Abi Englisch NRW 2023

Alternativer Bildtext:

more jobs > also in dev Countries support of devoloping countries > Jobs, imp. of the local infras. international freetrade • custumers have acess to cheaper prizes -> companies produce their products from cheap ma- terial -> lower cost=high profit new business opportunities rising of living standarts health benefits د) (mostly) unrestricted acess to global communication trough mobile... (even rural areas) can everyone communicate, be educated, get informed (in critical sit.) voice on the Internet" "1 (> exposing of crime, propaganda Challenges • rising of global companies lowers the chance of survival for small bussinesses L>, survival of the fittest"- competitive bad standart of living in deve. countries (> lowpaid jobs, bad working conditions, child labour, human rights ignored -> seen in fast fashion" • outsourcing, global competition corruption Ly workers hide notes to get attention personal data becomes less save L>, paper trails" can track people large parts of the world still have no/little access to the Internet } between gap poor a. rich flood of informations /, social media" Loss of Jobs in developed countries unsustainable Lifestyle -> danger to the environment · Westernisation L> Lose of culture identity, one-sided view llegal immigration, people smuggling massive polution in third-world countries dependence in developing countries main profit for the global players harmful to the enviroment →> climate change · social media 24/7 (> Loss of the real world · people often can't follow, where products are produced . • spread of cultures a. L> cultural awarness, activiom languages can get more effective, access to new cultures, diversity people can move and travel freely • find friends all over the world (> more easier connected trough the Internet . L₂ migrants can move to improve their life spread of freedom a. democracy spread of technology I work all over the world Benefits vs. Problems cheaper, more diverse products (from the pov of an western consumer) • increase in standart of Living global communication (English-lingua franca ) culture is enriched ·more enviromental aspects: loss of landscapes because of urbanisation · focus on economic and profit and not humans L> seen in war- situations social devision economical inequality · Loss of Jobs difficulties for low-skilled workers global competition Local culture might be lost L> backlash (Brexit) westernisation global warming (harmful to the enviroment) . Globalisation - overview . . . . Winners of globalization: economically bigger countries, big companies, global players western World" . "1 new languages (Lingua franca) (> worldwide communication international events migration/emigration . culture / religions: traveling (worldwide) international music acess to products/food (worldwide) diversity Globalisation -> more extreme weather. conditions, major future impacts Losers of globalization: →> · developing countries, small bussines, farmers, cultures global crimes • spread of diseases trough travelling Problems: • climate change. • corruption westernisation huge gap between rich and poor bad working conditions in third-world countries (child labour co.) loss of cultures technology: social media (instagram co.) • internet illegal immigration economics before human rights urbanisation -> Loss of landscapes and nature global communication job opportunities military technology economics: global trade export/import cheaper prizes economical independence climate change (> emissions are adding to the greenhouse effect main gas: carbon dioxid → increase due to humanactivity . future impacts: rise of temperature weather disasters of ice melting water pollution (3% only fresh water) coral reefs at risk (ocean acidification) overfishing . ecological challenges and sustainable Lifestyle solutions/sustainable Lifestyle: minimalistic Lifestyle vegetarism/veganism buying regional products/organic products saving food trains and buses instead of cars and airplains no support of fast fashion, instead second-hand saving water (clean smart a. thoughful) baning of microplastic go digital. planting in your own garden -> safe paper air pollution Deforestation ( forests are important: removal of carbon dioxid Prevention of erosion • protect against floods Fridays for future exp. studying/working abroad: • doing your bachelor/Master degree in another country • working abroad (better future) doing a gap-year as an „au-pair" improvment of job perspective. • meeting new people pro/cons, working abroad Studying and working abroad pro job mobility international job market Personal growht cons advantages: improving your language skills →> daily interactions with native speakers • new surroundigs, new experiences (college etc.) . • Lose of cultural identity • unequal economy growht · lack of local bussineses cultural exchange enviromental issues more income flexibility gain a new life perspective gain more confidence -> highter motivation, getting out of your comfort-zone overcoming fears becoming more open-mindet, cultural awarness becoming independent focosing more on your own life making more money (working abroad) disadvantages: not everyone has the possibility to study/work abroad -> financial problems ethnic minorities might have problems L> racism, discrimination I Low chance to have a dream-experience" . not making any friends not finding a place where to life Living English as an Lingua franca Definition: • chosen chared Language spoken between people with different first languages in a globalized world • communicative strategy to communicate with people world-wide English as an If is used on a local, national, regional and international Level Ly use of English as an Lingua franca is not new (since the 16th centurie used as an common Language in the british empire) Gained more power due to the British colonialism and the expansions. Advantages and disadvantages Pro . English is a lot easier to learn than other languages L> basic English is easy (no grammatical gender etc.) vocabulary comes from Germanic and Romance language L> familar for speakers of this Language • many native speakers easier because of the latin alphabet English, common: in songs etc. a Lf connects People with each other we can communi- cate freely, travel freely L> a lot of things become more easier, as there are not as many barriers as before • a lf is necessary for a globalized world Cons • spelling of words is dificult not everyone can learn English fast Homonyms . rich vocabulary English can kill other languages, seen in German as many people use