Kommunikationsprüfung Englisch 2023

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and it motivates them to keep on working and trying hard because it is possible to rise 7. 1970s: freedom, self-fulfilment rather than material gain -> "new" AD 8. Republicans: AD is for the white working class who found itself falling behind the rest of society -> restoration of the 1950s political & social order, "brighter future" . 9. Democrats: AD is for immigrants too and fights for equal rights and cultural diversity 10. 21st century/today: emphasises diversity, expands rights and individual choice to people of color who have been historically overlooked -> acknowledges African-Americans & Hispanics, dream of self-fulfilment, economic growth, climbing up the social ladder Independence: equality, everyone unrealistic, modern-myth, an illusion American nightmare? gap between the rich and poor, education & health care are really expensive, social inequality, low social mobility toxic -> source of mental health issues like anxiety & chronic stress from overworking, puts pressure on you (if you fail, its your fault and not the systems) discrimination, exclusion of minorities, immigration laws, race and gender inequality focusing too much on materialism & economic growth takes away the opportunity of true self- fulfilment -> capitalism still alive success stories (f.ex. Bill Gates) you can create your own version (materialism, self-fulfilment, social mobility) ideal never dies -> encourages people to give their best esp. immigrants believe in it, 37% of Americans dead lower social mobility than in Europe if you are poor, it's seen as your own fault and if you are handicapped, you won't receive as much help as in Europe high quality schools are expensive recent developments: rich become richer, poor stay poor, middle class decreases in size ethnic minorities don't have the same chances -> for rich whites only, success is rare, examples are not the rule The Pilgrims travellers who came to America in the 1620s in search of religious freedom escape persecution & separate from the Church of England -> start a new, safe life in America founded Plymouth Colony: settled down, build a village, first winter was really hard, celebrated Thanksgiving with Native Americans Mayflower Compact: first document of self-government, attempt at democracy -> they would make laws themselves and not a monarch/the pope -> laid foundation for the Declaration of Independence and the American constitution The Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church -> establish a church according to their own principles founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 as a "shining city on a hill" as an example of good behaviour and religious purity -> metaphor for American Exceptionalism (moral superiority) belief that God made them a second chosen people on a sacred errand into the wilderness of New World, the promised land -> expression of America's sense of mission: bring education and civilisation, spread Christianity Calvinistic work ethic: a person was by nature sinful and only by self-discipline, one could achieve good and receive God's grace -> linked material wealth with God's favour ● American identity The American frontier border between American civilisation and Native wilderness that moves westwards -> synonymous with American core values, such as Puritan ideals and belief in progress, self- reliance, Decl. of Independence: democracy, liberty, equal opportunity -> by territorial expansion, Americans also spread their values . ● Manifest destiny: God-given right to expand their territory to the west negative effects of the westward expansion: natives were displaced "Frontier-Spirit" = can-do spirit: inspiration for the American Dream, belief in progress, requires courage and perseverance, emphasises individualism The Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) during the Revolutionary War, the founding fathers drafted the Decl. of Independence "all men are created equal", "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights (life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness)", "governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed" (democracy) The American Constitution (1787) "We, the people of the United States of America" -> of the people, for the people divides the federal government into three branches: executive (president as its head), legislative (Congress with its two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate), juridical (Supreme Court and federal courts) -> system of checks and balances to ensure that no branch would have too much power Bill of Rights 1: freedom of speech, religion and press 2: right to bear arms 5: right of a fair trial -> innocent until proven guilty. 