Globalisation, USA, UK - Abitur

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gaps int. government & NGO's can share knowledge → bring help to where is needed ↳ for example: granting microcredit loans (to (start) small businesses) or debt relief; providing technology, education, food, medicines - int. Conflicts can be handled diplomatically & with a better understanding of the situation more information is available - find friends & partners with similar interests/ideas all over the globe; traditions & cultural identity can be shared GLOBAL TOGETHERNESS Mcdonaldization of food industry / English spoken everywhere for many developing countries often: globalisation =westernisation ↳ Culture propagated by the media & serves as a mode I ⇒ endangers cultural diversity (language, traditions, values & beliefs) developed countries use their economic & political power to intervene in other countries' affairs ↳ intervention is not always beneficial / welcome/could cause divide / war ↳ help from outside hinders them from building their own infrastructures & financial administrations limited resources are disappearing (water, oil, natural gas) L> rapid economic growth of large emerging markets, who are adopting the west's unsustainable lifestyle make it worse - "Not my backyard" attitude L disposal of (toxic) waste is left to developing countries workers - availability of fresh water may be crucial in the future increased illegal immigration /people-smuggling Lo bad treatment of immigrant minorities - technological aspect +:- cheap and unristricted access (contacts, education, news) to global communication via mobile & internet access ↳ even people in remote / rural areas can communicate, work and be educated w/o expensive landline infrastructure - global communication facilitates trade, travel & contact with friends/family/business partners Lo developers can cooperate (in education, human rights, aid organisations) dictatorship) L anyone able to use a computer has a voice (young people, immigrants w/o voting rights to dissidents in news & instant information can save lives, expose crime and propaganda -:- less secure personal data L data 'electr. trails' can be used to track, observe, predict & control people's behaviour & movements" L non-democratic governments may try to use internet to control citizens - large parts of the world (extreme poverty, remote places / war zones) have little to no access to global int Lo may threaten their existence flood of information difficult to find out which info is important / assess quality of source economic aspect +- globalisation = gaining access Loto essential products, specialities & medicines from all over the world Small & large companies have the chance to sell products worldwide global market area secures jobs, livelihoods & economic stability ↳ Companies & customers can access cheaper materials, products and labour → lowering cast, raising profit video cameras in shops ↑ global trade supports poor communities Un giving people jobs & improving local infrastructure fair trade campaigns can help developing countries Lo get faire share of profits -:- unfair distribution of wealth & power due to political interests, financial power & subsidiation L rise of global players' (large international corporations) L> dominating market shares → lowering chances of small businesses (cannot keep themselves financially afloat) Customers independent financial networks make economies vulnerable to financial disasters outsourcing, offshoring & global competition (cheap materials / labour) undermine Standards of living & income (especially in poor countries) ↳ horrendous working conditions: → workers not being able to afford basic essentials → use of child labour developed countries: tax invasion & stagnating wages - production conditions are often invisible to consumers ↳ encouraged by advertising & pressure to consume more than what's needed → not knowing how & where bought things have been produced FUTURE TASKS & REQUIREMENTS • thinking locally and globally o being prepared to venture into the unknown • developing intercultural competencies O being prepared for Crosscultural encounters o being future-oriented sustainability • developing production & service skills o developing flexibility o getting access to information 4 national identity multiculturalism. population The USA: Challenges of a multi-ethnic society American Dream frontier spirit Manifest Destiny Native Americans nation of immigrants different phases of immigration • slavery (forced immigration) illegal immigration concepts melting pot salad bowl, Kaleidoscope, mosaic international role isolationism interventionism federal democracy USA death penalty gun control (2nd Amendmend) social security politics controversial topics checks & balances President Supreme Court Congress partisan division race relations climate change milestones of history War of Independance American Constitution. Civil War Homestead Act Reconstruction World War I the Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War I Civil Rights Movement anti-communism Vietnam war war on Terrorism since 9/11 House of Representatives Senate Republicans Democrats Frontier / manifest Destiny / American Dream FRONTIER frontier barder/borderline in American History: frontier = borderline