India as a former British colony, Indien als britische Kolonie

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English merchants that carried out the British imperialism, became interested in the Indian subcontinent. 1640: A member of the East India Company bought a property in India → this was the first Indian land to be owned by the British. From that point on, the Britons bought more and more land across the Indian subcontinent and eventually became an important exporter for spices. 1700: Other Europeans, for example the Dutch became more active in Indian Affairs. ~1748: The East India Company slowly became superior to the other European countries in India because their Navy was better → more English men could be ferried to India ✨ 1750: The British and the French were the only Europeans left in India. Timeline - The beginning of the British Raj (2/4) ✨ 1750-1757: There was a war between the British, the French, and the Bengals. Under the leadership of Robert Clive the East India Company eventually won the war → that gave the British more power in India 1850: The British pretty much had the whole power over India (unofficially) ⇒ the fact that India wasn't united in the first place made this easier 1857-1858: The Indians began a rebellion against the British, which was brutally suppressed. Many people lost their lives. 1858: The aftermath of the failed rebellion was that now the power over India was in hands of the British crown officially and not in hands of the East India company no more. The Indian subcontinent was now called British India or British Raj. ♦ 1878: The Indian people really suffered because the Britons took advantage of them to push forward their industrial revolution there were a lot of famines which caused millions of people to die 1885: The Indian National Congress, which was a forum for Indians to discuss political topics, was found. This event is now considered to be a first opposition against the British Raj. Timeline - Mahatma Gandhi's influence (3/4) ~1920-1940: Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) started an independence movement against the British rule. He encouraged to start boycotts, but was a huge believer in not being violent, respected each religion and wanted to have a peaceful, respecting society. Gandhi was arrested several times by the British people, because of course they didn't like what he was doing, since it was oppose to the British Rule. Nowadays, Gandhi is considered to be the "father of India" because without him and his influence India wouldn't have gotten independent that soon. With his actions and his philosophy, Gandhi inspired a lot of people, such as Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela. Sadly, Gandhi was shot in 1948 by an extremist. „Be the change you want to see in the world" - Mahatma Gandhi Timeline - The end of the British Raj (4/4) ✨ 1947: Independence movements and parties were active across the whole British Raj with the purpose of becoming independent from the British. Because of that, and because World War II had just come to an end and the British weren't well off financially, the British government announced to end the British rule in India. Finally, on 15th August 1947, Britain handed India their formal independence. As a consequence, the subcontinent split into two independent countries based on religious beliefs: the first was the India that we know today, with the majority of people being Hindus, and the second one was Pakistan, where the majority of people were Muslims. Since this event, Pakistan an India have a really tense relationship and even some wars over a region called Kashmir. Comparison: British Raj vs. India today RUSSIAN EMPIRE Amu Darya Herat Samarkand PERSIA AFGHANISTAN HINDU KUSH O Karachi NORTH- Kabul wor Indus Arabian Sea Quetta PUNJAB FROSTUS Osrinagar ROVINCE Lahore Ahmadabad Surat Bombayo Kashgar GOAO (to Portugal) Amritsar 0 BRITISH INDIA HIMALAYA Delhi O Godavari Jabalpur Nagpur Hyderabad Krishna Bangalore KUNLUN SHAN OUDH Kaveri Colombo NEPALO TIBET Mahanadi Madras Lhasa o Kathmandu Punakha M MTS BHUTAN Patna BENGAL EASTERN GHATS Calcutta CEYLON (SRI LANKA) REPUBLIC OF CHINA The Bay of Bengal Salween Brahmaputra ANDAMAN ISLANDS прио Bhamoo BURMA Mandalay Rangoon FRENCH INDOCHINA SIAM Bangkok British India/ British Raj (1848-1947) AFGHANISTAN ISLAMABAD Faisalabad Karachi PAKISTAN Lahore ARABIAN SEA GUJARAT Mumbai (Bombay) KASHMIR Lakshadweep Islands INDIA PUNJAB Delhi Y NEW DELHI Bangalore o MALDIVES NEPAL KATHMANDU o Hyderabad CHINA Chennai (Madras) THIMPHU INDIA (Calcutta) SRI LANKA BHUTAN BANGLADESH DHAKA Kolkatao (DACCA) Bay of Bengal Andaman Islands INDIA MYANMAR (BURMA) Nicobar A Islands 8 INDIA The Indian subcontinent nowadays What made British India different from other colonies British India was a special colony, because it was the center of the whole British Empire → It was also different from other colonies because it had a huge population: about 300- 350 million people (most of their other colonies didn't have a lot