6: right to a speedy and public trial by an unprejudiced jury Global rule in the past and present 18th & 19th centuries: exceptionalism, isolationism, Monroe Doctrine isolationism: avoiding foreign entanglements, f.ex. political and military commitments to or alliances with foreign powers esp. in Europe End of 19th century: rise to world power, beginning of imperialism beginning of imperialist policy (Manifest Destiny, going global) Spanish-American War -> America acquires territories in the Pacific and in the Caribbean Justification: Social Darwinism (certain nations are superior to others & destined to dominate them) World War I: at first, Wilson favoured neutrality, but then, he needed a moral reason to enter into WWI: he created a vision of a new world oder after the war with the US playing a key role in establishing. world peace, democracy and economic security -> arsenal of freedom change of course from isolation to interventionism -> foundation of the "League of Nations" as the 1st international organisation whose mission it was to maintain peace & prevent further WWs • Monroe doctrine: "America first" -> no involvement/interference in European affairs and vice versa reasons: avoid conflict, more security, keep certain interests at a distance, independence from the UK, protection of American interests in the Caribbean Period of isolationism between the world wars: Great Depression: country was unstable because of an economic crisis World War II and its aftermath: in the beginning, the US helped European democracies without direct involvement in the war -> Roosevelt's arsenal of democracy Roosevelt's four freedom speech (of speech & worship, from want & fear) broke the tradition of US non-interventionism -> all nations should have these freedoms . . Pearl Harbour -> America entered WWII creation of the UN under US leadership to prevent future wars WWII transformed US global presence: emerged as a military, economic & nuclear world power Cold War: Marshall plan: financial aid to Western Europe after WWII, attempt to fight spread of communism formation of the NATO power struggle between USA and Soviet Union -> capitalism/democratic ideals vs. communism Truman Doctrine: America promised support for nations threatened by communism (policy of containment) -> had to exert influence everywhere around the globe at all time, emerged as the world policeman prepared to use military means to fight for ideals Iron Curtain, proxy wars (Vietnam & Korea), Cuban Missile crisis, nuclear arms race, space race end of the Cold War: collapse of the SU, USA as sole remaining global power ("peacemaker") Gulf War (1991): joined a coalition of nations to drive Iraq out of Kuwait (victory) Iraq War (2003-2011): war on terror, assumed that Iraq was in possession of weapons of mass destruction (lack of evidence), self-interest: oil, Hussein was accused of supporting Al-Qaddafi, ending a repressive dictatorship & bringing democracy & freedom -> Bush: honor, pride, patriotism Afghanistan war (2001-2020): war on terror, Bush & Obama, aims -> overthrowing the Taliban, destruction of Al-Qaeda militant training camps, rebuilding Afghanistan, establishing democracy, improving security, building up the economy -> failed mission Obama wanted to repair America's global image by focusing on diplomacy and cooperation instead of military action . Trump . his goal was to improve relationships with other nations & regain their trust wanted to end the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq since he thought that the US had become overextended and stood more alone on the world stage than ever before share the burdens and responsibilities of global leadership with others at home, he was criticised for his minimalistic approach of military action ("weak", power vacuum could be filled by Russia & China), but he managed to improve America's global image & prevent violent conflicts/suffering -> not every global problem has an American solution · unilateral, provocative & unpredictable foreign policy to scare other nations & prevent a war against the US ("peace through strength") withdrawal-doctrine (left the Paris Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership) winding down DACA, toughening immigration laws (f.ex. Mexican border, Muslim travel ban) wanted to restore American sovereignty at home and American leadership abroad worsened America's image to the world ("Americanism, not globalism") China gets more economically powerful (trade war), protectionism harms America's economy -> global influence has dwindled under Trump Biden = the regulation of the sale and use of firearms gun control is a hotly disputed issue in the US, esp. after mass shootings owning a gun is an American tradition -> easy access to guns & ammunition f.ex. via Internet Democrats want stricter gun control, but Republicans and the NRA (National Rifle Association) block possible reforms -> more bans & background checks, age restrictions + restoration of the multilateral order (rejoin Paris Climate Accords and WHO) -> repair ties reassertion of US leadership: focus on democracy and diplomacy, commitment to democratic values & human rights, emphasis on cooperation & engagement more peaceful, prosperous future for all, allies & partners -> bilateral institutions like the UN "foreign policy for the middle class": US diplomacy is tied to peace, security & prosperity at home -> US interests above global commitments withdrawal from Afghanistan without consulting NATO allies Gun control reduce gun violence (e.g. less school shootings & save children's lives, less suicides & homicides) -> lower crime rate legally owned guns are frequently stolen and used by criminals reduce the societal costs associated with gun violence protect women from domestic abusers 2nd amendment is not an unlimited right to own guns high-capacity magazines often turn murder into mass murder . 