between land already colonised by European Settlers (Puritans) and "open land" west of it ● LD was populated by Native Americans ( were brutally driven off their land/ => westward expansion murdered) (Thomas Jefferson Louisiana Purchase) seeking economic opportunities and freely live their religion America: 11 (1 'The promised land where milk and honey flow" (bible), City upon a hill"; Christian utopia MANIFEST DESTINY • ideology and movement that created American History • name given in 1845 by John O'Sullivan used to justify the westward expansion and the occupation of foreign territory (e.g. Texas) → justifies near extinction of Native Americans or military interventions for the sake of democracy and "civilisation " "trail of tears" vision of freedom and democracy Lo belief in the country's moral superiority and exceptionalism ("Gods own country") AMERICAN DREAM 11 From rags to riches" (emphasises economic wealth) C = "dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement "(James T. Adams, 1931) L an ideal that everyone can be successful if they work hard enough =>> country offers equal opportunities and social mobility; invented during Great Depression Declaration of Independance: "that all men are created equal" served as a pull factor for immigrants ("land of the free / unlimited opportunities") live life to one's full potential • be recognized for what you are regardless of circumstances of birth or of position in society. • dream of a new life / new starts regardless of past 4 heroic self-transformation issues solution ● • in 1940s: due to rapidly and widely shared economic growth nearly all children earned more money / enjoyed higher living standards than their parents flowed to rich, middle & poor alike . • no real measure of the American Dream ↳requires tracking individual families over time • economic growth began to slow 4 • energy crisis (1970s). economic despair • globalization, technological change, government policies favoring the well-off, slowdown in educational attainment and the work force's skill level lead to growing economic inequality out-sourcing Clow skill jobs replaced by robots) increasing gap between rich and poor rise of inequality faster economic growth →less important ! more widely shared growth AMERICAN CREAM • people still believe in it ➜ ideal doesn't die •Still possible to achieve something if worked hard enough (Bill Gates) • most children Still do better than their parents. free education available ·classless society L> everyone can move up more equal growth AMERICAN NIGHTMARE • no more space for expansion US is one of the least socially mobile country. if you aren't able to work → no help ↳bad health care • gap between rich & poor - outsourcing • high quality schools are expensive ethnic minorities fare less well • American Dream: For white men only THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • from 1954-1968 nonviolent and social movement and campaign direct actions fighting for equal rights for African Americans dates back to the Civil War (1861-1865) ⇒ Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment) & African Americans were granted civil rights theoretically equal ➜ ↳ South: Plessy vs. Ferguson → "Seperate but equal" Lo • Segregation in public (buses, schools, restaurants etc.) =>> known as Jim Crow Laws (deprived black people of civil rights) Start: 1954: Brown vs. Board of Education (school desegregation) 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott (initiated by Rosa Parks) Lo segregated seating was ruled unconstitutional 1960: "Sit-ins" spread after 4 college students sat in a "whites only" bar 1963 March in Washington for Jobs and freedom L "I have a Dream" speech 1865 Voting -1964: Presiden Lyndon B. Johson signed Civil Rights Act ⇒ outlawed any discrimination based on race, sex etc. Rights 1967: Supreme Court => Loving vs. Virginia (Abolished laws against interracial marriage) vey figures/ famous Leaders: Rosa Parks (1913-2005): "Mother of the freedom movement" Martin Luther King (1929-1968): •Youngest man to receive a Peace Nobel Prize •famous "I have a Dream" speech held in front of 250.000 people in Washington • advocated non-violent resistance • murdered on the balcony of his motel room Malcolm X • Opposite of Martin Luther King and non- violent approaches • Supporter of Black Nationalism and Empower- ment • Black Panther Party founded according to his ideas • wanted Black people to defend themselves against white aggression Accomplishments: Barack Obama as the first African American president ended segregation in public places Equal Employment Opportunity Commission banned employment discrimination based on race, sex, religion or national Origin Civil Rights guarantee of equal social opportunities and protection under the law, regardless of race, sex, religion etc. →inequality continued in areas like work, schools, housing, imprisonment L renewed protests against unfair police Violence = Black Lives Matter Movement first wave IMMIGRATION/ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN THE US early 17th century colonial immigration Lo British Settlers came to found colonies • 1620s: Pilgrim Fathers sailed to the "New World" Lo Puritans first forceful shipment of African Americans as slaves ● biggest wave · voluntary immigration mid 19th - early 20th century • predominantly Protestans ● - Irish Catholics Chinese immigrants to predominantly white society felt threatened Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Southern Europeans and Jews → ethnical and religious diversity escaping religious presecution in Eastern Europe first official federal immigration centre I was opened on Ellis Island in 1892 Statue of Liberty = symbol of American Immigration ↳ USA welcoming immigrants and promising them freedom and a better life ⇒ Sonnet engraved in the Statue ("huddled masses yearning to breathe free") were needed to cultivate the land or work in industries •After WW1: immigration laws severely restricted the number of newcomers Lo due to higher restrictions → more illegal immigrants "zero folerance policy" (Trump) → US-Mexican border →melting pot = metaphor to describe American Society (millions of immigrants) → concept propagates cultural assimilation criticism => developed American Identity + melting pot + Salad bowl (=describes multicultural society 4 encourages ethnic groups to keep their distinct backgrounds challenges: integration into society; deeply rooted racism chances: develop cultural acceptance push factor: major conflicts, natural catastrophes, appression pull factor: job offers, freedom, labour shortage GUN RIGHTS VS. GUN CONTROL Second Amendment = A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed National Rifle Association (NRA) • founded after the Civil War • fights for gun rights and against gun restrictions GOP/Republican Party •main rival →→> Democratic Party ● promoting: Conservatism, lower taxes, free market capitalism strong national defence, gun rights, traditional values "prolife" => traditional values • Symbol: elephant O fewer guns fewer suicide rate O Second Amendment ✓ ✓ O invest into police /security instead of NRA would support overall safety level individuals O militia O misunderstandings, situations escalate o death/crime rate lower with stricter laws untrained / unsuitable people have access O • robber has gun → you need one → more guns hunting, sports is okay O O Prevention of injuries / deaths way too easy access => loopholes (Strawman purchase) X X X X X X X X X X seen as a constitutional right O cultural aspect o protection in rural areas → police not fast enough ↳ from wild life too O • ban guns → new business models o "increased safety" Lo gun control can't prevent crimes RACE / RACE RELATIONS enslavement • indentured servants became economically successful (owned land, had servants) ↳ considered impractical ( were released after 7 years; need to buy new ones) LD barely anyone wanted to do it ➡enslavement Africans proved to be "suitable" Lo fleeing = couldn't hide (skin colour) Similar climate (dry) ● at first for practical reasons → racism developed as a way to legitimize Slavery : power, intelligence, full citizenship white black inferior from birth 1 slave codes: laws defining state of slaves and rights of owners Lo absolute power over slaves Slave property & human Jim Crow a character (a bufoon) → appeared in minstrel shows wears patched knicker pants white people played black character (blackfacing) important figures: Uncle Sam: personification of the US government; Stands for military recruitment patriotic propaganda usual appearance: tailcoat jacket, attached vest, striped pants, top hat, Stars & Stripes, beard Statue of Liberty Lady Liberty Stands for freedom and democracy ↳ Symbol of U.S. Crown & Lit torch George Washington first president Father of his country" commanded the Continental Army during the Revolution served as a chairman of the Constitutional Covention = drafted U.S.C. POLITICAL SYSTEM parliamentary democracy. Constitutional monarchy monarch legislative House of Commons Separation Parlia- House of Lords ment of powers parties uncodified Constitution tive first-past-the-post ● • monarch execu-Prime Minister Cabinet judiciary UK . Conservatives Labour Liberal Democrats • Scottish National Party. UKIP acts of Parliament court judgements Conventions • ancient documents monarch as official head of state "BRITISHNESS." . Magna Carta Bill of Rights devolution international relations multicultural society social clas Scottish Parliament Welsh Assembly Northern Ireland Assembly British Empire Common Wealth EU/ Brexit Commonwealth immigration EU immigration • asylum seekers/ refugees republicanism House of Lords educational system public schools C State schools CCTV Society vs. common sense/progmatism Political Parties. • The Conservative Party Eurosceptic free market capitalism centre-right • British Uniasim cogainst Scottish/Welsh independence) The Labour Party left to centre-left Support of multiculturalism increased rights for workers. democratic socialist party redistribution of wealth State interference in economy Magna Carta historical document ; fixed agreement between King John I and the Baran in 1215 part of Britains uncodified. Constitution limited the King's absolute power Ĵ to never concerned ordinary people's rights (protected barons from illegal. imprisonment) Judiciary Supreme Court ● system of Government 12. Professional Judges ● Legislative / Parliament House of Lords represents unwritten Constitution; approves laws passed by House of Commons; ca. 700. members (life peers hereditary