences and others were given land there -many native Americans lived in America before the pilgrims arrived instead of assimilating the Native culture, they stole their land and started to kill thousand of them - the Pilgrim Fathers formed a society based on bloody fight -they had the permission as Gods chosen ones: Americans have the right to guide the whole wold and to overspread it completely -people from many colonies, states or etc came to America and became a unity Declaration of Independence (4 July 1776) -13 British colonies located on the East coast -had to pay taxes to the British government -the colonies were not represented in the British parliament => War of independence Constitution (1789) -establishes the principles for a democratic government Bill of rights (1791) -first 10 amendments to the American Constitution -limitations of governments power -guarantee/ ensure American citizen certain invalid rights eg freedom of religion, freedom of speech and the press, as well as rights to equal justice Freedom- Statue of Liberty -given to the USA as a gift from France in 1886 to celebrate the first 100 years of American independence from Britain -a robed woman, holding a lit torch in her right hand a tablet in her left hand, showing the date of Independence (July 4 1776) Afro Americans in the US Civil war -war between North and South -an official abolition of slavery but still: no end of discrimination against black people Civil rights -guaranteed of equal social opportunities and equal protection under the law regardless of race, religion or other personal characteristics Civil right movement -mainly during 1950s and 1960s -was a struggle for social justice -secure equal access and opportunities for African Americans -means: non-violent protests, civil disobedience and boycotts Martin Luther King (1928-68) -leader of CRM (50s and 60s) - have a dream, famous speech -against racism Abraham Lincoln (1809-65) - 16th President of US: opposed against slavery -13th amendment: official abolished slavery Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955 - resistance of bus segregation -symbolic figure of civil rights movement Definition -there is no single definition, it varies for each and every American -range of hopes and beliefs connected with ideas in the Decleration of independence (freedom from Brtish rule) -concept of a better, richer and happier life for all citizen of every (James Truslow Adams, 1931) -everyone has the chance if you have a strong will (from rags to riches) The American Dream today -Multicultural society: a society where various ethnic groups and their cultural heritage are accepted in their own right -Salad Bowl: the various ethnicities living in the United States adding their own traditions, cultural values, etc to the American people, the various heritages do not merge into one, but stay distinct -Melting pot: the various ethnic groups do not retain their cultural heritage but amalgamate into a new nation (Term salad bowl is political more correct) -AD has come to be seen more critical -critics - American -Dream is a illusion, not everyone has the access to possibilities usually associated with it -American Nightmare?? Progress The belief that everyone has the ability to not only improve themselves but also their community Success The belief that everybody can realise his or her highest goal in life Manifest Destiny The belief that America is Gods chosen country Frontier The idea of crossing borders to expand own Territoriums (overcoming all obstacles) Liberty and Equality The belief in the American form government of the people, by the people and for the people as the sole quarantor of Liberty and Equality Multiculturalism The idea that different races and ethnicities can be combined as one nation Central beliefs of the American Dream -everybody can achieve anything -be free and equal in all matters -escape poverty -fullfill ones personal potential Personal Dream -freedom and equality, happiness, safety -self- fullfillment, individualism -gain a certain standard of living -personal aims family, freedom, health Political Dream -self government →> democracy, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness Symbols -statue of liberty, American flag, Sunshine State Social Dream -more equalitarianism society, covered old mistakes -classless society -material success Economic Dream -success and prosperity, rising from poverty to fame -if you work hard, you can work your way to the top Trump about the American Dream -Trump made it almost impossible for poor and middle class citizen and their children to live the American Dream (for example by raising taxes or by making it difficult for them to receive good education) -its easier for rich citizen and their children to live the American Dream -Trump always wants America first, but he destroys America and does not care about the environment -puts economy first which destroys the environment pro arguments Is the American Dream still alive? -people can achieve their aims if they work hard ->success stories: Bill Gates, Barack Obama as first Black President -its about equality of opportunities, not equality of rich and poor ->free movement between the social strata ->everybody has the same opportunities to achieve their goals; this doesn't mean that everybody will succeed -the American Dream is still alive but only as alive as your willingness to work for what you want to be -social background does not decide on where you end up →>US society is a classless socially in which everybody can move up an succeed -self reliance, the role of the state is minimal >there is hardly any other country which offers chances like the US -individualism is an important aim vs. Influence of the state -there is free education for everyone -most colleagues and universities also offer scholar