Macbeth 12/2

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Characters: Macbeth • Thane of Cawdor, later also thane of Glamis and King of Scotland struggles with good vs. evil (can't distinguish between "foul & "fair") + full of inner conflicts • believes > fate is decided by the witches • complex/contradictory character that struggles to overcome his evil thoughts but is tempted to criminal by witches/wife/own ambitions • loses his sense of fear • haunted by guilt even before the actual dead • falls into temptation • one of Duncan's chief generals + closest military advisers →god-like hero → brave, skilled, firm, strong, loyal, "too full of the milk of kindness" tempted into regicide to fulfil the prophecy . → wife: by questioning love and manliness → deep desire for self-realization and power • by murdering Duncan he positions himself outside or even above God's given order →natural order disrupted • burdens himself with guilt, has moral doubts, begins to despair and knows about consequences → absorbed by his thoughts / vivid imagery → pangs of conscience • conduct marked by fear (feels threatened) → rising cruelty: • kills indiscriminately to ensure his throne • casts suspicion on others • obnoxious, dehumanized, murderous, bloodthirsty, dishonest, unscrupulous, tyrannical • boldness and impression of personal invincibility mark him out for a tragic fall • not deeply moved by Lady Macbeth's death, broods on absurdity of life → tale of how ambition (suppressing his qualities) can tarnish even the purest of souls (degeneration) • courageous warrior/fighter • ambitious, ruthless, murderous, despicable, tyrannical, brutal, disloyal subject, tyrant, usurper, obedient husband, easily influenced, weak-willed, remorseful, fearful, two-faced, hypocritical • his manhood is important to him • ambition is his tragic flaw/ fatal weakness • he has finer feelings/ a sensitive + reflective character • evil not part of his nature + rather the consequences of his ambition -> never relishes the bloody role he plays • thinks to much about his actions the consequences of his actions Lady Macbeth -Macbeth's wife -> later King -at the beginning: confident + dominant -urges Macbeth to use deception to cover his evil intentions -ridicules husband's masculinity -active accomplice -appears isolated + drained of energy -persuading personality -cruelty comes after calling spirits for help -love for husband -> royal title -early instigator of the atrocious plans that lead to Macbeth's Kingship → sees Macbeth's goodness as his flaw -very emancipated, egoistic, dominant/superior, naive, forceful, ambitious and power hungry (→ sees her chance to be queen) -calls upon evil spirits and implores them to rid her of femininity →would kill own child if she had sworn to do so → make her cruel and relentless → mocks and demeans Macbeth's manliness (machinations cold and vicious) -abuses alcohol to make her bold / masking unease → incapable of bearing the weight of the deeds and soon falls victim to the weight of her guilt → haunted by remembrance of the regicide l-oses significance for Macbeth's decisions -goes mad and commits suicide -rejects femininity driven crazy by guilt -cunning, scheming, domineering, masculine, unscrupulous, evil, haunted, practical, persuasive, resolute, determined, unpleasant -> MB and LBM progress differently throughout the play: partners in love → partners in crime → apathy and reversed positions in the relationship Banguo • second of Duncan's generals and brave commander • noble, wise, far-seeing character, man of integrity • believes in divine powers and absolute loyalty • witches foretell his children to inherit the throne → resists the temptations of evil → content and lets destiny carve it's own path → counterpoint to how one deals with fate • his ghost later haunts Macbeth accordingly for his murder, reminding him of the choices he made regal, wise, perspective, trusting, courageous · Malcolm eldest of Duncan's two sons • chaste, lacking in envy, true to his word • cautious politician • immediately heads to England to built an army with Macduff's help ● Macduff • nobleman who right away opposes Macbeth's ascension to the throne • has a personal reason for revenge (wife and son have been murdered by Macbeth) • born unnaturally by caesarian section Fleance, • survives murder of his father and attempted murder of himself by Macbeth Lady Macduf • much more tranquil and less violent than Lady Macbeth • contrast between normal emotions - love for her children - sense of betrayal - belief in justice -abnormal cruelty of LMB -> rejects any of this Porter • provides the only comic relief->story of murder + brutality provides commentary on themes-> treason, ambition, damnation, equivocation Ross • kind of person who survives by making sure he is on the winning side-> staying with Macbeth until advantage in joining Malcolm Macduff Lennox • survivor -> until he has the opportunity to change sides function of chorus • cautions about declaring his true beliefs Siward professional soldier+ taught military character . Doctor • reflects the fear of people living under a tyran's regime develops the imagery of sickness and healing Old Man Lord: • nameless characters function as a chorus • giving audience information + commenting + Fate • one's destiny is predetermined by external forces • fate