peers, bishops) appoints justices 2 Members of Parliament Sperson with a high social position House of Commons 646 MPs from constituencies, elected in a first-past-the-post system, creates laws, elections every 5 years elects Electorate Call men & women above.oge 18). appoints aristocrats elects can dissolve The Monarch / The Crown Official head of the state/represents the UK/signs parliamentary bills into law / represents ceremony/tradition appoints can dissolve HM¹ Government Prime Minister • head of the government ·leader of the Strongest party appoints Cabinet ca. 20 ministers! heads of govern- ment departments. puts forward laws •runs the govern- ment HM1. Her/His Majesty THE BRITISH EMPIRE • refers to the territories ruled over by United Kingdom from 17th century up to 20th century • most important and largest colonial power in history • most of the colonies are now independent, but still linked to the UK by the Commonwealth of Nations Territories that were part of the British Empire • Eastern and southern parts of Africa • Southern parts of Asia (Sri Lanka, India) • Australia and New Zealand Most of North America • Parts of South America Different types of colonies During its peak time, Queen Victoria's reign, the Empire Icovered almost one fourth of the world's land area & ruled over 400 million people → Britain emerged as the principal naval & imperial power 1. Commercial and economic colonies O · England expanded its economic power by trading there • Mineral resources, agricultural produce. Stones, tea, silk • TAX revenue arrived in the UK • BEIC controlled all trades • Atlantic Triangle Africa: Slaves North American Colonies: cotton → Great Britain • 2. Settlement colonies • British settlers establishing • Poverty, religious minorities were oppressed by Anglican church Lo immigrate and build a better life Lowave of immigration in the 17th century to North America (→ 13 colonies were formed) 3. Convict colonies Convicts were sent to help develop the colonies Leg: Australia • First ships arrived in 1778 • farms took up space Lo British began to drive out Australian native inhabitants (Aboriginals) History • After discovery of America, in 1492, Late 15th century • 13 colonies in North America as the first incarnation of the British Empire Lbecame independent in 1776 • Majority of the colonies were (self-managed) trading and economic colonies (ex British East India company) °C 1880 "the empire on which the sun never sets" (due to large geographical expansion) L at the peak of its power LD So Large and evenly expanded that at least are colony always has daylight • After WW1: expansion in 1922 due to Germany losing colonies • After WW2: high in debt, many colonies wanted to become independent Laim: transfer power to anti-communist governments, while still guaranteeing a safe home for the British settlers (not always successful) ° Step-by-step, most countries become independent republics • Still connected through the Commonwealth of Nations colony = area/ country under political control of another country. • 20th century: lost almost all of the former colonies (independence granted voluntarily / violent independence movements) • official end of the Empire: 1997 handing over Hong Kong to China (decolonasation) THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS o political association mode up of many former British colonies and the UK (54 member states) Lo formed when the first British colonies became independent while maintaining their allegiance to the British crown intergovernmental organisation of "free and equal" member states (2.3 billion people population) - • head of the Commonwealth: British king/queen • connected through the English language and historical ties (more than 370 mil. native speakers ) A6 states of head State 。 no legal obligation to one another and no constitution • members commit themselves to promoting international peace, fighting racism, opposing colonial domination, and reducing inequities in wealth BRITISHNESS - being British or show typically British characteristics (→ clichés: politeness, common sense, distinctive sense of humour) governmental position: values like democracy, individual liberty, mutual respect, tolerance → increasing ethnic diversity makes it hard to define British national identity Lo fear that "Britishness" will be lost (interpret multiculturalism as meaning that various cultures coexist without having a common basis of shared values) → Controversial term: exploited to create a feeling of unity; often = Englishness → ethnic minorities might feel discriminated against IMMIGRATION TO THE UK • Great Famine • A845- 1849 • Irish refugees found work in hospitals, the textile industry. and the public transport system Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 no longer enough jobs Act passed to restrict number of immigrants Imperial Act 1914 law: inhabitants of british colonies → get british citizenship PULL-FACTORS job (offer) family/friends better economy/politics freedom (press/religion) Labour shortage During WW₂ 1939-1945 fled prisoners of war, Jews, Poles & other Europeans escaping persecution → people from the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh British Nationality Act 1948 boom in british economy increasing demand for Labour but labour shortage - After WW2 