ships for Gifted students and the state offers grants -the American Dream is an ideal to encourage people to give their best and be optimistic ->the ideal never dies -gives people hope, strength and motivation -gives recent immigrant and second-generation immigrants the hope that they will have a better live in the US -the American Dream is what you want it to be -> not necessarily material goods -the American Dream means that children will Do better than their parents -the American Dream means different things to people ->social mobility, money, material success etc. con arguments -those people who made their dream come true, make headline ->the thousands who don't succeed go unnoticed; only a few people really live the American Dream -its not possible to do every job you want -> no job, no money -examples are not the rule and real success is real -limited chances to climb the career ladder -there are not enough well paid jobs to get ahead →>many Americans have to work two or even more jobs to make ends meet -the concept of a classless society had never become reality -if you are not able to work hard you will not receive as much financial help as you would in Europe ->in Europe: welfare system for the handicapped and elderly which is called social security and Medicaid -if you are poor, it is seen as you own fault -emphasis on individual responsibility can lead to isolation and insecurity or indifference from other people -high quality schools or universities are very expensive ->many people reach up high debt for tuition and Ding it virtually impossible to pay them off and make ends meet at the same time -the ideal has changed form something tangible to a vague idea that seems to become increasingly hard to reach these days -many minorities fare well less →> African Americans have a lower median income than eg Asians -not everybody has the same opportunities, even though this is what the constitution guarantees -minorities have to face racism, discrimination etc. -American Dream: for (rich) whites only? -recent developments: the rich become richer, the poor stay poor, the middle class decreases ->huge gap between rich and poor -pursuit of material things has negative influence on the world ->climate change, and pollution in the US and in the developing world A raisin in the sun Conflicts and important things The most important things in life Mama: religion, moral value, happy family, a house Ruth: home for her family, life in peace and harmony, financial security Walter liquor store, money, taking care of his family, being able to provide for his family Beneatha: career, self-realisation, independence Conflicts between Mama and Beneatha -arguing about the man Beneatha has been dating -different ideas about the role of god (religion vs. Science) -generation conflicts Conflicts between Walter and Ruth -arguments because of little things -money -yelling/shouting -possible pregnancy ->inability to connect Conflicts between Walter and Beneatha -jealous because Bennie gets money from their father -Walter cannot understand why Bennie wants to become a doctor -Bennie as an example of emancipation Basically all conflicts can be traced backte a feeling of frustration or disappointment because all family members have unfurled dreams. They are unhappy with their life situation Plot A play about an African American family aspiring to move beyond segregation and disenfranchisement in 1950s Chicao grandmother Lena Younger "Mama" buys a new house for the family with the insurance check daughter brother mother Beneatha Younger (wants to become a doctor) Joseph Asagai courts the attentions of her Travis Younger mother father son mother Walter Lee Younger sister refuses offer son Ruth Younger wants to open a liquor store with Karl Lindner offers Younger family money o that they do not move into a "white" neighbourhood Bobo tells Walter that Willy has run off with all the money Willy Harris swindles Walter and Bobo Short summary of the plot 1) exposition: family is (unpatiently) waiting for a 10000 dollar life insurance check that Lena Younger receives after her husband passed away 2) raising action: each family member wants to do something different with the money and therefore waits anxiously for his or her life to start 3) rising action: Ruth discovers that she is pregnant. Mama makes a down pavement on a house; Mama gives Walter the remaining insurance money which he then invest in the liquor store venture 4) climax: Bobo, tells Walter that Willy has run off with all of the invested insurance money 5) falling action: Walter refuses Mr. Lindners offer to sell their house back the Youngers move out of in their new house in the white neighbourhood Connection to the American Dream/ What was the American Dream in A raisin in the sun? -in the 50s was close to materialism ->Walters AD is no longer to beacons wealthy, but to become a man and help is family ->he refuses the money Mr. Lindner orders his family to not move into the new neighbourhood ->focuses on supporting each other through rough times and learning to love -in the end, they achieve their American Dream despite the colour of skin Speculative fiction -broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that are non existent Utopia -no place or good place -imaginary nearly perfect society -cannot become reality Dystopia -illusion of the perfect -embodies pessimistic visions of the future by creating a fictional society Cyborgs -part human, part machine -integrated technology in human bodies to improve or monitor some aspects of their health + -better chance of surviving -better quality of live; walking with bionic limbs etc. Fahrenheit 451 -futuristic dystopian society where firemen start fires instead of putting them out -books are not allowed, instead people watch television (provided by the government