English words in their every-day speech ( also a effekt on culture : kill cultures (westernisation, favorism of the british/american Lifestyle few people think, that's unnecessary to learn another Language English needs to be teached in every country Living in a global village Definition: • The term global village was coined by Marshall McLuhan in the early 1960s • All different parts of the world are connected with each other by technological progress and electronic communication -> we become one community and have access to social interactions and cultural exchange with the whole world Nowadays we live in a global village, as there are no boundaries anymore (in the way of communication with other people and the connections we have with them). As a result of Globalization, the trade and cultural exchange, things become global instead of being local, the rural villages are no longer separated from each other. -> we live in a global, connected village One example could be social media like instagram or TikTok Advantages and Disadvantages of the global village advantages free communication with people worldwide we are all connected witch each other, especially though social media like Instagram and co. -> opportunity to interact with everyone and learn from each other in many various ways, gain awareness in different topics and learn about new topics Free access to informations -> you don't need to go to the library to educate yourself Discussing society problems is easier than ever -> rasism (ex. black lives matter finally became a huge topic in a few days, body shaming, discrimination, racism ...) Job opportunities like working from home (Covid-19) Diversity and process in various ways Disadvantages Social media can also harm people -> - social media shows a ,,perfect" lifestyle, wich is actually fake most of the time - romantization of mental illness like depression promoting of body standards people don't want to build actual real relationships in real live - addiction Stress, mental health problems trough always witnessing, what's going on in the world -> war, environmental disasters etc. technology is a huge part of our lifestyle and therefore very expensive Access to informations dont always guarantee, that these informations are right -> propaganda in war, manipulation, -> spread of conspiracy theories like in covid-19 etc. Lack of privacy - internet tracking The UK in the European context England, UK or Britain? Great Britain: Scotland, England, Wales UK: Scotland, England, Wales (Great Britain), Northern Ireland Ireland: Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland -> British identity is a combination out of many identities Britishness is more inclusive than Englishness, as Great Britain contains of more countries than only England UNITED KINGDOM - 650 members are elected by voters - Actual legislative body -> house of the Lords: NORTHERN IRELAND REPUBLIC SCOTLAND - The UK is a state with 62 million citizens The Union Flag is also called Union Jack and has been the national flag since 1908 and represents the strong individual identities of the different nations Pro The royal family receives great support and love by the British people -> especially princess Diana, who is still considered as an icon BRITISH ISLES The British political system, The Monarchy Britain is a constitutional monarchy (therefore still has a monarchy) and is an essential part of the British political system -> the powers are still limited, they represent the UK worldwide and fulfil ceremonial duties, symbol for national unity Head of state is the Queen or the Kind -> Charles III., the son of the Queen Is King of Great Britain as the Queen died in 2022. Pro/contra arguments for the abolishment of the monarchy ENGLAND The parliament consists of two chambers: the house of Commons and the house of the Lords and is the highest legislative authority in the UK -> house of Commons: - second chamber - Examine and revise the work of the government, shaping laws and checking and challenging the work of the government General elections are held every five years Cons The scandals of the family members can undermine the reputation of the Monarchy and Great Britain overall -> princess Diana or Meghan, prince Andrew 1 Pro Major visiting reason for many tourists -> huge economic factor Hard to change something, wich is loved and admired by many people -> question: Why would we change something, that doesn't bug us ? The royals have limited powers The royals do charity work The royals keep the people interested in History, as there are still people who are ancestors from ,,real historical figures" Also an entertaining factor for the people, people from all over the world are still interested The royals make Britain different from other Old fashioned, not everyone likes traditions countries, something special" Loss of traditions -> drama with William and Harry or Meghan and Kate It doest change the fact, that they are also people like everyone else but these topics ,,bring" people together Political neutral -> doesn't label Cons The royals doesn't have a ,,nice" history -> British Empire and the colonialism, unequally between the races -> is it right to support them? Is Great Britain a multicultural society ? The monarchy is too expensive and supported by taxpayers Unclear definition of democracy : People have no power over who is going to be the next head of state and the royals were born into it -> it should be different in a modern democracy, people hold to much into traditions No separation between church and monarchy Family members do charity work but do not really engage in practical work Multiculturalism: people from different ethnic backgrounds, religious are all living with each other and becoming one whole community - Goal to maintain a peaceful living, where different people are with the same and live peaceful with each other 2 N Great Britain is in fact a multicultural society, seen: British Empire has resulted in massive immigration from commonwealth countries -> most of them are from India, Pakistan and Poland as their relatives are living there trough the EU-membership, many immigrated -> esp. Poland -> UK is one of the most diverse places globally (not in every area) Pros Ethnic diversity in a society -> enriches also food and music, fashion Cultural awareness, meeti new cultures and learning to life peaceful together Becoming more openminded and tolerant The society can become more open- minded and less racist Britains society - Cons Loss of the cultural identity and language Problems with your own identity, when you grow-up