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Jerusalem Sarah Grimke: American abolitionists Angelina Grimké: Political activist → Daughters of slaveholder part of abolitionist movement Abolitionist movement: - movement to abolish slavery in the whole USA - blacks and whites worked together Created a gap between north & South way to civil war was paved Underground Railroad: - belongs to abolitionist movement A secret network of safe houses - Helped slaves to flee from south to north Had a major impact on slaves life → they were protected, no fear anymore slavery is a cruel, complex thing; led to segregation, discrimination, injustice, exclusion U.S. Civil War/ Reconstruction: Causes Civil War: North South Strength in manufacturing, Agriculture (tobacco, cotton, sugarcane), industrialization, trade (Europe), resources about 4 billion slaves, dependent on and manpower North, slavery, felt their interests were being ignored in Congress 1. Existence of slavery 2. Fast westward expansion of the USA New party: Republicans → strictly opposed to slavery Abraham Lincoln: (1809-1865): became president in 1860 without getting a single vote from the South; against expansion of slavery, Republican In response: 7 southern states declared secession from Union → confederacy 1861: Confederate forces attack Fort Sumter, institution of federal army → Civil War 1863: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1.) declared all slaves in rebellious states "thenceforward and forever free" 1863: Battle of Gettysburg → turning point → confederate army eventually retreated 1865: South surrender → End of War Civil War Amendment: 1865: 13th - abolition of slavery 1868: 14th - the granting of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the USA 1870: 15th: right for citizens to vote, regardless of color, "race" After Civil War: many questions: reintegration South into Union, 4 billion slaves Destroyed cities, homes - Desperation & anger in southern society ➜ social, economic, political structure depended on slavery 1880's - 1920's: peak years of lynching black → result of terrorist acts by white supremacists 1866: Klu Klux Klan is founded organization opposed to black emancipation → feared "nigger domination", while supremacy Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) reintegrate South into Union & integrate slaves into society President Andrew Johnson (1865-66) passes “Black Codes” Historians describe Era as total failure: no economic recovery South, still existing discrimination, moral issues The Black vote: in the 1870's the southern government wanted to prevent blacks from voting - Literacy tests, "poll taxes” (voting fees) Terror, violence against black population African Americans had a lot of fear ► judicial system in the south wanted to - - Sharecropping: - plantation system Many huge plantations were divided up and sold to investors → they subdivide them and rented out to poor tenant farmers → sharecroppers Sharecropper had to deliver a certain share of his crop every year to the land owner Former slaves/ freedmen often worked as sharecroppers → lacking skills and capital Working conditions of "sharecroppers: physical pain → no regeneration, breaks - Disappointment & pressure due to unmatched daily targets Entire family participated Low wages bad economic situation on paper, he was a free man, but his economic, mental status was hardly better than that of a slave Jim Crow Era/ Segregation Term Jim Crow: origins from fictional character "Jim Crow" popular in 19th century Actors blackened their faces to comically imitate the stereotype of a dancing and singing African American → Thomas Dartmouth as first actor → synonym for racial segregation Black Codes (1865-1866) - denied the right to vote Excluded from certain jobs Restricted from mainly freely - - Denied the right to own land Prohibited carrying arms → reservations & restrictions for African Americans to eliminate their rights and liberties to keep their dependance on white society Jim Crow Laws (1877-1964) enforced racial segregation Black Codes Prohibited interracial mixing in nearly every aspect of life Segregation in all public facilities, transportation, education, military White supremacy → beginning of racial segregation, enforcement of white supremacy Plessy v. Ferguson incident: Homer Plessy sits down in a "whites only" car → was arrested Lawyer: Ferguson 1896: Supreme Court added "separate but equal" to the Constitution → landmark decision of Supreme Court 1875: Civil Rights Act "equality of all men before the law" prohibited racial segregation 1883: Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional legitimation: discrimination was private, not a state act