to distract people/ brainwash them) -society believes that literature destroys peace -no deeper meaning to live, society is superficial Towards a better World -expensive -medical risks -are they still human? -you can lose traits which make you human Guy Montag -fireman + protagonist -first he is loyal to his job and state, but slowly starts questioning the system -starts reading books in scoret -later: becomes a state criminal that needs to flee -> rebellious protagonist (typical in dystopian novels) Genetic engineering + -babies grow into ethically better Children -preventing certain diseases -is it right? -might cause new diseases/ disfunction -no diversity -bad purposes Impact of Books -knowledge -history -self education + -escape reality and concentrate on others people stories -help you finding your own opinion Media society -shallow and superficial -controlled by mass media -unable to deal with real emotion etc. Book society -don't trust the government - rebellious -hoping for a better less superficial society -old fashioned Artificial intelligence -robots could make human life easier -increase productivity -medical breakthrough could be possible -machine can become autonomous and have unpredictable consequences -dangerous -loss of jobs -Al suppressing our intelligence -where does technology end and humanity start?? Speculative fiction -broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that are non existent -covering various themes in the context of supernatural, futuristic and many other imaginative topics Subgenres: -science fiction, fantasy, horror, alternate history, utopian fiction, dystopian fiction Utopia -"no place" or "good place" ->term first used by Thomas More in 1516 -an imaginary (nearly) perfect society →> "paradise" -optimistic way of portraying the development of todays society -cannot become reality - a perfect world isn't possible, the idea is simply not realistic typical characteristics -equality -no conflicts -prosperity -happiness -technology as an assistance without being used for bad purposes Dystopia -embodies pessimistic visions of the future by creating a fictional society -little or no hope for improvement -way to criticize negative tendencies, such as climate change, in the modern world and speculate how situations will worsen over time ->often a warning to the readers typical characteristics: -illusions of the perfect -controlling suppressive government -war, revolution, rebellion -great suffering -poverty, huge income gap -violence -injustice ->society separated into classes with different amounts of power -natural disaster, total destruction of nature -more advanced technology used as a method of surveillance or control >>often only controlled by the ruling class -a protagonist who questions this society because they feel that something is wrong; rebels against the government Artificial intelligence -the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence,s such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision making and translation between languages -refers to intelligence shown by machines -they can play games like chess and drive cars -many experts warn about the potential risks of upper intelligent machines Virtual realities (VR) -a form of experience/ scenario generated by a computer can be experienced through devices like VR glasses, googles or headphones designed to create images and sounds in order to make a user bleibe they are in another environment Cloning -cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit if DNA is the same between the two Cyborgs: part human, part machine -regular people who have integrated technology into their bodies to improve or monitor some aspects of their health -no universal agreement what makes a human a cyborg -human being in whose body technical devices are integrated as a substitute for or to support organs that are not sufficiently efficient (eg for long space flights) -a cyborg is simply somebody with a mechanical or electronic device in (or attached to) their body that enhances physiological functioning + -walking with bionic limbs when you wouldn't otherwise be able to -a better chance of surviving certain heart conditions (as in the case of defibrillator), which can increase your life expectancy -improved mood and lower rates of depression for paraplegics who can now walk as a result of bionic limbs -a better quality of life -bionic parts and implantable devices are expensive -the body might negatively react to implantation -there are medical risks involved in any type of surgery -the whole issue of humanity comes into questioning Your whole behavior might be affects; you could lose the characteristics that make you human, such as compassion or empathy. The line between right and wrong becomes blurred -Cyborgs can also be used as weapons; people can implant weapons into their body etc. Genetic engineering + -babys grow into ethically better children -those children would be less likely to harm others or themselves -genes have a significant influence on personality -> chance to modify them -designing children leads to a better, more intelligent and less violent society -it would be possible to turn off the genes, that are responsible traits, such as alcoholism or psychopathy -it would be just voluntary -the question: is it right? -this might create new diseases or even genetic diseases/ defects -no evolution in the distant future >>everyone/ the most people will have the sae hereditary material; no diversity, which makes us special -too many and too deep manipulations -can be used for bad purposes Artificial intelligence + -robots could make human life easier and more confit able -increase of productivity and quality during production -we could profit from Al intelligence that might be able to understand poor lens our brain isn't