between different cultures -> feeling of not belonging anywhere Parallel Societys Associations: the royal Family, especially the queen -> their traditions History of the British empire and their influence - multicultural society, especially many Indians Food -> fish and chips, black tea Loss of the bristishness and their Traditions -> racism Brexit Language -> British accent and more eloquent lifestyle, more traditional - National sports: football and rugby Problems: inequality between different nationalities, esp. Scottish and English Migration-movement, over-migration Conservative, more traditional Class system between working class and Upper class is enormous - Brexit refers to the withdrawal of the UK from the EU, wich took place at 11 pm, 31th January 2020 The word is a portmanteau (combination) of the words Britain and exit - On 23. June 2016, the UK held a referendum on its membership -> 51.9% voted for leaving the EU (majority were older people) The UK leaving the EK led to a intense debate (pro/cons) and is one of the most controversial issues in the UK 3 - - First country to leave the EU Was one of the most significant contributors to the EU Trade is still a huge problem, as promises of trade has not yet been fulfilled Questions: - How much Britain needs to pay the EU? (Divorce Bills) What will happen with all the EU-Citizens living in the UK - What will happen with the Britons who are working in the EU and with the EU - Problems and reasons for leaving the EU: - issues were immigration (rise of immigration), sovereignty and the money, the UK was contributing to the EU Arguments for and against Britain leaving the EU, consequences and new possibilities Pro Proponents claim that Britain should get their sovereignty back. Therefore Britain can gain back their control of its laws as EU-countries are forced to pass a lot of laws that have been made in Europe And EU rules all too often hurt British interests Many supporters claim, that Britain would benefit from full border controls, as the free movement of the EU-citizens also has impacts as: - to much immigration - Free movement for terrorism -> more security in GB, control of immigration Britains international Influence is limited by the EU-membership -> could become economically more successful and trade with other major economies like India, Japan or the USA Cons - The work with the EU has many positive effects: The EU guarantees human and equal rights, free movement, safety standards, fight against climate change and co. - in a globalised word, isolation is impossible, as everyone is connected in a way and these connections are nowadays more important than ever. Working together and fighting against problems together -> like climate change, is affects all countries and the UK as an member of the EU has more influence - The UK can't go back in time, where they had the power of the British empire Leaving the EU will not stop the immigration problems, as, most of the time, people have great reasons to move to another country - EU-citizens who work there will face problems Fight against terrorist is better, if doing it together Europe is Britains main trading partner and the most export goes to Europe -> extreme loss of income - Britains interest are best protected by the EU 4 Pro No payments for the EU-household anymore and instead payments that matter for the British people Britain can still have access to the European market, without being bound to European laws -> also smaller British companies do not trade with the EU (not everyone will be affected) Why did people vote "leave" ? Why did people vote "remain"? -> business benefits for the British economy Immigrants develop the British workforce Provided security Cons consequences Payments for the EU-household are needed for a reason - British people can still receive support while also pay into the household -> its a decision of priority -> ending the free movement of people, too much immigration Many people disliked how the EU decided on rules UK had to follow - - Main trading partner is Europe there are millions more workers, who work with the European market Millions of people can lose their jobs could lead to political and economic uncertainty -> negative impact British pound lost value since the brexit 5 Visions of the future: utopia and dystopia utopia ,,A place, where everything is perfect. The society of this place is equal, no one experiences discrimination, racism, sexism or anything else negative" -> paradise-place where everything is perfect (concerning social, political and moral aspects) Freedom, equality, happiness, tolerance Individual needs are fulfilled no social conflicts -> government treats the society good Fictional text dealing with a ideal (future) and their society dystopia „A place or society, where people suffer or experience injustice or anything else" -> extreme negative, pessimistic, unfair, people experience oppression, social inequality, technological progress and control, intolerance, abuse, no human rights, loss of privacy, fear of technological progress, strict rules, basic fears are exaggerated -> government abuses and controls the society Utopia: the term was first coined by Thomas More as a part of one title of his books -> from greek: ,,not" and „place“; „nowhere" or ,,non existing place" - after the world wars, people dreamed of an utopian life after war - Different utopias: religious utopia (garden of delight), scientific and technological utopia (technology and science will one day allow utopian living) Fictional text dealing with a future society, whom people live in injustice and where the freedom is limited Dystopia: - antithesis of the utopian society - Also called anti-utopia characterised by a totalitarian or authoritarian form of government, oppressive Dystopian literature engage readers with topics, whom their familiar as they need to identify with the writer context in a way -> typical traits/topics: war, revolutions, rebellions, overpopulation, climate disasters Difference between classes in a society (different standard of living, only the upper class can enjoy their life in a way) Protagonist, who is confronted with the situation and questions the society/the government Mostly set in the future ->seen in advanced technology and their abuse on the society, whom the government can stay in control Language in dystopian fiction: more negative vocabulary -> five categories: Environmental destruction, government control, Loss of Individualism, survival, technological control - Depressing, bold, hopeless, dark atmosphere short sentences /straight to