2nd amendment protects individual gun ownership infringe upon the right to self-defense -> give people a sense of safety won't prevent criminals from obtaining guns -> turn to black markets. background checks are an invasion of privacy African-American history 1861-1865: American Civil War North (industrialised, manufacturies) vs. South (cotton plantations, dependent on slavery), 1.1 southern states (the Confederacy) wanted to break away from the Union, major disagreements on rise in tariffs, state's rights, morality of slavery) -> south lost the war but won the peace 1863: the Emancipation Proclamation is pronounced by Abraham Lincoln. It frees all slaves in states rebelling against the US. 1865: 13th amendment: abolition of slavery, "Black Codes" (restrictive laws that limited the freedom of African-Americans) 1868: 14th amendment: granted citizenship to al persons born or neutralised in the US, including blacks, and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws" 1870: 15th amendment: granted African Americans the right to vote, but discriminatory practices infringed their right (literacy tests, taxes) 1896: racial segregation is ruled constitutional, "separate but equal"-doctrine, "Jim Crow Laws" -> blacks were second class citizens, f.ex. schools & public toilets were worse, interracial relationships were a social taboo, blacks had to face open discrimination & were at danger (f.ex. lynch mobs) 1909: the National Association of the Advancement of Coloured People is founded -> influential African American Civil Rights Organization 1950s/60s: Civil Rights Movement with MLK as its leader 1954: segregation is ruled unconstitutional -> desegregation of schools, universities & public transport 1955: Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott, lynching of Emmet Till 1957: Little Rock Nine (group of black students enrolled at a formerly white highschool) 1960s: with non-violent sit-ins and freedom rides ("civil disobedience") blacks and whites fight for the ending of separation laws 1963: March on Washington, MLK "I have a dream" 1964: Civil Rights Act ("anti-discrimination" law): ends segregation, prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, skin-colours, gender, natural origin 1965: Voting Rights Act outlaws discriminatory practices 1968: Nobel Peace Prize winner MLK is assassinated -> violent unrests follow 1971: Supreme Court approves of busing as a method of desegregation (mixing races) 1992: LA riots after acquittal of four police officers who mistreated Rodney King, media coverage 2008: election of Obama, first black president (milestone) 2010: first black Disney princess 2012: 17y/o Trayvon Martin fatally shot by white neighbourhood watchman -> acquittal -> launches BLM movement 2012: BLM movement against violence, systemic racism (racial profiling, police brutality) 2020: George Floyd -> retriggered BLM movement . Situation today progress in the public sphere: participation in politics, stable black middle class, present in culture & society Systemic/structural/institutionalised racism = racism that is deeply embedded into the structure of society (laws, practices, beliefs) law enforcement: racial profiling, police brutality (skin colour-dangerous, racial bias -> more likely to get pulled over, white police officers often get acquitted for their crime criminal justice system: incarceration more often & longer for the same crime health care system: misinformation, wrong treatment college: minority is black, more likely to attend poverty schools housing & job: less likely to get an apartment/a job in comparison to a white person voter suppression in Georgia ● low-income blacks still have problems: segregation of poor blacks in ghettos (bad living conditions, violence), majority-black schools, only some blacks have the income to integrate but most don't -> can't afford suburbia higher rates of unemployment, lower income, over-represented in low paid jobs getting followed in shops because they are accused of wanting to steal Immigration Immigration waves: 19th century 1841-1890: Western Europe, esp. Irish immigrants & Germans attracted by great economic opportunities and religious & political freedom 1891-1920: Southern-Eastern & Western Europe -> religious & political freedom 20th century 1940's-1950's: Europe - 1960's-1980's: Latin Americans, Asians Nowadays: Mexico, South America, Africa Past: America as a nation of immigrants, welcoming attitude, new hopes & opportunities (Statue of Liberty, poem the Great Colossus, Ellis Island) Today: lower class, used for low-paid jobs BUT Biden: family-based immigration, focus on skilled workers, promoting diversity, protecting refugees, DACA, more green cards Immigration Laws: at times determined by anti-Asian sentiment (Chinese exclusion act, restriction of Japanese immigration) and by anti-Nonprotestant sentiment (anti-Catholic/Orthodox) belief in white Protestant supremacy -> Natural Origins Quota Act anti-Muslim sentiment (Trump) -> Muslim ban & Travel ban turning point in 1965 (Immigration and Nationality Act) & 1980 (refugees) Immigration Immigration laws: 1790 Naturalisation Act: excluded non-white people from being naturalised Immigration Act of 1875: prohibited immigration of criminals & made brining to the US forced Asian labourers a crime 1891 