capable of >>medical breakthrough could safe us -rational decision making -machines can become autonomous and have unpredictable consequences -incorrect handling of this power in the wrong hands can be dangerous -humans should control robots -there should be borders to Al (human dignity, freedom and peace) -loss of jobs due to robots -Al suppressing our intelligence Problem/ Ethnical issue: where does technology end and humanity start Fahrenheit 451 -futuristic dystopian society where the firemen start fires instead of putting them out -books are not allowed, instead, people watch television because it supports the mindless conformity society embraces ->society believes that literature destroys peace and due to the lack of knowledge people have by not reading books it divides the society (a book is a loaded gun) -in this world, individuality is a sin, anyone who is different is considered dangerous -the society is cold and unfeeling -people live for superficial desires lost in a fog of immediate validation and happy pills -there is no deeper meaning to life, in fact this is mandated by the state -people mindlessly go through their day addicted to their mindless screening rooms and relationships void of meaning -society is starkes by entertainment, speed, restlessness and superficiality, for example: extremely fast driving, multi-screen television at high volume with very shallow programmes, constant exposure to sound and advertising -brainwashed citizen - consume media which is controlled by the government -people live in fear - reading books is illegal -society lives in a fake perfect world; pretend everything is perfect; don't even know about upcoming wars -rebellious protagonist - Guy Monatsgehalt a firefighter who worked for the system gets rebellious and tried to fight against the system by reading books and spreading knowledge about books Characters Guy Montag -a fireman + the protagonist -at first he is happy with his job and loyal to the state, but slowly starts questioning the system -secretly keeps some books he is supposed to be burning and starts reading them -later becomes a state criminal and needs to flee Clarisse McMellan -teenager who lives in Guys neighbourhood -exact opposite of the illiterate average person living in society; outsider in her school because of her interests -eventually gets killed in a car crash after disappearing a few days after meeting Guy Montag Mildred Montag -Montags wife; addicted to sleeping pills and media -Montag tries to free her from her toxic obsession with her TV but she remains indifferent -betrays Montag by reporting him to the police for hiding books Captain Beatty - Montags Boss -loyal to the state -Montag kills him after he forces him to burn his own house because of the books he is hiding Faber -former English professor and Montags only supporter -spent years of regretting his behaviour of not defending books when they first got banned Granger and the Outcasts -group of wandering exiled ex-citizen living outside of Chicago Media and book society Media society -shallow and superficial ->do not deal with serious issues -no real relationships, no real conversations, not really interested in each other ->cannot trust each other -controlled by the mass media/ government -no controversial information, people are prevented from thinking and forming their own opinions; brainwashed -conformity everything is consumed as entertainment even if people suffer from -unable to deal with real emotion/ unhappiness -people are distracted from their problems but many suffer because of the situation ->aimless and mindless firemen, fanatic constant entertainment, one ways street people exist but do not really live =>represented by characters like Mildred =>dystopian society Book society -don't trust the government/ don't let the government control them "rebellion" -want to preserve and transmit mankind's cultural heritage -act rather secrecy, wait for people to join them -individuality - own opinions, not distracted by the media, take the time to think and discuss, are aware of the importance of books an their content -care for each other, have conversation and are interested in each other -interested in serious and difficult ethical questions -books "get us out of the cave" - civilised -are hoping for a better less superficial society -don't use any new technology, old- fashioned and close to nature =>represented by characters like Faber, Clarisse etc. =>utopian society Impact of Books -knowledge -self education -escape reality and concentrate on other peoples stories Reasons why authorities impose censorship on books or media -ensure public/ children's safety -respect/ protect religious beliefs -hide the truth or dangerous facts Consequences of burning books for society -depression and identity crisis -knowledge is last -past is deleted -less possibilities to share your thoughts and theories National identity -a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as presented by distractive traditions and language British monarchy - should they abolish the British monarchy? + -cost- intensive -taxpayers lose money -queen has only limited powers Multiculturalism -creation development of a new national identity -improves national identity British traditions and visions Why is the UK so multicultural -skill shortage in the UK (60s and 70s) -attractive place to live in -British empire has made the UK multicultural for centuries -known for its royal family -change is difficult to make -free movement in EU(before Brexit) -people in Britain and tourists from around the world love the royal family -loss of traditions Chances -open/ tolerant society -enriches lifestyle -greater variety in culture -mote diversity Challenges -racism -language barrier -lack of support -clash of cultures -inequality -cultures can't integrate Brexit + -being independent -no payment to EU -EU rules do not match with Britains interests -less exports to EU -imported goods become more expensive -visa for traveling -globalised world??? => a multicultural society is outdated -it makes people tolerate each other but doesn't integrate the many different cultures and so leads on to split the society =>UK needs a society that makes the different cultures interact and communicate with each other National identity -a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distractive traditions and language people; national stereotypes, habits, values, heritage, appearance history; political past (monarchy, revolutions), myths and legends, wars, national anthem, flag, traditions, national holidays culture; religion, festivals, food/ drinks, art and music, sports, language (slang, dialects, accents) politics, law, political system, currency British identity -cliches and stereotypes: tea, bad weather and British food -traditional values: tolerance, respect, being open-minded -history: pride and strong (British empire) -different nationalities: multiculturalism and UK diversity -Brexit: feat of immigration, desire to get backstory past Multiculturalism -creation/ development of a new national identity -> improves the national identity Chances/ Benefits Challenges -open/ tolerant stronger society -> mutual respect and generosity -enriches lifestyle (cultural horizons) -linguistic attracts (multinational companies, improves economy) -greater variety in culture (food, music, etc) -> influences/ contributes to the national identity -more diversity -source of strength -more opinions and perspectives in economy -more innovations and creativity Why is the UK so multicultural? -UK Skill shortage; the UK asked people from Africa and India to help, people moved for a better live (job) -its an attractive place to live -British empire has made the UK multicultural for centuries -free movement of people in the EU (not anymore/ Brexit) -racism -> discrimination, bullying, hostile behaviour -inequality for immigrants -cultures are different and can't integrate (parallel society) -language barrier -lack of support ->from home (unable or unwilling, no role models) ->from teachers (school university) ->from host society -financial problems -language/ accents -cultural differences - clash of cultures -educational system/ unjust school system => identity issues, isolation The UK- problems with a multicultural society Characteristics of a multicultural society -respect people of all genders and races -value people for who they are -understand people have different beliefs and dreams > The UK has a multicultural society but it has some disadvantages Reasons for emigration -specialities (family, friends, history) -economic reasons -less education and earning than the native majority -Ghettos - society splits more and more apart -political reasons -persecution (political, religious) -war -education -living condition => Hope for a better life Requirements -being open-minded Consequences for => a multicultural society is outdated people with a migration background -it makes people tolerate -high number of unemployed each other but doesn't integrate the many different cultures and so leads on to split the society =>the UK needs a society, that makes the different cultures interact and communicate with each other >>possible when both sides cooperate British monarchy -still has a monarchy, but at the same time its the oldest democracy in the world -has never written a constitution in its history -political system is based on a number of documents that are linked to a number of important events in British history Should they abolish the British monarchy? + -focal family is cost-intensive, but they have gained a lot of money through all thousands millions tourists -British taxpayers lose a certain amount of money in Britains monarchy, but an alternative elected head of the state would not be cost free either -having a queen as head of state who has inherited her title would be incompatible with democracy ->Britain might be one of the countries in Europe that still has a monarchy but at the same time its the oldest democracy in the world >>the Queen has only very limited powers ans mostly representational functions ->she embodies British stereotypes and helps symbolising Britishness and national values -no separation between state and religion, tied to the church -arrogant and snobby family -Britain is known for its royal family -change is difficult to manage -68% of British inhabitant think that the institution of the monarchy is good for Britain -why should we abolish something that is accepted and loved by most people -makes Britain different from most other countries -British monarchy attracts tourist whips is an economic factor and part of the entertainment history -queen is a well-respected person -would ruin the nation's tradition/ loss of tradition -monarchy costs only a few cents for each taxpayer -keeps people interested in history Brexit -the British exit out of the EU -cause: a referendum on 23rd June 2016 - won by 52% to leave the EU -very controversial -being independent for the EU and its decisions -no payment to the EU-household -protections from overcharging immigration -become economically more successful -internet inventory will see London as safe and independent heaven -smaller companies would hardly be affected, because they do not trade with the EU -get its sovereignty back -EU rules hurts British interests -less exports to the EU -imported goods become more expensive -no part of the inner EU -increasing unemployment -visa for traveling -no EU labour rights -financial advantages -would lose their influence and suffer economically and political and influence -we have a globalised world, isolation is not possible, solving