the point -> without joy Stylistic devises: enumerations, repetitions, contrasts 1 The role of technology in dystopian literature technology can be the cause of contemporary problems (power of artificial intelligence) • can be a tool to oppress the society and complicate the peoples lives (control) technology was supposed so be a solution -> turns into a problem • Outsmarts humans -> functions . encourage individuals to question their society and the place where they life Portraying possible outcomes (even the outcomes of the climate change, wars, nuclear wars, overpopulation), it can be sometimes be also realistic and show, how the civilisation needs to survive and that the society nowadays actually needs to fight for the future - Consider moral and ethnical implications of current developments/technologies - Confronts readers with their behaviour (to the earth or different topics) Examples of dystopian literature ,,Brave new world" by Aldous Huxley ,,1984" by George Orwell ,,Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins . ,,Fahrenheit 451" ,,The Handmaids tale" . 2 American dream - American myths and realities American dream The term was first used by the historian James Truslow Adams in 1931 -> explanation, why people wanted to settle down and life in America The concept of the American dream is complex and also much older -> common references: ,,land of opportunity", „from rags to riches", „,,work hard and you'll make it" the settlers of America wanted to create a new and better country dream of a land in wich life should be better, richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunities for each according to ability or achievement (Adams) 1776: the declaration of independence, as the legal foundation of the American dream, states that ,,all men are created equal", every citizen has a ,,right to life", liberty and the pursuit of happiness -> promise of equal opportunities, freedom and self-realisation -> USA is often called the ,,the promised Land" or ,,land of opportunity" - -> Definition: The American dream is the belief that anyone, regardless of where they were born or what class they were born into, can achieve their own version of success in a society where upward mobility is possible for everyone. Concept of the American dream The American dream itself is a much older concept, as the settlers had their reasons for leaving Europe (religious persecution, political oppression, poverty): dream of freedom, happiness, self-fulfilment, dignity and liberty dream of success on a economical level, overcoming poverty social dream of equality and a classless society, without discrimination etc. Religious freedom in the promised land, were they are people chosen from God, manifest destiny dream of democracy Melting pot -> people living together, regardless where they are from The concept of the American dream sounds idealistic, negative aspects -> progress - decadence (things can go not better) manifest destiny - arrogance (why are only Americans choose (by God, sounds arrogant) democracy - broken democracy (democracy is now a problem) melting pot - racism (america has a huge problem with racism) Frontiers - imperialism success - materialism ideas Freedom for everyone Realities Slavery of black people 1 ideas (religious) freedom Equality and opportunitys Success democracy Upward mobility Realities Not everyone experiences freedom, especially non- christian Discrimination and social inequality (huge gab between poor people and rich people), many people can't achieve their dreams because of their heritage The declaration of independence: legal foundation of America The American flag Not everyone can have success, still rich people rule over non-rich people, social background is important Police violence (see George Floyd) against black people, government is one-sided Education is expensive and is a xury, without a good education no one has a chance to get a well paid job problems: unrealistic /hight expectations of life Makes people believe in unlikely things, as not everyone can achieve the American dream Hard work doesn't promise success -> the American dream and the American reality are two different things. Symbols of America The statue of Liberty: was a gift from France in 1888, to celebrate their friendship and the first 100 years of American independence from Britain Every part of the lady of Liberty represents an aspect of America : the seven spikes on her crown represent the seven continents, the seven seas and the sun, her torch stands for enlightenment and freedom, the tablet in her left hand shows the declaration of Independence, the broken chains around her feet represent oppression and tyranny -> she represents hope The statue of liberty was the first sign the immigrants saw when arriving at Ellis Island 2 The Ad Today -> critics see the American Dream as a clever political and economic marketing strategy, they want people to get away from selfish individualism and materialism and to return to community spirit and social responsibility -> huge gap between rich and poor people -> concept of classless society never become reality -lower classes see the upper classes as an ,, dog-eat-dog-society", racism, racial discrimination -> native American population has never fully adapted to the American and white lifestyle -> African-Black-Minority has split into a small middle class and a improves underclass, still facing racism and violence from police and the government -> Asian Americans are manly high educated and live in upper classes Is the American Dream still alive ?, pro/cons Pro People can still achieve their aims if they work hard enough -> success stories: Bill Gates People still have the same equality of opportunities, there are many examples of people who moved up the social Scala People have many possibilities to reach success Everyone has a different American dream -> can be still alive for some people Americas first black president: Barack Obama -> its possible to achieve success in a racist community Mostly free education and scholarships Con People who made their dreams come true are just few examples, the other thousand people who work hard are still unnoticed and likely will not achieve their dreams statistics show that social mobility, compared to other countries, is still rather limited - The mobility is actually higher in Europe - Your social background is important for your future -> people from rich families have is a lot more easier than other people, especially because education is something you need to pay for -> High quality schools are very expensive If you can