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age, -> bride wears gold jewelry, Henna on hands SLAVE TRADE - triangular trade - Every part profits from another country and gives something to another North America Sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Europe VOICES FROM NIGERIA Slaves to the Americas Europe Textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa Africa SLAVE TRADE - began in 15ty century -Society and economy in West Africa was affected - revalries between kingdoms, mass migration -> turmoil in region - British tried to stop slave trade around 1800 -> several wars - slaves: as soldiers, servants to feed soldiers, produce palm oil (traded for guns) - in Europe: internal slave trade grew -> cheap labor was needed: collecting palm fruits,manufacturing palm oil and transporting it to coast - period of three centuries: more than 3.5 million slaves shipped from Nigeria COLONIAL NIGERIA (1861-1963) - Trade intensifies slave trade was abolished 1820-> British stayed in Africa, annexing Lagos - British secured rights to navigate the river freely, set up trade for rubber, palm oil - set the borders -> no attention on ethnic groups, tribes or religion - former Nigerian leaders cooperated to help implement policies and values - British brought to Nigeria: educational system, English, introduction in Christianity - Nigerians fought for self-governance -> increased in WW2 - Nigeria became independent 1960 after fall of territories of British Empire - Federal Republic with new constitution in 1963 NIGERIA'S PRESENT AND FUTURE = - Nigeria - "Giant of Africa" economic growth: oil industry and film industry (Nollywood), tourism - difficulties attracting international investors - because of corruption - attraction: religious festivals, landscapes - Boko Haram: terrorists, who want to rid the Western culture - grave problems: crime, pollution, poverty, unemployment, corruption, terrorism NOLLYWOOD NIGERIAS FILM INDUSTRY - genre: love, tragedy, comedy - Nollywood, between Bollywood and Hollywood - "Beyond Nollywood" - refer to new wave films, animations, short narratives - topics: gender equality, postnatal depression, transatlantic migration, counseled, female infertility, religious fanaticism, African diospora - vocabulary: director - Regisseur, producer - Firma, Stage, lighting, actor/actress CHILD LABOUR - mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous for children -> hold back children from school or development 15 million children work in Nigeria - jobs: street vendors, beggars, car washers, watch and shoe shiners, mechanics, hairdresser, domestic servants - poor educational achievements - girls work at earlier age -> mostly domestic servants - causes: poverty, rapid urbanization, breakdown in extended family affiliation, school dropout - suffer from fatigue, irregular attendance at school, lack of comprehension and motivation, improper socialization BRIBE MONEY AND CORRUPTION - many people pay bribe money to police officers, judges, doctors, public utilities etc. - reasons: weak public institutions, poverty, poor pay, ineffective anti-corruption agencies people get arrested for no reason - high criminality HOW TO ANALYZE NARRATIVE TEXTS PLOT action of a story - conflicts or problems appear and action increases - heading towards climax - ending can be open or offer solution CHARACTERS - people in the story protagonist, hero/heroine or main character - antagonist, who opposes protagonist - VOICES FROM NIGERIA SETTING - place and time of a story - can be set in real or fictitious place - time can be past, present, future or mixture with flashbacks and foreshadowing NARRATOR AND POINT OF VIEW FIRST PERSON VS THIRD PERSON NARRATOR first-person: talks directly to reader, using "i", only subjective perspective and thoughts - third-person: third person pronoun (he,she,it), describes actions or feeling of others LANGUAGE - structure of sentences - length of sentences - stylistic devices - direct speech - descriptive words THEME - what author explores in story - love, hate, value of life -> real life issues OMNISCIENT VS LIMITED VIEW - see inside of all characters, knowing their history, thoughts and feelings - view the action from the perspective of one person NARRATOR - storyteller - can be told from various point of views - storyteller is not the author ATMOSPHERE - mood created in a story by describing feelings, setting etc. - - may evoke feelings in the reader, like sadness, happiness or anger CENTRE VS FRINGE POINT OF VIEW - narrator sees the action as a person in a main role or report as a bystander/witness or - completely separate from action RELIABLE VS UNRELIABLE NARRATOR - both fictional and factual storytelling may be unreliable - they might not always tell or know the truth or hide information