world problems together -subject to international treaties and laws General information -largest population in Africa -main language English History -1500: slave trade -1807: slave trade was abolished -19th century: Britain and Portugal began to fight for the area around Lagos -1861: Lagos became a British Procreate -> now own African identity anymore -1963: Nigeria gained full independence from Britain -1967-70: Nigerian civil war Society -over 250 ethnically groups -more than 500 languages and dialects -Christianity and Islam almost equally distributed -various colonies with various traditions Nollywood -Nigerians movie industry -second biggest movie industry world wide -around 2000 movies each year -important for whole Africa Single story of Africa -beautiful country/landscapes -incomprehensible people who... ...unable to speak for themselves, waiting to be saved ...start senseless wars ...poor and live in a rural setting ->feeling of pity Nigeria Women in Nigeria + -FBI tries to educate women -Nollywood ->movies to spread awareness / job possibilities + Chances and Challenges -Fastens growing economic in the word (oil and gas) -Nollywood -great cultural variety -well known authors and musicians -traditional gender roles -no voice, equality -used by men -domestic violence -child marriage -culture of silence Boko Haram -rapidly growing population -poverty, food shortage, unemployment, overcrowded slums -young population, bad education etc. -faker news -gap between rich and poor -terrorism -environmental problems -no health insurance -Boko Haram; constant insecurity -violent terroristic group in Africa -meaning: western education is forbidden -fighting for Islamic law -raise attention with violence General information -largest population in Africa -located on the west coast of Nigeria -capital: Abuja / largest city: Lagos -main language: English -climate: tropic Nigeria: a country of variety -250 ethical groups -more than 500 languages and dialects -Christianity and Islam almost equally distributed -various colonies with various traditions Society Ethnic groups: Over 250 ethnic groups, the four biggest ones: Hausa - Fulani / 29% -predominant ethnic group in northern Nigeria Igbo / 18% -main ethnic group in south-eastern Nigeria -non-hierarchical society -became less politically dominant -Islam is a key component of their History 1500 Slave trade (internal and external) -millions of slaved from Nigeria were shipped to western countries 1807 slave trade was abolished ethnic identity -have been political dominant -patriarchal culure Beginning 19th century: Britain and Portugal began to fight for the domination of the area around Lagos -increased use of English (official language) -Economy focus on cash crops 1861: Lagos became a British protectorate/ Nigeria as a British colony British influence on Nigeria: -western form of education culture was unfamiliar influence on Nigerian people: -British culture, values, traditions and language were superior -> Own -> feeling of displacement -no own identity 1963: Nigeria gained full independence from Britain 1967-1970: Nigerian civil war- fight between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra - Biafra surrendered in 1970 (over 1 million people lost their lives) Culture Yoruba / 21% -one of the most urban ethnic groups -The Yoruba have split in many smaller communities -Believe in Islam, Christianity and many traditional beliefs -since independence they have been overshadowed by the Hausa-Fulani With its many languages spoken by various ethnic groups, Nigeria has a very rich and diverse national culture. Nigeria is also known for its English language literature. Ijaw / 10% - in recent years became more important for politics in Nigeria -their lands are some of the country's most oil-rich -most believe in Christianity or traditional beliefs Nollywood -nigerian movie industry -name based on Hollywood -since 70s -around 2000 movies each year -second biggest movie industry -movies mostly about drama, religion, love, corruption etc. The single story of Africa: > created by western literature and media (people who have more power) -beautiful country/landscapes/animals -incomprehensible people who ... ... are unable to speak for themselves and are waiting to be saved by a white foreigner start senseless wars and die of poverty and AIDS ... are rather poor and live in a rural setting (not modern cities) ->they cannot be alike ->creates a feeling of pity Chances and Challenges + -one of the fastest growing economies of the world (oil and natural gas industry) ->regarded as an emerging global power -Hollywood: second largest film industry ->important for the whole of Africa -great cultural variety (more than 250 ethnic groups and 500 languages) -well-known authors and musicians -rapidly growing population ->poverty, food shortage, unemployment, overcrowded slums -young population but high unemployment -organized crime and corruption -fake news, brown envelope -religious tensions and fundamentalism -terrorism, eg Boko Haram -environmental problems; oil spills, poor waste management leads to polluted waterways and groundwater causes diseases -political instability (partly because of Nigeria's past) -illiteracy -gap between rich and poor health insurance welfare system Women in Nigeria - Chances and Challenges + -FBI ->travel throughout the country to challenge traditional gender roles >>educate women (STD, health) -Nollywood as an opportunity ->women can become directors etc. - they can be seen as a role model ->use movies to spread awareness and make people aware of challenges ->portray society from a female point of view (opportunity to give women a voice) Boko Haram -one of the most violent groups terrorist groups in Africa -means: "Western education is forbidden" -constant insecurity of state and its