not work that hard (handicapped or mental health problems), you will not receive as much financial help like in Europe -> seen as your own fault -> work mentality Your heritage is important too -> racism, discrimination Its not possible to do every job you want 3 Pro The American dream needs to be seen as a encouragement for people -> they need to work hard, the ideal never dies Still many people migrate to America, because there is less racism then in other countries -> jews experience less antisemitism than in Europe ,,Parts" of AD -> buying and owning a house 37% still belie in the American dream Culture Wars ● . Con Not everyone has the same opportunities -> American Dream only for (white) rich people? American Dream is mostly possible for rich people Progressive, liberals: support for minorities, for immigration, against guns, for environment protection -> need a strong state, paying hight taxes -> Democrats Corruption two party systems : Democrats vs. Republicans Two distinct political/cultural positions: Perfect image of the perfect American family can put pressure on people Conservatice: against immigration, against active support of minorities, for guns, for business -> people live in rural areas -> Republicans Immigration - often called melting pot -> different nations living in one state Immigrants come from Europe -> more European country Pros/Reality Immigrant often need to do jobs nobody else wants to do -> they often don't have another chance for another Job Effect on racial groups, huge racism problem - Arguments for and against immigration Immigration is good for the country Cons/Myths Immigrants take away jobs 4 Pros/Reality They work even harder, as they need to earn money for a living and to support their family (also abroad) -> earn their own money, doesn't take away anything According to statistics, immigrants don't actually commit more crimes than other groups in the society (USA) Immigrant want to improve their live, because the standard of living is higher in the USA -> respectable, because it tajes strength to leave your own country -> they want the same things as the founders of America, their is no difference Immigrant pay taxes like everyone else Immigrants actually believe in the American dream The society of the USA is more diverse -> diversity is important, gaining cultural awareness -> different kinds of food and restaurants -> Your own culture will not go lost, if you will hold onto it -> moving forward, connections and culturalism is normal in a connected world -> diverse Society is more interesting - dont forget the history of native Americans! They try their best to integrate -> its not easy to adapt to a new language and culture Cons/Myths They don't want to work hard and are a burden on the welfare system They commit crimes They might be terrorist and really dangerous They life on taxpayers money They bring a foreign culture and the native culture is lost or the local culture will get pushed away Foreigners dont want to integrate African American Experiences history of slavery, civil war (1861-1865) O Segregation through ,,Jim Crow-laws", existed for about 100 years -> african Americans didn't have the right to vote, get an education, holding jobs, control of living situation, separate buses, no entrance into restrooms and parks -> in atllanta, African Americans were given different bibles in court attempts of defying -> jail sentences, violence, death 5 One of the most ruthless organisations was the Ku Klux Klan, KKK terrorised black communities, esp. in the south Still many activists like Ida B. Wells, who became a prominent activist after refusing to leave a first-class train car -> Wells traveled troughout the south to publicize her work (talked about sexual harassment and school segregation) - - civil right movement, people protested against the laws (1950 and 1960s)-> lots of success Martin Luther King, fought for the rights of African Americans -> „I have a Dream -Speech" Election of Obama, the first black president, was a huge step American Dream today material American Dream of houses in the suburbs, cars, materialsm etc. increasingly difficult to attain -> house prices has risen, not cheap, need to have good education and a hight paid job Ideals of equality, equal chances and openness of the USA not fulfilled Culture wars, different parties -> your group is import Still an ideal to achieve, goal -> USA still attract people 6 Voices from the African Continent: Focus on Nigeria General informations Geographical subdivision Country in Africa, located on the western coast of Africa Estimated population: ca. 213,4 millions (2021) Territory: 923.769 km2 capital after declaring independence Lagos but since 1991 Abuja, the biggest city is still Lagos Many different resources spread across the country • The most populated country in Africa -> partied into three major regions by mountains as well as two rivers called Niger and Benue -> the north is populated by the Hausa Fulani, the southwest by the Yoruba and the southeast by the Igbo -> disparities between the regions: north is poorer than the southern regions History of Nigeria • 19th century: many christian missionary activity in the south -> led to christianization of the Igbo and Yoruba • 1861: beginning of the colonisation of Nigeria • 1914: unification as a britisch colony -> led to tensions between the north and the south, differences between the rule North: indirect rules, mostly muslims, South: direct rule, mostly christians (loss of culture because of influence of the British influence Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and became a republic in 1963 Empire: Loss of culture? Support or development? Population and culture . • Nigeria has the largest population, who lives in extreme poverty (86 million) -> many missing accesses to supplies and facilities, overcrowded cities, hight unemployment . Live expectations are low: ca. 47 years old • Most live on 1.90 dollar/ day only • Multinational country -> more than 250 ethnic groups and 500 languages, not a nation . Different religions, mostly Muslims and Christians, over 50% of the population are muslims . -> Hausa and Fulani: 99% Muslims, Yoruba, Igbo = all different cultures, beliefs -> Ethno-religious conflicts like radicaliziation : Boko Haram • Primary education at age 6 • 400 university's • traditional food like jollof rice • Favourite sport is soccer 1 Languages mainly Englisch, followed by Hausa Nigerian Pidgin (Naija) as the Nigerian lingua franca: mixture of Englisch and a local language spoken by Nigerias of every age, social class and