inhabitants) Many experts say, that British India was probably the most controversial and most hotly debated part of the British Empire in regards to whether India gained or lost from the British rule → on the one hand: the Britons developed a coal industry; they invested a lot of money in India; they improved the health system; higher-class Indians had huge benefits because they were allowed to go to English school; ... → on the other hand: Indians were suppressed by the Britons; especially the lower- class people didn't profit in any way; there were a lot of famines and the government didn't act against it; ... Consequences for India English is (together with Hindi) the official language in India → most Indians speak and understand English India is part of the Commonwealth India still has a class system that was brought to them/ or enlarged by the British people, who also had a very strict class system UK and India- their relationship today ◆ they have a strong bond because of their historic background + they share the same language ◆ they are partners in economic, cultural and educational matters they strengthen their relationship with regular visits Prince William and Kate Middleton visiting India and meeting Modi, the Prime Minister of India, in 2016 Cartoons PUNCH, OR THE LONDON CHARIVARI-JANUARY 2, 1858. INDIA THE NEW YEAR'S GIFT. → this cartoon refers to the time after the failed rebellion by the Indians in 1857: the man to the far left is the Prime Minister of England, who is hesitating to take over India as a present. India is represented as a tiger, which is usually a strong, dangerous animal. In this cartoon though, the tiger looks scared and harmless → probably because the Indians were strong enough to start a rebellion, but lost it eventually. That's why the Prime Minister is not immediately enjoying the gift, because he knows that there is a risk it might revolt again. But in the end, the Prime Minister took over India and founded the British Raj, as we know. Newspaper articles Racism and stereotypes in colonial India's 'Instagram' By Mahima A Jain London https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45506092 How Britain tried to 'erase' India's third gender https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48442934 Three Muslim women reflect on https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-leeds-40936148/three-muslim-women-reflect-on-partition-of- Partition of British India british-india 'But what about the railways ...?' The myth of Britain's gifts to India https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/india-britain-empire-railways-myths-gifts The British in India by David Gilmour review-three centuries of ambition https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/27/the-british-in-india-by-david-gilmour-review and experience Sources (01.04.2020) Pictures: https://img.etimg.com/thumb/width-640,height-480,imgsize-130888,resizemode-1,msid-73793278/brexit-day-businesses-see-promising-india-uk-ties- ahead.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait Gandhi.jpg/1200px-Portrait Gandhi.jpg Raj Red Ensign.svg/300px-British Raj Red Ensign.svg.png of Imperial India.svg/300px-Flag of Imperial India.svg.png of the Governor-General of India %281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/300px- https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag Flag of the Governor-General of India %281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png https://cdn.thenet.ng/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/3317641500000578-3535310- Costume change Kate was whisked away to have lunch with the Indi-m-5 1460452737121.jpg https://teara.govt.nz/files/large images/m-1819.jpg https://i.pinimg.com/564x/1c/9b/bb/1c9bbb11aa11260816df2b11d73819af.jpg https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/ZcT5H0GjufJZFaiugQ-yvrYBTicH9H-3CdEgpKPQR6TVMSGs9OW4azeqsSARcNtV4HUCSSEQ8xNi6E- 5frJYupvFNvGBWOAEuvlfdw Information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of the British Raj https://www.britannica.com/event/British-raj https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12641776 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzDwz18ng7w https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/g2/cs4/background.htm http://webs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ModernWorld HistoryTextbook/Imperialism/section 4/britishraj.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star of India (flag) https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34767180 https://www.britishcouncil.org/research-policy-insight/insight-articles/india-and-uk-2050-vision https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History of India https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-India-Company https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/people/reference/mahatma-gandhi-changed-political-protest/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947 01.shtml https://www.biography.com/activist/mahatma-gandhi