Immigration Act: expanded the list of exclusions for immigration -> prohibited immigration of those who have a contagious disease & polygamists 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: banned Chinese labourers from immigrating for the next 10 years and authorised deportation of unauthorised Chinese immigrants 1903 Anarchist Exclusion Act: banned anarchists, beggars (Bedürftige) and importers of prostitutes from immigration 1917 Immigration Act: banned immigration from most Asian countries, required immigrants over the age of 16 to demonstrate basic reading ability in any language 1921 Emergency Quota Act: first US law to create numerical quotas for immigration based on nationality, total immigration was closed at 350,000, nationality quota at 3%, Asian immigration was forbidden 1924 Natural Origins Quota Act: further restricted immigration, cap at 165,000, nationality quota at 2%, additional restriction of Japanese immigration, Asian immigration still forbidden, limits migration from eastern and southern Europe 1942-1964 Bracero Agreement: bilateral agreement between the US & Mexico, permit Mexicans to serve as temporary agricultural workers during WWII labour shortages 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act: replaced national origins quota system with a seven- category preference system emphasising family reunions & skilled immigrants The refugee Act of 1980: general policy for entry of refugees 1996 illegal Immigration Reform & immigrant responsibility Act: increases enforcement at border (e.g. fences), remove criminals, tighten eligibility requirements 2006 Secure Fence Act: construction of a double-layered fence, increases staffing & technology at the Southwest border 2017 Muslim Ban, 2017-2020 Travel Ban Patriotism America is a highly patriotic country: most Americans own an American flag and are extremely proud to be American -> patriotism is part of America's national identity belief that the US is the best country in the world is widely spread -> exceptionalism showing respect, loyalty and love for one's country -> global policeman, moral obligation · British identity - Britishness independence, freedom, democracy, rule of law unity, working together, trust, respect being well educated & cultivated, tradition being friendly, respectful, polite, welcoming, a true gentleman ● tolerance, open-mindedness, multiculturalism, diversity, inclusivity, solidarity being courageous/brave, funny, humorous, modern, majestic, loyal, progressive constantly evolving, hard to define -> more than afternoon tea & love for the monarchy Monarchy vs Republicanism keep the monarchy ceremonial and representative function provides a sense of unity and national identity symbol of Britishness & values brings money to Britain (attracts many tourists) maintains traditions and the population can identify with it -> sense of safety & stability, reassurance in uncertain times. politically neutral, diplomatic positive image helps with charity & boosts the economy -> secure trade deals popularity among the population, they are. affectionate towards it, enjoy the entertainment royals do a lot of charity work abolish it old-fashioned: many young people can't identify with it -> UK claims to be modern but the monarchy is an outdated relic assault... surveys & statistics have shown that the support of the monarchy has fallen to a historic low: only 3 in 10 Brits think the monarchy is very important little power -> no use, but members are privileged The system of triangular trading British involvement with the triangular trade began with the colonisation of America in 1607 and West India in 1623 not compatible with democracy power and privilege is inherited -> unfair waste of money: monarchy is expensive and paid for by taxpayers (f.ex. security guards) . secretive: lobbies government ministers for its own private benefits reinforces the idea that some people are born better than others -> UK claims to be a classless society, but royals are living like aristocrats -> no place in an equal society, UK seems backwards recent scandals: racism, sexual transatlantic trade: 17th until the early 19th century trade between West Africa, the Caribbean & American colonies and the European colonial powers Europe supplied Africa with manufactured good (arms, textiles) the Americas supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials & cash crops (sugar, tea, cocoa) Africa supplied the Americas with slaves -> fundamental to growing crops (e.g. cotton on plantations) -> were transported on the sea lane (middle passage) under horrible conditions (crowded boats, many slaves died of diseases & maltreatment) 1807: UK parliament passed a bill that abolished the trading of slaves, but illegal slave trade continued until the second half of the 19th century The British Empire The British Empire in 1750 traded goods worth 17 million pounds (export & import) Britain's trade grew as it gained control over many parts of the world & Royal Navy -> reasons: wish for expansion, need for raw materials (resources) during the Industrial Revolution East India Company and Virginia Company (trading companies) formed the foundations of the growth and rise of the British Empire Colonies were trading centres and run run for the profit of the mother country -> West Indies: wealthiest area