regional origin, no standard rules of spelling, grammar or a official dictionary, playful imagery . Resources and attractions • North: natural gas, dairy products • South: natural gas, rubber, oil palms Blooming film industry ,,Nollywood" -> reference to Hollywood -> movies tend to be low quality, low budget, amateur editing Popular music : different kinds of folk and popular music Artistically committed youth Socially active women who stand up for diversity and women rights Lagos is one of the most populated and touristy places in Nigeria Economy . • Economy based on oil -> main oil producer Average daily production is about 1,8 million barrels -> main trading partners are Europe and Asia Challenges and dangers Extreme poverty Hight unemployment Place with the least peace ● . . Hight crime rate Human trafficking -> sex trafficking, child trafficking, ,,baby factories" -> trafficking networks work mostly in places like west Africa (esp. Lagos ad Benin city -> baby factories: women and young girls get enslaved and raped till they get pregnant, the rape still goes o while the woman is pregnant and after giving birth, they sell the child into illegal adoption, child prostitution, slave labor, ritual kills • terrorism ● . • Cybercrime inefficient financial system -> money made from oil is not managed in a clever way Can not deal with the growing population ● Most common type of crime: assault Military recruiting of young boys Trade of small arms and light and heavy weapons Drug trade ● Threat from terrorist organisations like Boko Haram -> kidnaps girls to prevent them from going to school/ refusal of education, goal: establishing an islamic state bad education system • Women are mostly second class citizens -> extremely dangerous for Women • Covid-19 -> increase of sexual violence and abuse -> mental health problems 2 Educational system: Hight illiteracy level -> low financial investment of the government in the education system 13,2 Million children with out school education, most of them live in urban slums or are affected by the Book Haram (exp. girls) • Makoko in Lagos: majority of the people live in wooden houses that are built on floats stilts -> day to day activities take place on the waters surface -> dangerous to go school on land . . • The Makoko dream school: school on water where children can get education, learn basic englisch, Arithmetics -> Makoko dream school bus: many families own only one canoe and therefore can't afford a taxi canoe, the bus picks up the children Emigration Many economists predict that Nigeria is one of the elven countries -> strong growth expected • The economy isn't growing fast enough -> growing population -> not enough Jobs Nigerians are attracted to the American dream -> connections to other topics Britain (colonialism) Globalization - American Dream Nigerian Dream • Success, being economically stable Safety, democracy, freedom Access to education and a good health system Water supply . Visions of the future Religious freedom No wars, no terrorism from organisations like Bodo Haram Living in democracy Peace Safe jobs -> to succeed against all odds, by any means necessary Nigerian nightmares Bad educational system Corruption -> human trafficking, drug trade, assault, police brutality • Poverty -> life expectation is low • Bad health system • Terrorism . Unemployment Bad economy • Fear of future overpopulation 3 • Pollution as a consequence of oil production • Patriarchal society -> many Nigerians dream about leaving Nigeria and living in America, but often they don't really achieve much in America, as the American dream is more stereotypical and a motivational quote. Sometimes people mistake the the Nigerian dreams with dreams like leaving the country, but the thrust is, that many Nigerians don't want to leave their home country. Pro/cons of living in Nigeria Pro No natural disasters like in other countries like America -> warm and sunny weather learning about a new culture, new food -> gaining more experience in life overall Artistically committed youth If your are Nigerian: -> going back to your own roots and your cultural heritage strong sense of community and family connection Fun to party -> Nigerian music and clubs are extremely Very diverse cultures and languages -> can fit it easily Affordable if you have money Many beautiful natural landscapes Potential to start a business Most people are really open-mindet, esp. the youth -> fun if you are young Englisch is widely spoken -> not Problems if you can speak Englisch Cons Corruption, terrorism, assault, human trafficking -> extremely dangerous for Women Gender inequality -> also in income Extreme poverty -> to have a good life you need to have good connections or already have money Lack of infrastructure and pollution -> dangerous for your health bad health system bad education system -> no future for your own children Long working hours -> need great connections to have a hight paid job and actually make a great living ->Lack of Jobs Hustling! Lawlessness Bad roads and never ending traffic Hight cost of living Problematic water supply 4 Nigeria: Pros and cons of Nigerias oil Pro: provides 70 % of Nigerias government -> no education, healthcare and co., money is used to improve infrastructure The states most important source of income Job possibilities Many children can get education Without their involvement, the people would have a much harder life Cons not everyone profits from the oil and the money, Oil spills poison water and destroys the forest, really bad for the climate and a healthy so rounding Still hight poor rate and crime rate Money is spent unwisely Politicians are influenced by foreign interests Much of the profit goes to multinational oil companies Labour is imported Influence of westerners and western culture on Nigeria Cons: Pro colonialism, imperialism has left its marks -> racism, many people look down christianization, Igbo and Yoruba are mostly Christian, loss of religion British influence on language-> local language is English, ethic languages are lost Westernization, traditional Nigerian culture can get lost Ideas of Nigerian intellectuals not not get knows colonialism provided Nigeria also with the building of schools, Infrastructure and integration of laws English is a lingua Franca, easier communication with foreigners, connects with other people -> immigration has no language barrier, no language barrier with visitors western culture has also led to stopping of ritual killings idea of democracy is spread Nigerian culture becomes popular, music and food and co., is thriving Many westerns change