population -fear of being a victim -> immense mental pressure -lack of trust in the government and military -closing or destruction of schools -thousand of victims who died, hurt or live in fear because of Boko Haram -traditional gender roles ->women wife, mother ->no voice especially in rural areas >>no equality ->"used" by men, less rights - modern women as portrayed in the media -human trafficking and modern slavery -domestic violence -founded 2002 by Mohammed Yusuf in northern eastern Nigeria -fighting for Islamic law, prohibition of western education, rejection of democracy ->formation to an Islamic state -they want to raise attention with violence Impact of Boko Haram -Boko Haram is gaining more members due to corruption of the government -child marriage -pressure to fulfill people's/ society's expectations -culture of silence What can be done against Boko Haram? -fight poverty -> more jobs less corruption -support organisations for Nigerians to find a job and not to fell betrayed and left alone by the government -decrease corruption in politics -> gaining of trust -> less chances of Boko Haram to recruit -make schools more safe -more military in in cities and hotspots for Boko Haram -decrease corruption in military (some soldiers support Boko Haram) Nigerian Dream -become successful in a short amount of time at any cost -breaking rules (corruption and crime) -show their success -afraid of poverty -living abroad and having a normal life Concept -the dream is it to make by any means necessary -get a lot of money in a short time -full fulling life →> it is more a nightmare than a dream Problems -corruption is tolerated -low life expectancy -67% below poverty line -no health care -tomorrow is not guaranteed Elizabeth age -1556-1603 -Queen Elizabeth I -golden age World view -related to religion -hierarchical order Society -occupations and social classes -born into their class -marriage just in own class Shakespeare Is William Shakespeare still relevant? + -topics are not outdated -plays can apply to todays society -confront you with complex issues -plays can challenge you to look at those issues in a different way -can open up a new world and bring meaning in your life -outdated values -hard to understand -overrated -challenging -no relation to modern English Shakespeare's work Themes -love and hate -betrayal -war -rivalry Most popular -Romeo and Juliet -Macbeth -Hamlet -Sonett18 The Elizabeth Age -time when Queen Elizabeth I reigned (1558-1603) -peace and prosperity -freedom of spirit, opened new worlds of history and poetry simulated English culture -revolutionised many aspects of life (literature, welfare) -obey laws of nature Their world view -related to religion -hierarchical order - unchangeable -hierarchy -> Romeo an Juliet cannot marry because on one side Juliets father does not want it ->they still do -> sad end, both die -> as a consequence that they tried to fight against the hierarchal order -Shakespeare makes clear when the hierarchical structure is not followed by the characters →> tragedy happens -if the characters want to achieve their own happiness by breaking the system the individual has to suffer Their society -occupations and social classes -marriage just in own class -born into their class -woman are suppressed by men Shakespeare's work Themes: -betrayal -love and hate -public shaming -entertainment -importance of Homer -rivalry Most popular Romeo and Juliet (1597) -love story between Romeo and Juliet (rival families) Hamlet (1603) -prince of Denmark wants revenge for his fathers death, Claudius, the murderer, wants to keep the throne Macbeth (1608) -three witches tell the Scottish general Macbeth that he will be King of Scotland, encouraged his wife Macbeth kills the king and becomes the new one; he starts killing more people out of paranoia, civil war erupts to overthrow Macbeth, resulting in more death Sonnet 18 -describes the beauty of a person -comparison with wonderful things such as summer days Is William Shakespeare still relevant? -topics are not outdated - love, war, fear etc. ->plays can still apply to todays society, values from the past can still be relatable -somethings can never change even though its been a long time - ethical dilemmas ->confront you with complex issues such as racism ->plays can challenge you to look at those issues in a different way -style is very unique -values in Shakespeare's work can add more meaning to your life -allows us to reflect ourself and our world around us -can open up a new world for young people -literature teaches about life -it is interesting how literature was in the past - reading Shakespeares work is extremely rewarding -outdated values that are not always relatable -hard to read and understand -> boring -Shakespeare is overrated -challenging to read -no relation to modern English Relation to other topics Britain British identity, cultural heritage, monarchy World of Work usage of internet for research, spread of Shakespeare, English language American Dream achieve everything regardless social position system (contrast), Hollywood Visions of the Nigeria Nollywood, future cultural colonialism, class historic developments, religion, utopia/ dystopia, very hard to combine Analysis of non- fictional texts Einleitung: -Textdaten (Textsorte, Titel, Autor, Quelle, und Veröffentlichungsdatum) -Hauptthema benennen -kurze Inhaltszusammenfassung Hauptteil -Argumentationsstruktur des Autors -sprachliche Analyse (Wortwahl, Satzstruktur, rhetorische Mittel und ihre Wirkung) -Analyse der Sprachebene (Umgangssprache, Fachsprache, Hochsprache) -Subjektivität oder Objektivität -Absicht des Autors INFO: CHOICE OF WORDS An author can also use his/her choice of words o create an effect on the reader and thus influence the reader's perception of the text/topic. While analysing what effect