thanks to large profits from sugar cone and tobacco ● the variety of goods that Britain imported from all over the world greatly influenced the British economy & people's lives (culture) -> BE influenced colonies as well (language) The rise of the Empire two phases: 1st - end of the 16th century till end of the 18th century 2nd - end of the 18th century till end of the 19th century 17th century: acquiring possessions in North America British government encouraged its subjects to exploit natural resources motives for expansion: scientific curiosity, spread of religion, strategic security, money Britain took advantage of divisions within India East India Company: traded with silk, tea & opium -> political & military power Britain ran much of India through the Indian Rulers who were manipulated by British advisers The British Empire in 1900 expanding empire was managed by the Colonial Office (London) civil servants were sent out to administer the colonies on behalf of Britain -> imperial conferences were held regularly to discuss important topics India was controlled by the East India Company, roads & railways were built, a Governor- General was put in charge After the Indian mutiny, India was placed under direct control of the British government -> viceroy replaced Governor-General (Raj-British rule) ● Queen Victoria: empress of India -> India was the "juwel in the crown of the Empire": wealth, strategic advantage, resources -> indirect rule: local Indian rulers were allowed to remain if power if they were loyal to the viceroy many British people worked in India as civil servants with their family British Empire was at its peak around 1920: "Empire on which the sun never sets" -> ruled over one quarter of the world -> one of the greatest economic & political powers "White man's burden": moral obligation and destiny to govern poorer, less advanced countries and to pass European culture to the native inhabitants -> Imperialism is a burden which colonisers must take up for the benefit of the colonised (bringing civilisation) great influence of foreign ideas form India to Britain (recipes, art, architecture) The legacy of the Empire influenced Britain's political position/role in the international politics -> military force, seat on the UN Security Council, insular mentality (Brexit) impact on the education system, self-image ("imperial amnesia") and national identity influenced the genetic make-up of the population: multicultural society because of post-war immigration and migrants from Commonwealth countries The Commonwealth - decolonisation in the course of the 20th century, Britain lost almost all of its former colonies -> partly violent independence moments in the colonised territories -> British decisions to voluntarily grant independence to them (New Zealand, Australia) the Commonwealth of Nations = voluntary political association of 56 independent and equal countries which are former territories of the British Empire, founded after WWII purpose: connect people around the world, promote peace and prosperity helps countries with small business development advocates democracy, freedom, rule of law, peace, human rights, gender equality, education, environment, good governance, health, economy is home to almost two billion citizens of all faiths & ethnicities Immigration 1930s: refugees from wars in Europe 1940s: immigrants from the Caribbean 1950s: immigrants from Commonwealth countries Nationality Act 1948: encourage immigrants to work in the UK (labour shortage) to revive British economy after the end of the British Empire after WWII -> "Open Door Policy" migrants from Commonwealth countries were automatically British 1960s: increase in racism due to influx of immigrants. 1971 Immigration Act: new rules, harsh control of evidence of citizenship, restricted right to reside in the UK 1976 Race Relation Act: makes discrimination illegal and encourages racial equality 1990s/2000s: concept of multiculturalism became more important, efforts to integrate various ethnic groups into British society 07/07 2005: bombings, altered concept of multiculturalism, highlighted division within society, refugee crisis Today: more immigrants from Eastern European states due to free movement of labor in the EU immigration system that favours highly skilled workers terrorist attacks influenced public opinion on immigration negatively undocumented workers are at danger of being exploited call for common British identity, integration & assimilation Windrush Generation Caribbean immigrants who arrived in the UK from 1948-1971 they should help fill post-war UK labour shortages -> many of them became manual workers, cleaners, drivers and nurses name refers to the ship "Empire Windrush" carried 492 passengers, many of them children the Home Office failed to assign them documents and they didn't keep record of who stayed British Nationality Act of 1948: those who arrived were automatically British and free to permanently live and work in the UK . Immigration Act of 1971: harsh control of evidence of citizenship -> immigrants only have the right to stay in the UK if they have proof of it election of Theresa May in 2012 whose aim it was to create a "hostile environment" for illegal immigrants: -> cut them off from access to any public services, including healthcare services -> required