from 1945 →needed more workers admitted citizens of Commonwealth Immigration now strictly controlled entry of UK into the EU: free movement of people brought thousands of immigrants from central/eastern Europe refugees & asylum seekers from Somalia, Iran, Syria, Afghanistan etc. countries without restriction immigrants needed to fulfill certain Criteria Chaving special skills that were needed) several more Acts were passed (unristvicted immigration) nearly 500,000 Commonwealth Citizens came to Britian before 1962 (later joined by families) PUSH-FACTORS major conflicts eg. war job lost taxes too high natural catastrophe (hurricane) oppression (race, religion) bad political situation • human trafficking •Shortage of jobs ·bad health care normally only people from EU/Commonwealth get permission to live in UK multiculturalism "Problems" potential ghettos → bad integration hard to identify scham marriages institutions have a hard time identifying their students by their ethnic affilation cultural values / beliefs) may face discrimination • Second-generation immigrants (parents immigrated to Britain) : experience a clash of cultures (outside of home → western lifestyle; at home → parents' = BREXIT "British exit from the European Union" main issues ● • immigration • security & jobs Different stages of Brexit from 2016 23.6.2016 referendum day/ vote Britons voted to Leave by a margin of 52% to 48% July 23 2019 Tory leader- Ship cont Boris Johnson wins new prime minister next day (Downing Street) main players economy and trade Boris Johnson March '17 mers Article so every member State can decide to leave 29.10.19 postponing Brexit date "flextension" until 31.1.20 (initially: 29.3.19) June Brexit negotiations begins 29.1.20 EU parlia- ment approves Bredit 2013 Prime Minister David Cameron promised a new nat. referendum 23.6.16 vote: "remain" or leave" both sides agreed to keep many things the same until 31.12 19.3.18 EU & UK agree on a transition Phase 31.12.20 transition period ends allow enough time to agree on terms. of a new trode deal (agreed 24.12) 25.11.18 Draft with- drawal deal agreed signed off by leaders of other 27 EU member states needs approval of UK & European parliament to take effect Left EU on 31.1.21 continue market agreed to participating in EU common 1 Article 50 only legal mechanism for a member State of the EU to leave ↳ became prime minister on July 24, 2019; has persisted as a vocal proponent of Brexit in the past years • Theresa May (was prime minister after David Cameron resigned 2016) L negotiated a withdrawal agreement with the EU but was unable to obtain its approval from (succeded by Boris Johnson) David Frost ↳ Baron Frost, member of the British House of Lords, UK's Chief Brexit negotiator Nigel Farage ↳D in 2019: stood down from UKIP and launched the Brext Party (renamed Jan 21: Reform UK) UKIP = UK Independence Party is a Eurasceptic, right-wing populist political party in the UK • Scotland & Northern Ireland both backed staying in EU Immigration Trade Sovereignity & Laws Global role Cast of membership Brexit Pro (Leave) Within the EU, Britain cannot control its borders because other EU citizens have an automatic right to live in the UK Britain can bargain trade deals with emerging markets live China or India individually. Too many laws are passed down from Brussels. Leaving the EU is the only way. to regain full sovereignity. The UK cannot act independently on an international level British people contribute more money to the EU budget than they receive. Campaigners for Brexit believe that London as a financial center will retain its independence and global appeal and protect itself from trouble if the Euro fails. → international investors: Landon = safe haven •Smaller British companies do not trade with the EU I would hardly be affected EU rules often hurt British Interests Brexit con (remain) Britain needs the workforce of other EU citizens. The visas of non-EU Citizens are controlled by British authorities anyway Almost half of all exports go to the EU while most imports come from the EU => main trading partner The majority of laws are still passed in West- minster. For some aspects it is crucial to implement EU- wide laws. Therefore some sharing of sovereignity is necessary. The UK can negotiate from a much stronger position as a member of the EU than on its own The economic benefits of the EU membership easily compensate for the costs. •Britains influence on financial markets might suffer • International banks are alredy thinking of leaving London ↳ Brexit consequences are unpredictable (bankers hate insecurity) • British farmers might lose out on subsidies, jobs in international companies might be moved →→ millions lose jab in a globalized world isolationism is not possible. LP global challenges: Climate change affect all countries => economies & societies are becoming interconnected & inter- dependent LD GB can be completely autonomous Anything but united SCOTLAND NORTHERN IRELAND EU referendum results, by local authority,% Remain Leave Over 60 55-60 50-55 Source: Electoral Commission Economist.com WALES Shetland Islands very divided country Following Brexit the UK entered a transition period for the rest of 2020. Trade, travel and freedom of movement remained largely unchanged during this period. ENGLAND