the words used might have on the reader, it is also important to consider the associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning (connotation): "A connotation of "home" is "a place of warmth, comfort, and affection." To examine the choice of words, focus on: o emotive language, i.e. words that have emotional connotations for the reader o vivid language, i.e. words that tend to stimulate other senses including sight, taste, touch or smell o factual language o antonyms to emphasize contrasting ideas, aspects, etc. Textsorten -informative text (informativ) -expository text (erläuternd) -descriptive and narrative text (beschreibend und erzählend) -instructive text (instruktiv) -argumentative text (argumentativ) -persuasive text (appellierend) o comparatives and superlatives o adverbs of degree (very, hardly, almost, etc.) and comment (fortunately, hopefully. etc.) o the repeated use of words of a particular world field INFO: COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES The reader's understanding of a topic can be influenced in various ways, e.g. by: o quoting experts and authorities or referring to research. o mentioning facts and figures (statistics) o including personal statements of people affected by what is presented o making claims (instead of arguments based on evidence, e.g. "No one can deny that...") o using humor, irony, ridicule. Schluss -Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Analyse -evtl persönliche Stellungnahme Language support: Synonyms:"author" Depending on the type of text you are writing about, use one of these synonyms instead of the word "author": • literary texts: novelist, playwright, poet, writer • newspaper articles: journalist, reporter, columnist, writer, essayist Varying your vocabulary: "the author says" Similarly, you should avoid writing "the author says", but use more precise alternatives instead. Here are several examples of verbs you could use: The author... refers to.. alludes to.. • talks about/mentions • addresses the issue of.. examines. • raises the question of whether... weighs up the arguments.... is in two minds about... Connectives Use some of these connectives to ensure that your text continues to flow for the reader: . Connectives to show sequence: firstly, secondly, thirdly next consequently previously simultaneously afterwards subsequently finally later before Firstly,... In addition,... Equally important,... . Connectives to show time: soon then by this time as soon as meanwhile presently Connectives to compare different aspects: in comparison furthermore likewise similarly moreover in addition additionally otherwise On the one hand,... On the other hand,.. blames sth/sb... . criticizes... • reproaches sb for...-ing.. rejects (the idea of). • abandons the idea ofing- • opposes the idea of -ing refutes the argument. • claims/maintains/argues that... • assumes/supposes/presumes that.... asserts.. believes... • states. insists. emphasizes... • sides with... backs up his argument with... • is in favour of...-ing... puts forward another argument... doubts.. attacks/accuses sb of...ing.... leaves... unanswered.... • avoids this issue... • does not consider... • Connectives to give specific examples: for example for instance in this case specifically with regard to that is to say that For example, ... Also... In addition, Connectives to contrast: in contrast whereas nonetheless however on the contrary nevertheless although conversely despite this in spite of the fact that regardless even though • Connectives to signal conclusion: in conclusion therefore as a result (of this) in short generally all in all because of this evidently Analysis of fictional texts Introduction -title, author, publication date, theme -short summary -hypothesis ->what is the message/intention of the author ->how is the message conveyed Point In the following these aspects will be analysed more in detail Mainpart - Analysis. -atmosphere -characterisation -instructions and directions -protagonists situation -structure and plot -conflicts -interactions between characters e tone ces the ters and s well c of the atmosphere B, in analyse nd the Evidence any gram, a novel. setting/circumstances characters. narrator's voice the place the time appearance. Analysis -weather objects (e.g. houses, plants, artefacts) the situation -behaviour -language interaction Preview choice of words use of imagery, contrasts and other devices allusions, e.g. also to previous/future events how they add to the atmosphere Example The author wants to put emphasis on the importance of helping one neither out despite cultural, ethnic or educational differences and personal backgrounds Conclusion -short summary of analysed aspects -referring back to hypothesis He does that by using a specific point of view/ narrative perspective as well as certain narrative techniques and content related aspects like overcoming prejudices or helpful and cooperative behaviour between the two women its concrete as well as symbolic meaning, connota- tions, etc. guiding the reader's understan- ding of the scene Je nachdem welche Textsorte Ihnen vorgelegt wird, können ganz unterschiedliche sprachliche und stilistische Aspekte in den Fokus gerückt werden. Hierzu gehören: Bei literarischen Texten: atmosphere characterisation and constellation of characters dialogue and director's instructions (screenplay only) dialogue and stage directions (drama only) lyric speaker and his/her situation (poem and song only) narrative techniques: narrative perspective and point of view (narrative texts only) rhetorical/stylistic devices. rhyme, rhythm and metre (poem and song only) setting (place and time) structure and plot themes and conflicts (inner conflicts and conflicts between characters) interaction between characters - tone -use/means of language, choice of words