employers and landlords to demand evidence of citizenship before offering a job or a flat inhumane, restrictive, unfair & racially discriminatory policy Windrush generation immigrants that have been in the UK for decades were at constant risk of being deported & deprived of health service, their jobs, access to social benefits & public services scandal in 2018: wrongful deportation of members of the Windrush generation Multicultural Britain Multiculturalism = cohabitation and preservation of different cultures within a united society -> different languages, beliefs, races, religions, values, identities around 10% of the population has an immigrant background integration of non-whites or non-Brits has been successful: mixing of races, ethnically minorities blend in, more diverse -> cultural representation, esp. in big cities like London Britain is known for its multiculturalism but there are discussions if it really works or if it failed open and shut policy: open to immigrants who can contribute to a country's economy, but shut to those who cost the country/depend on the welfare system Reasons: long history of trade with other European countries -> free movement of people colonial past: many colonial citizens cam to Britain migration from Commonwealth nations -> still close ties to Britain pull factors: work, democracy, freedom, more opportunities, better life quality because of the refugee crisis, diversity has risen + cultural exchange and input -> intercultural relationships supports tolerance and respect, creating an open-minded society, broadens horizons -> enrichment for society improves Britain's image -> diverse country learn different languages, try new food, get to know other religions & traditions more peaceful society, accepting of differences, promotes mutual understanding & solidarity positive impact on economy (highly skilled workers), getting global, increasing Britain's wealth diverse knowledge/experience, improves trade, creativity & innovation -> reduce racial discrimination part of Britain's national identity success: election of Sadiq Khan as mayor of London and Rishi Sunak as PM Models of racial integration Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl • The Melting Pot theory requires that immigrants assimilate in order to become one common culture-"American" AMERICAN . ● . language barriers, integration difficulties higher rates of criminality and violence if immigrants are unwilling to adapt fear among individuals that they will lose their original culture/identity ethnic groups separate themselves -> lack of understanding, conflicts between different cultures, social principles & religions fear that Britishness might be lost ghettoisation, racial tensions brain drain from developing countries failure: Brexit as a manifestation of growing anti-immigrant sentiments, David Cameron's speech in 2011 that multiculturalism promoted segregation and division in society Policies assimilation: the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society -> they have to give up parts of their own culture & undermine their individuality + cultural diversity • The "Salad Bowl" theory basically calls for us to celebrate our diversity along with our oneness. integration: cultural integration happens when individuals from one culture adopt practices from another without diminishing their own (maintain one's distinctiveness) -> requirements: access to medical care & school, have a job, follow laws of the country, speak the language, establish sense of belonging, willingness, no discrimination (mutual process) . . . • . countries join the EU) a "great opportunity for Britain" 2007: UK signs the Lisbon Treaty that gives Brussels more power 2011: David Cameron, new conservative PM, vetoes an EU treaty to protect Britain's financial sector 2013-2015: Conservative Party promises to hold an in/out referendum by 2017 remain in the EU leave the EU free movement and job safety -> easily travel to and study or work in other countries . cooperation and help in case of a crisis -> UK is safer in the EU since cooperation helps the UK fight terrorism ● The UK and the EU - a complicated relationship after WWII, Winston Churchill said "we must build a kind of United States of Europe" to promote peace and safety, but it is unclear whether the UK should be part of this family 1951: The Treaty of Paris -> six countries establish the European Coal and Steel Community, but the UK decides not to join since they don't want to "surrender their freedom of decision and action to any supranational authority" 1957: The Treaty of Rome -> the six establish the European Economic Community 1961: the UK applies to join the EEC for economic & political reasons 1963 & 1967: the French president vetoes the UK's application twice because the "common market is incompatible with the economy of Britain" and because of England's insular mentality and "original habits and traditions" 1973: the UK joins the EEC, but reactions are mixed (Euroscepticism) . better future for the UK and future generations -> EU is a strong economic and political power, UK might lose allies & influence, be on its own trading agreements, no tariffs on goods from other countries, Europe is Britain's main trading partner 1975: first referendum by the Labour government -> 67% vote for the UK to stay 