Understanding Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
This comprehensive page explores the fundamental characteristics and properties of hydrocarbon compounds, focusing on their structural differences and chemical properties.
Definition: Alkenes and alkynes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons, characterized by multiple bonds between carbon atoms.
Vocabulary: The term "homologous series" refers to a family of compounds with similar chemical properties and a regular pattern in their molecular structure.
Structural Characteristics:
Alkanes:
- Molecular formula: CnH₂n+2
- Single bonds forming extended chains
- Example compound: Butane
Alkenes:
- Molecular formula: CnH2n
- Double bonds with 122° bond angles
- Example compound: But-1-ene
Alkynes:
- Molecular formula: CnH2n-2
- Triple bonds with linear geometry
- Example compound: But-1-yne
Example: Ethene serves as a crucial starting material for producing various plastics including polyethene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene.
Highlight: The C=C double bonds in alkenes and C≡C triple bonds in alkynes serve as functional groups, significantly influencing their chemical reactivity.
Industrial Applications and Properties:
Quote: "Ethyne flame can reach temperatures up to 3200°C and is used for welding and cutting operations."
Special Properties of Ethyne:
- Colorless, highly flammable gas
- Burns with a luminous, sooty flame
- Forms explosive mixtures with air 1.5−82
- Higher electron density compared to alkanes and alkenes
- Increased reactivity moving from alkanes to alkenes to alkynes
