pH indicators provide a visual method to determine the acidity or basicity of solutions. They change color based on the concentration of H3O+ ions, indicating whether a solution is acidic, neutral, or basic. The pH scale ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. Acids and bases react with water, influencing pH. Ampholytes can act as both acids and bases depending on their reaction partner. Neutralization reactions between acids and bases often form salts. Ester formation occurs through nucleophilic addition, involving protonation, nucleophilic attack, and water elimination steps. Esterification is a reversible equilibrium reaction that can be influenced by changing reactant concentrations or removing products.
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