2002: UK doesn't join the single currency but keeps the pound 2004: the leader of the Labour Party calls the "Big Bang enlargement" (former communist -> being in the EU helps business to grow and create jobs international banks might leave London because the consequences of Brexit are unpredictable immigration as a contribution to economy laws that protect consumer's health travelling will be more difficult (border controls, maybe even less tourists who boost the economy) immigration problems won't be fixed, but they might even get worse disadvantages in a globalised, interconnected world . gain independence, be able to make decisions without the consent of other countries in the EU, get back sovereignty freedom in making trade deals with different countries -> new jobs EU migrants put a strain on the National Health Service and schools -> more jobs for the British, less foreign workers no longer deal with bureaucracy, save money and use it for their own country instead of paying it to countries who don't respect European values & annual membership fees. focus on British interests, free itself from restrictions imposed by Brussels · Brexit national referendum held in June 2016 instigated by Prime Minister David Cameron (Conservative party) 52% voted leave, 48% voted remain: England & Wales wanted to leave, Scotland & Northern Ireland wanted to stay Theresa May led through Brexit negotiations: trade deals, immigration, security & defence, health, education, science, environment, citizens rights, money (pay divorce bills), border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, fishing conflict with France Withdrawal Agreement was rejected three times: under the withdrawal agreement, goods and people wouldn't be able to flow freely between Northern Ireland and Ireland anymore transitional period from 2016-2020 Brexit happened on 31st January in 2020 under Boris Johnson (it was planned for 2019) -> since January 1st 2021, the UK is no longer part of the EU's single market and customs union Reasons: . Potential problems: political reasons: national sovereignty, immigration control, more freedom in trading, abolish EU laws, more autonomy identity reasons: strive for independence, new self-determination, pride, insular mentality ("stronger alone", never fit in the EU, always felt left out), imperial hangover (wants to be as powerful as the Empire again) parties were accused of fearmongering & using false information to get voters to vote to remain/leave economic & financial problems hard border between Northern Ireland and Ireland (border checks, controlled by officials) division of society (esp. young people feel misunderstood and not heard) Consequences: ● . not as bad as expected, gained independence, but made things more complicated for regular citizens, security & trade new border checks, trade restrictions, paperwork, but no tariffs on goods makes travelling more difficult, additional costs & research gains control over fish in its own seas, but increases rivalry with France makes access to security databases more difficult points-based immigration system Northern Ireland part of the UK but also aligned with the EU market -> British goods will be checked at the border, there might be shortages since it gets more complicated Definition: global changes in communication, economy, technology & transport process of global spread of ideas/information/products/power -> growing network Components: culture/society, politics, economy, media, technology, environment, population ● culture: ● travelling (tourists) literature, music, films ● custom traditions, values, beliefs, languages, food technology: internet social media growing diversity of people migration, integration communication all over the world easy access to (fake) news artificial intelligence economic & medical progress Globalisation economy: winners: + political cooperations to ensure safety & defend democratic values -> UNO growing economy (more jobs, easy trade, chance for small companies). lower prices for good quality migration fills important labour gaps brings opportunities to poorer countries exchange between countries & people -> more diversity politics: modern technologies & new inventions to make life easier (education for everyone) everyone is connected (improved communication) -> everyone has a voice to expose crime export/import (easier access to other countries) economic independence outsourcing of labour & productions -> fast fashion global business (locations around the world) international alliances and cooperations trade as a weapon investment policy worldwide protest movements (BLM) fake news updates about political decisions from all around the world industrialised countries big companies multinational corporations = global players climate change, deforestation, abuse of resources, unsustainable lifestyles trash in the ocean since plastic is used for everything a lot of traffic and transport (mass tourism) inequality has grown (social divide) exploitation of developing countries: low wages, bad working conditions in poorer countries (cheap mass production, consumerism) -> unfair distribution of wealth technology can replace people (loss of jobs) westernisation (one global culture) pandemics losers: workers in developing countries smaller companies (competition) environment