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factual language, no personal pronouns=neutral His/Her choice of words underlines lemphasizes/expresses /presents Tone: general feeling lattitude toward the topic expressed • a serious/rude/friendly/humorous/ironic/polite/criticalloptimistic/positive... tone a polite/rudel blunt way of addressing somebody / the reader the tone indicates I suggests that... Style: specific way of writing/stylistic devices symbols/images lexamples metaphors (visualization, picturization) •rnetorical questions (attract the reader's attention) repetition (nighlighting the central message) intensifiers (strong adjectives (example: completely irrelevant, absolutely briliant..) → describe now things appear ↳manipulate the reader's opinion alliteration (more memorable, "inject" a mood or emotion) • enumeration (complete effect, gives the impression that everything has been said •The author uses ... to... •The stylistic device... underline lennance the arguments of the text, supports/affirms the author's message, brings out the message that... /emphasizes/stresses that... formulation guidance analysis Linguistic analysis •The function laim/purpose of ... is to... •The intention bening... is to... •The author employs | lets the sentence start with... in order to... • By using [device], the speaker tries/hopes laims to achieve.... •This shows lemp asises /nighlights Istresses/reinforces •... to let the awaience know... to illustrate (visuause an idea to explain something understandably I to offer an easy-to-understand image ·to create a memorable phrase •to envolve a positive reaction to establish contact Ito connect with sb I to reach out to sb. •to make sb feel personally addressed connectives *chronological order: firstly..., seconaly.../next../previously.../afterwards/later... / also../above all ... Moreover.../ in aaaition. I to begin with... / to start with..) finally... last but not least... I Due to... • compare aiffrent aspects: furthermore.../ in a dclition (to that)…/ additionally-/on the one hand,... on the other nana... •examples: for instance. /in this case../specifically.../with regard to... / for example.... / such as... •contrast in contrast (to).../whereas... / nonetheless... I however... I on the contrary... I despite this..I in spite of the fact that.-/ regardless... I even though.../nevertheless.../ Reference to the arguments of the author: claims/states I suggests | implies / alludes to / deals with | discusses / puts forward the thesis that I presents / develops laefends the thesis that expresses his point of view) agrees to, with / approves (of) lis in favor of /sympathizes with/criticizes / blames sb. for / reaproaches sb with sth / accuses sb. of having done stn I questions sb. 5th I raises objections to lopposes sb. / objects by pointing out/ argues that I comments on I assumes a critical attitude towards sb, sth largues for-against I points out that / bases his arguments on/supports, illustrates his arguments by giving reasons • the thing I point is.../ There are many points of view issues to consider here... There are several questions to think about when discussing... The issue I want to mention lauscuss here are... I a further problem to note is.../ Not only..... but also.../ The reason why... is that.../ This leads inevitably to... I The next item is...I both... and.... /as well as .../ The cause is that.../ we have to regard, that.../ Regaroung, that.../ Indeed... giving the results As a result../As a consequence.../ Because of this.. / The effect of this is that.... conclusion summing the most important analysis results up → refer to the task in conclusion.../ therefore.../ in short.../ all in all-/ because of this... in general... I Finally one can say that…... to sum up-Ion the whole..I it is clear that.../ to concluce... Inaving considered all these issues... /naving taken all these factors into account.../ I come to the conclusion that....