in mindset and visit Nigeria comprehension: 1. Einleitung (title, author, date of publication etc.) 2. zusammenfassung (auf die geg. Aspekte) in present tense, keine Zitate und Textverweise Klausuraufbau analysis 1. Einleitung (kann man aus Auf.1 wiederholen) 1.2. intention of the author 2. Analyse auf gegebene Aspekte -> ↳ What can/could be analyst? Comment/ re-creation Reproduktion des Textes Analyse the way the author uses argumentative techniques and Language to persuade the readers point of view". Aspekte belegen, darstellen, wirkung zeigen co. slang choice of words (formal/informal language) -> certain word groups tone (irony? sarcastic? agressive?) stylistic devices (rhetorical questions). communicative strategies quotes? examples? argumentation techiques, use of, we", me" structure of sentences (simple, plain) syntax (easy/hard to follow) 3. zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse abwägung it is important to note... On the other side its important to mention... Zusammenfassen ( sum up the position). their effect comment: Einleitung zum Thema/der Fragestellung, mög. mit einer Frage, position kann auch vor. wer. eigene Meinung mit Argumenten darstellen (vom unwichtigsten zum wichtigsten) (₂ (man kann auch contra-Argumente anbringen und abwägen Klausurteil A: comprehension -> describe, outline, sum up analysis -> two types: - focus non-fictional: communicative strategies and use of language, line of arguments - focus fictional: relationships - characters, narrative perspective, use of language • comment: comment, discuss, evaluate, assess Klausurteil B: Klausurtypen • mediation -> use of language : stylistic devices, choice of words, tone (we, us, formal, informal and etc.). sentence structure (short, long), evidences? Life: playwright, poet and actor Widely considered one of the greatest writes in the English language Lived in the Elizabethan age -> London largest city, religious conflicts, expansion, British empire, poverty and wealth Shakespeare Works: 38 plays Over 150 sonnets and other poems Themes: love, betrayal, revenge, power, politics Plays still performed-> Romeo and Juliet ->language written beautiful (early modern englisch -> thou, he hateh, mine eyes) Global Theatre -> Open, exposed, could not change the scene Influence on the language suspicious gloomy assassination coined phrase (not 100% sure) it's all Greek to me I couldn't sleep a wink He was dead as a door nail Relevant today? themes are relevant today Influence on literature Historical significance Cultural impact on language, general, ideas, many adaptions language barrier, hard to understand, no relation Cultural distance ->hard to relate (religious conflicts, patriarchysm) Representation and diversity issues Outdated themes, revenge ? KEN (Q2) Characterization Task: Get together in groups and prepare a presentation on an analysis of the protagonist's character (transparency) 1. Read the text carefully for information about the person you want to characterize. Look out for: ideas, thoughts, values, attitudes, feelings ● ● speech/words outward appearance: what a character looks like, his clothes • environment: a character's upbringing, living conditions (where and how do they live), social background, family, education ● other person's judgement: what other characters say about this character • position, role status: the character's position etc. as an individual within a group, what job the character does behaviour: how a character behaves toward others • speech: the character's choice of words, the way he/she talks (does he/she use correct grammar, formal, colloquial language or slang?) ● outward appearance ● 2. Organize your findings. You can underline important evidence (Beweise) while you are reading and write your conclusion in the margin (Rand) order your findings in a grid: ● . character behaviour ● environment . aspect/situation Elise thinks of taking off 3. While writing start with a short introduction and present the setting (time and place), the situation and the character(s) write the characterization in a coherent (zusammenhängend) text using your notes other people's judgement/reactions position/status/ role/situation ideas, thoughts, values, attitudes, feelings: what a character thinks/feels about a situation, why he does a certain thing or why not, what is behind his actions and words; does the character change his attitudes? quote (I....) 12 "feeling of having no control" conclusion she wans to keep things under control 4. Phrases for characterization: The fact that s/he... (example from the text for statement /behaviour) (quote+line) shows that s/he is.... (quality). The sentence/question "..." (quote + line) proves that s/he is... (quality) .... (name) is very... (quality). This becomes clear when s/he... (behaviour/statement) (quote+line). The way s/he... (e.g. deals with ... /reacts to ...) reveals (enthüllt) / shows that s/he can't cope with.../ is very... (quality). When s/he says that... (quote + line) you see clearly that .../ you clearly get the impression that s/he... .... (name) says that ... (quote + line). This shows that s/he... arrange your text into paragraphs: each one should deal with one important feature only present the evidence from the text (quotes) and explain their relevance put quotes in quotation marks and put the line number(s) in brackets finally write a conclusion and sum up your findings KEN (Q2) Jemand macht einen netten /verschlossenen Someone seems pleasant/reserved. Charaktereigenschaften - Character traits [r/Si ist sehr engagiert/höflich/pingelin hat viele positive Charakterzüge hat eine wunderbare/einzigartige/starke committed/polite/fussy has many positive character traits has a wonderful/inimitable/strong Jemand macht einen netten /verschlossenen Someone seems pleasant/ reserved. Charaktereigenschaften-Character traits Er / Sie ist sehr engagiert/höflich/pingelig hat viele positive Charakterzüge. hat eine wunderbare / einzigartige / starke Persönlichkeit. He/She is very committed/ polite/fussy. has many positive character traits. has a wonderful/inimitable/stron personality. hat ein sonniges/sanftes Gemüt ist von hoher/wacher/ überlegener Intelligenz neigtu Wutausbrüchen Le Set B Man könnte ihn/sie als E/Sie beschreibt sich selbst als hat ein sonniges / sanftes Gemült. her/wacher/ durchschnittlicher/ Watashrichen/verliert schnell die Fassung. hat ein Talent für/zu.. Man könnte ihn/sie als... beschreiben. r/Sie beschreibt sich selbst als English Q2 (KEN) Text Skills: Narrative Techniques CHRONOLOGY Many stories are not linear, e.g. they do not start at the beginning