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vary & change throughout life Family / ancestry/ upbringing belonging Job career Success in life Political opinion What factors hamper us from finding one's sense of belonging ? alienation Support, security, acceptance, being loved Racism Nationality The place you life in Language / dialect / accent Cultural, ethnic background & traditions Values & believes Religion Loneliness Violence ostracism The need to belong -> People easily form social bonds & quickly develop a feeling of attachment -> People easily & quickly form social ties when they are under adverse conditions -> People develop positive opinions about people they spend time with -> People have the strong desire to maintain those relationships -> People are reluctant to break social bond even though they don't yield advantages -> The motive is that they want to be accepted -> There is a correlation between relationships & emotions - strengthening a social bond causes positive emotions - the lack of stable relationships involve negative emotions -> People who suffer from lack belongingness, suffer higher levels of mental & physical illness Benefits of belonging -> › happiness, satisfaction, value in life, calm -> improves motivation, health & joy -> Causes positive emotions (e.g. joy, delight) -> Provides strength & stability -> Prevent mental illness / better mental health -> Always have someone's back -> you always have someone sth. to go to -> ways to cope with painful emotions -> Having a stable identity -> Reinforces one's self-esteem -> Ability to love oneself & others -> Better academic & economic achievements Building a sense of belonging Drawbacks of not belonging -> Negative emotions -> Psychological problems: loneliness, anxiety, jealousy, depression, grief, mental distress -> Physical problems: headaches, skin problems -> Behavioural problems: criminality, suicide -> Desire to form new relationships -> Being blind, not knowing people -> society is characterises by the steadily developing versatility which opens up a manifold of opportunities - but - this makes it hard to identify oneself -> Building a sense of belonging requires effort & practise -> Sharing differences and still accepting them reinforces one's sense of belonging -> being open-minded & saying YES to new opportunities -> Free yourself from judgmental behaviour -> Work on acceptance of others (values, believes, opinions, looks,...) -> Validation & confirmation strengthens the sense of belonging & relationships -> See the good in other people -> Watch your words -> stop isolating The ambiguity of belonging -> " Ambiguity of belonging" describes the fact that there is no single answer to the question ,,Where do I belong?" -> The search for our place in the world can be connected to positive experiences but can also be perceived as an ongoing struggle that leaves us unhappy - Uncertainties about future, plans, life -> Synonyms: having doubts / an uncertainty concerning one's identity -> Being part of a group can also make us feel uncertain and insecure - People might be afraid of losing their identity because they might deny some of their principles and conform to other peoples wishes in order to belong -> People tend to conform (and assimilate) in order to be accepted by a certain group Values and principles, they conform to are often antithetic to their actual beliefs and therefor give up their actual identity - Leads to uncertainty concerning one's identity And even to self-doubts -> Life is more complex than ever before due to the Globalisation, Digitalisierung... - the new and numerous opportunities creates constant pressure & fear about the decisions that have to be made - people might lose their orientation The ambiguity of belonging age gender ethnicity setting workplace politics etc. Self-actualisation morality, creativity, problem solving, personal growth, self-fulfilment, etc. Esteem needs achievement, status, reputation, respect of others, etc. Belongingness and love need family, friendship, sexual intimacy, work group, etc. Safety needs protection, physical security, health and property, order, law, steady employment, stability, etc. EXTERNAL visible Biological and physiological needs food, water, air, shelter, warmth, sleep, etc. BELONGING personality character traits feelings about myself interests dreams beliefs values relationships INTERNAL invisible etc.