may dictate what will be but how that destiny comes about is a matter of chance, man's own choice or free will → Macbeth is blamed for the way he chooses to become king Scene I play opens on some battlefield/heath with thunder lightning three witches + play starts at the end of the meeting (1.1) -> intend to meet Macbeth when the battle is lost and won dozen short lines full of strange paradoxes establish an atmosphere = world is turned upside down -> fair is foul and foul is fair dialogue is written in rhyming tetrameters Scene 2: (second time we hear about Macbeth but still not met him) royal camp -> King Duncan + eldest son Malcolm -> receive a report of the bravery in battle of Banquo + Macbeth first description of Macbeth -> brutal killing of Macdonald, whom he has almost split in two and decapitated Duncan receives a further report of the rebels' defeat surrender -> orders Cawdor's execution + confers Cawdor's title on Macbeth Scene 3: three witches meet on a heath -> speak about their magical powers unnatural deeds Macbeth + Banquo appear -> Witches hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and King bereafter Banquo not be a king but descendants will be kings -> Macbeth demands to know more but witches vanish Banquo thinks they have been hallucinating + Macbeth thinks of the prophecy -> Banquo will be the father of kings Ross and Angus, two thanes, greet Macbeth as Thane of Cawdor + amazed at the fulfilment of the witches' first prophecy Macbeth -> troubled by thoughts of murder -> hopes that it might simply be his good fortune to become King -> x actions Scene 4 royal palace -> Malcolm describes Cawdor's execution to Duncan before his death > Cawdor repented begged for the King's forgiveness + Duncan names Malcolm as his successor to the throne Macbeth declares his loyalty + obedience to the King -> sees Malcolm -> further obstacle on his path to the throne + admits to his deep and black desires Duncan announces his intention to visit Macbeth's castle Macbeth leaves in advance to inform his wife + make preparations for their royal quest Scene 5 (Lady Macbeth + their relationship): Lady Macbeth -> witches prophecies in a letter from her husband instantly thinks about him getting to the throne not share Macbeth's doubts + hesitation -> fears that he may not have the courage to act determined to persuade him Macbeth returns -> news of the King imminent arrival + puts into words what both been thinking about - murder of Duncan Scene 6 Duncan, accompanied by Malcolm + Banquo and the other thanes arrive at Macbeth's castle unsuspecting, the King praises the pleasant atmosphere around the castle • Lady Macbeth welcomes Duncan -> loyal al her husband their service to the King as done double Act I, Scene 7: • Macbeth considers the possibility of murdering the King + wavers between his determination to act swiftly + fear of the consequences of his actions • Duncan is guest + relative as his King -> Macbeth is afraid -> being punished for the terrible crime of regicide • Lady Macbeth enters + Macbeth tells her he decided not to go ahead with their plan - Act 2, Scene I • after midnight in the inner courtyard of Macbeth's castle • Banquo + Fleance (son) are on guard -> Banquo is still disturbed by the witches strange prophecies tells Macbeth about his dream with the witches • Macbeth dismissed the subject + pretending he has not thought about it • Macbeth left alone -> sees a dagger hanging in the air ->handle pointing towards him -> unsure if its real or hallucination but tries to grab it fails -> dripping with blood • decides vision caused by his thought of murder • fear of being discovered -> as long as he delays -> Duncan remain alive • go ahead with the killing + hearing bell toll + calling Duncan to hell or heaven Act I On a bleak Scottish moorland, Macbeth and Banquo, two of King Duncan's generals discover three strange women (the witches). The witches prophecy that Macbeth will be promoted twice: to Thane of Cawdor (a rank of the aristocracy bestowed by grateful kings) and to King of Scotland. Banquo's descendants will be kings, but Banquo isn't promised any kingdom himself. The generals want to hear more, but the weird sisters" disappear. Soon afterwards, King Duncan names Macbeth Thane of Cawdor as a reward for his success in the recent battles. The promotion seems to support the prophecy. The King then proposes to make a brief visit that night to Macbeth's castle at Inverness. Lady Macbeth receives news from her husband about the prophecy and his new title. She vows to help him become King by whatever means are necessary. → Exposition: - erster Überblick über die Handlung und die beteiligten Personen - Informationen über die grundlegende Konstellation des Dramas - Vorstellung der drei Hexen, des Königs und seiner Söhne, Macbeth und Banquo Act II Macbeth returns to his castle, followed almost immediately by King Duncan. The Macbeths plot to kill Duncan together and wait until everyone is asleep. At the appointed time, Lady Macbeth gives the guards drugged wine so Macbeth can enter and kill the King. He regrets this almost immediately. But his wife reassures him. She leaves the bloody daggers by the dead King just before Macduff, a noblemen, arrives. When Macduff discovers the murder, Macbeth kills the drunken guards in a show of rage and retribution. Duncan's sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, flee, fearing for their own lives; but the are, nevertheless, blamed for the murder. → Steigerung - erste entscheidende Handlung an der Hauptperson (mord am König) -> dramatische Steigung - Macbeth wird König -> zweiter Teil der Prophezeiung wird erfüllt Act III Macbeth becomes King of Scotland but is plagued by feelings of insecurities. He remembers the prophecy that Banquo's descendants will inherit the throne and arranges for Banquo and his son Fleance to be killed. In the darkness, Banquo is murdered, but his son escapes the assassins. At his state banquet that night, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and worries the courtiers with his mad response. Lady Macbeth dismisses the court and unsuccessfully tries to calm her husband. → Höhepunkt: - Macbeth ist der König -> schmiedet Plan Banquo und Fleance zu töten (Fleance überlebt) - Wendepunkt: Macduff and Malcolm treffen sich und planen Macbeths Tod Act IV Macbeth seeks out the witches who say that he will be safe until a local wood, Birnam Wood, marches into battle against him. He also doesn't need to fear someone born a women (that sounds secure, no loop-holes here). They also prophecy that the Scottish succession will still come from Banquo's son. Macbeth embarks on a reign of terror, slaughtering many, including Macduff's family. Macduff had gone to seek Malcolm (on of Duncan's sons who fled) at the court of the english King Malcolm is young and unsure of himself, but Macduff, painted with grief, persuades him to lead an army against Macbeth. →Retardierendem Moment - Verzögerung der Katastrophe - Es erscheint kurzzeitig, als sei Lösung in Sicht - Erfährt vom Verrat von Macduff (lässt seine Familie töten) Act V Macbeth feels safe in his remote castle at Dunsinane until he is told that Birnam Wood is moving towards him. Malcolm's army is carrying branches from the forest as camouflage for their assault on Macbeths stronghold. Meanwhile, an overwrought and conscience-ridden Lady Macbeth walks in her sleep and tells secrets to her doctor. She commits suicide. As the final battle commences, Macbeth hears of Lady Macbeth's suicide and mourns. In midst of losing the battle, Macduff challenges Macbeth Macbeth learns that Macduff is the child of caesarean birth, as he realises he is doomed, and submits to his enemy Macduff triumphs and brings the head of the traitor Macbeth to Malcolm Malcolm declares peace and goes to Scone to be crowned king → Katastrophe: - Lady Macbeth begeht Selbstmord - Prophezeiungen waren zweideutig - Macbeth wird getötet The importance of Banquo - Macbeth is willing to kill a good friend of his, because becoming King is more important - As described by others Banquo is like Macbeth (but a better version of him that isn't two faced or has a dark side) - Brave soldier, very loyal, noble, trustworthy - Also got a prophecy from the witches (his prophecy results danger for Macbeth) - He automatically realises the danger of the prophecy - Is the good or even better Macbeth - ,,anti-Macbeth" - Banquo is a constant reminder of what he could or should be - Banquo can resist his prophecy - Banquo is Macbeth's conscience (reappears as a ghost and reminds him of the murder, makes him feel guilty) - When Macbeth kills Banquo, he also kills his own conscience and becomes evil and mad -> the ghost of Banquo is covered in blood which represents the sin and guilt Macbeth feels because of the murder -> it also shows brutality and violence -> stands for death Fair is foul and foul is fair - what appears to be good could be bad (Lady Macbeth & Macbeth) - What appears to be bad could be good - All is not what it seems - What seems good and trustworthy is actually not - Looks can be deceiving - Is a motif throughout the play - appearance vs reality Examples: - the witches themselves are ugly, but they offer what Macbeth would think are beautiful words about his rise to power - Macbeth seems heroic and loyal to the king, but he is actually a traitor Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth - unusual relationship (wife more dominant and manipulates her husband) - Most of the time: polite, respectful, loving - Lady Macbeth is more confident, while Macbeth is more quiet - Lady Macbeth uses her knowledge about his husband to manipulate him (questions his manhood, uses different ways of persuasion) stylistic devices alliteration anaphora antitheses epiphora hyperbole metaphor simile parallelism personification repetition rhetorical question tone definition example Repetition of initial "The fair breeze blew, consonant sound. the white foam flew." Repeating the first part of a In every town, in every house in sentence. every man, in every woman and in every child..... Having two opposite ideas "One small step for man, one giant in a sentence. leap for mankind." Repeating the ending words of a sentence. Exaggeration of ideas. Comparing two things without using the words "like" or "as". Comparing two things using the words "like" or "as". A question which is meant to be unanswered. "I am an American, he is a n American, everybody is an American." Denotes the accent or inflection of the voice as adapted to the emotion or passion expressed, also used for the style or manner of approach in speaking or writing in general 'I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love