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its unique effect by ... In the first / second / [...] / last part, the author varies the theme / changes the topic / goes into detail / passes from ... to ... At the beginning ... / At the end / Later... There are two interconnected strains of action The author makes use of a flashback here to ... The author gives us this hint / clue / image as a kind of foreshadowing of ... The events are told in chronological order... The exposition serves to ... This story follows the traditional structure of ... In the exposition, the action is set in motion / the theme of is suggested the protagonist is introduced / the setting is sketched / suspense is aroused The action arises / falls when ... / The story reaches its climax / crisis / turning point when ... The story has a surprise / sad / happy / open ending / ends in a catastrophe because .. The main conflict is between two characters / within the character of ... / between the protagonist and fate / between the protagonist and society The problem is solved when ... 5. ANALYSING THE NARRATIVE PERSPECTIVE / POINT OF VIEW Perspectives: first-person narrator, third-person limited narrator, third-person omniscient narrator The author tells the story (mainly) from the point of view of ... The author uses a ...'s point of view ... The author presents the story in a rather neutral way. which means / which leads to / which creates the effect of / which results in... The narrator guides the reader by ... / The narrator reinforces the message by ... commenting on the ebents, e.g. ... / by presenting X's thoughts on ... We have a ... 6. ANALYSING THE SETTING AND ATMOSPHERE The text is set in ... The action takes place in ... The setting of ... is ... The events are situated in ... ● 7. ANALYSING CHARACTERS The main character / protagonist / hero / antagonist is a flat / round / dynamic / central / background We get to know ... by ... / The protagonist is characterized as / His main features are ... His / Her relationship with ... is ... There is a conflict between hero because / serves as foil to in order to highlight ... He/She is faces with the dilemma of ... ● The description of the colours / sounds / smells creates an atmosphere of ... The scene evokes / provokes the atmosphere of ... The overall atmosphere/ mood of the story is ... The atmosphere in this passage may be described as The setting contributes to a / an ... atmosphere The tension is created by a conflict between ... ● and ... / stands in clear contrast to / can be regarded as an anti- The characters are presented in a way that ... His / Her character is revealed by his / her appearance / words / feelings / behavior / actions / interactions with / by the author's comments on ... is a telling name because ... The author describes the characteristics / outer appearance / intellectual qualities/mood / activities / social and psychological condition / character traits of ... The author gives a realistic / detailed description of/ only gives a rough description of .. The character is described / presented / characterised as ... The basic traits of A's character are ... One of A's striking characteristics is 8. ANALYSING LANGUAGE AND RHETORICAL DEVICES The author makes use of/ employs ... everyday / colloquial / informal / vulgar language formal / literary / archaic / slang expressions sophisticated / eloquent / concise / clear / objective / impersonal style complex / simple sentences imagery / lots of metaphors / symbolism vivid / animated / exaggerated language This is done in order to stress / put emphasis on / emphasise / draw attention to highlight ... The author wants to involve the readers/listeners by [+ gerund] / convince them of ... This creates the effect that ... The author wants to imply / implies that ... The author wants to arouse interest / simplify / illustrate ... The author refers to an example The author makes use of employs / uses formal / informal / colloquial words / expression / language. This word / phrase / expression refers to / underlines / emphasises / means / stands for ...