make up my sum." (Shakespeare) "... the sand of time..." "All the world's a stage And all the men and woman merely players..." (Shakespeare) as dead as a mutton... ... as fit as a fiddle ... ... like a bull in a china shop... "I wandered lonely as a cloud..." (Wordsworth) Using components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or have similar sounds or construction. When an idea or animal is given human characteristics. Repeating words or "Bond. James Bond." (James Bond phrases. films) "Like father, like son." or "They got together and talked, laughed and giggled." "The sky weeps.", "Justice is blind" "Who does nor love this country?" (= of course everybody loves his country) The tone can be: colloquial, ironical, serious, carnest, humorous etc. effect . . . . Grabs reader's attention, sort of punctuates words. Also creates mood for e.g. if it's an 's' sound, maybe shows snakelike quantity or hissing. Perhaps slyness of the narrator. . to stress the main point often used in speeches. Adds rhythm making it easier to read and remember. Emphasises ideas. Makes it easier to understand the point being made or the complexity of the situation. Emphasise words/message.. Gives a unique rhythm to text. Convey the importance of something. Create amusing effect. Common human feelings sound remarkable. Can also create contrast if something is described using exaggeration and the next thing isn't. This attracts reader's attention. Helps visualise. Gives readers another way of thinking about something. Creates an image for the reader. Make it easier to understand what the reader is saying (mostly applies to similes). Adds rhythm to sentences. In literature, usually used to convey some message. To grab the reader's attention. For e.g. repeating a line. . Emphasise and create rhythm. Gives things life or some similarity with human beings. Used to bring liveliness into a speech Emphasise a point being made. Mostly used to as an effect. Used to persuade people. It reflects the mood of the author and his attitude towards his subject. enumeration irony ellipse ambiguity allusion A number of points set out in a list. It is a figure of speech by which the writer says the opposite of what he means. The shortening of a sentence by the omission of one or more words that may be easily understood from the context. In deceptive rhetoric it is the deliberate wording of a phrase or passage in such a way that it can be taken in two ways. A reference to a person, The Old Man and the Computer work of art, event etc. (allusion to Allusions require a The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway) common cultural experience shared by the writer and the reader. Macbeth tötet Duncan Lady Macbeth ermutigt Macbeth Macbeth wird König I Aufstieg Macbeth' 1. Prophezeiung Macbeth tötet Banquo "Dear inhabitants from Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Oceania." 1. Prophezeiung ist wahr geworden bzw. wurde verhindert II III . ● . 2. Prophezeiung IV Englische Armee zieht in den Krieg gegen Macbeth Create the feeling of wholeness; Accentuate and emphasize something. It is often used to blame. Eventually it will draw attention to its actual meaning. It is used to avoid repetition but also used for artistic effect. It is e.g. to hide the truth or to leave the reader uncertain about the author's real attitude. The reader is expected to think about the situation himself and to have a certain knowledge. Fall Macbeth' Lady Macbeth begeht Selbstmord Birnam Wood bewegt sich auf Macbeth' Schloss zu V Macduff tötet Macbeth Summary L Einleitungssatz -> Autor, Jahr, Thema, Textsorte, The (text type) (title) was written by (author) in (date of publication) and deals with (main topic). -> The given text taken from Shakespeare's Macbeth Act "Scene "is preceded by the following events: 2 Hauptteil -> Einordnung in die Tragödie (Was passiert davor, was danach?) -> Worum geht es in der Szene? Was passiert? 3. Schluss -> Kein Schlusssatz -> Summary endet damit, dass Lady Macbeth sich zu Ende der Tragödie umbringt, Macbeth von Macduff getötet wird Analyce 1 Einleitung -> Kein Einleitungssatz -> Analyse wird mit der Deutungshypothese eingeleitet 2. Deutungshypothese -> Hauptthema des Textes -> Vermutung über die Kernaussagen -> wird im Laufe der Analyse widerlegt oder unterstützt -> Intention des Autors 3. Schluss -> zusammenfassender Schlusssatz -> > Rückbezug auf Deutungshypothese Character Macbeth Lady Macbeth Characteristics outside brave warrior leader Ambitious Loyal ambitious Knows what she wants Is willing to become fully evil and loose all her human qualities Does not have any moral values anymore Is influential and dominant Disguises her evil well (nice to her guests) Strong, caring Soothing characteristics inside naive Weak Fears god/getting murdered Worried by the strength of his own ambition Changeable Guilty conscience Ruthless Two faced Sensitive needs alcohol to boost her courage She is not as strong as she seems to be She could not kill Duncan because he looks like her father (sensitive) Is not as heartless as she wishes (has human feelings) Rationalises the dead (does not want to think about the murder in order not to go insane) Makes herself believe that it is childish to be afraid of the dead Two faced Manipulative Ruthless (Subliminal) guilty conscience Mentally unstable