and go straight through to the end. To make the story more interesting, an author might include a back story. This refers to the experiences of a character or an event that occurred before the story starts. Sometimes flashbacks are used which take the narrative back in time. Flash-forwards/ reveal future events. However, foreshadowing means that there are clues early on in the story that hint at future developments. It helps to build up suspense. NARRATIVE SITUATION Point of view or perspective: Who is the narrator and what is her/his attitude towards the characters? Does the narrator tell the reader everything and is it really true? He/she can also be an unreliable one, who does not tell the truth. The point of view determines what the reader gets to know and when. Basically there are three types of narrator that an author can employ to tell a story. • Third-person narrator: This type of narrator tells the story from the outside but knows about the characters' thoughts and feelings as well as the background of the story. Sometimes this type of narrator even comments on the characters' behaviour, the story or the writing itself. Third-person limited narrator: This type of narrator seems to tell the story from the outside, but knows about the feelings and opinions of a particular character in a story. The narrator is not identical with this character, however. First-person narrator: This type of narrator brings you close to the feelings and opinions of a particular character in the story because the narrator is identical with this character. You get to know only what this character knows. The first-person narrator is often, but not necessarily, identical with the protagonist. Make sure that you don't confuse the author, the narrator and the characters when you talk about a text. STYLISTIC DEVICES The author uses stylistic devices in order to awaken the reader's interest. Stylistic devices can be repetition, enumeration, comparison, metaphor, symbol, parallelism, rhetorical questions, allusions, euphemism ... The author creates an atmosphere (or mood) by using particular words or figurative language/imagery like symbols, metaphors or similes. They are meant to stimulate the imagination of the reader and give him/her a new perspective on a particular topic. Symbols are used to say something indirectly. Something concrete stands for an abstract idea (e.g. a rose is a symbol of love). A metaphor is a comparison between two things which are basically quite unlike one another without using the word "as" or "like". However, a simile also compares things or people, but it uses "like" or "as" (e.g. He fought like a tiger). As well as descriptions of events, characters and settings, there may also be dialogues which reveal character's thoughts and feelings, or comments by the narrator or author (who are not necessarily the same person). In some stories you read or hear directly what a character says (direct speech) or thinks (stream-of-consciousness). Stream of consciousness (like real thinking) is often unstructured and chaotic, so there is hardly any distance between the reader and the character. In other stories the narrator uses indirect speech to report what the characters are saying or thinking. This creates more distance. English Q2 (KEN) STYLE, TONE AND REGISTER They can not always be distinguished precisely, so they are often considered together. Style is the typical way of writing or speaking used by one particular person. It can refer to choice of words, tone, grammar and narrative techniques. Style Formal Features Formal expressions, foreign words, specialist terms, objectivity, detachment, politeness, complete and complex sentences Informal Informal and colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, simple sentences, subjectivity, can contain slang and even rude/vulgar expressions, incomplete or grammatical wrong sentences and dialect Rhetorical devices, complex, rich vocabulary, use of imagery, not always explicit, often needs interpretation Literary An author's or speaker's style can be pure or a mixture of styles, according to what content he/she wants to express. Not sticking to one particular style and register can be a functional device intentionally used by an author. A mixture can be used in order to create a complex reality by distinguishing between written and spoken language, different levels (dream vs. reality, past/present/future) or different characters. Communicative situation Formal letter, speech, unknown. addressees or hierarchical context Spoken rather than written. language, speakers know each other Mainly in written literary texts Tone is the general feeling or attitude toward the subject expressed in a piece of writing. It rather refers to the emotional or sensual content of a text than to individual linguistic devices. It creates a certain mood. The tone of a narrative can be ironic; this means that what is said is not actually what is meant. We speak of dramatic irony if the narrator and the reader know something the characters don't. The tone can also be sad, angry, serious, matter-of- fact, exaggerated or humorous. Register is the choice of words, style and grammar used by speakers and writers in a particular social context or in a particular type of writing or speech. It often reflects the social status of the people. There are rules about what register is appropriate in particular situations. When you are examining register, you should look at: the style of language (formal vs. informal); the vocabulary used in the text as well as the sentence structure (Are the sentences generally short and easy to understand or long and complicated? Is there a mixture of short and long sentences?) To make use of/ to combine/ The author creates a certain atmosphere by using.../The description of...creates an atmosphere of.../ The way.... is presented suggests..../The author uses.... in order to... This metaphor expresses.../ (The rose) is a symbol of (love)/ (The rose) symbolises (love) Everyday/colloquial/vulgar/vivid/animated/exaggerated language Formal/slang expressions Humorous/ironic/serious/critical/friendly/positive tone The author uses humour to.../The... is written in a humorous tone./The tone is... Witty/academic/concise/clear/objective/impersonal style Complex/simple sentences The author uses a lot of slang to show that.../The author has his/her characters use a lot of slang to make them... FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION When you examine narrative techniques or style, tone and register, never only state what is there but always WHY it is there. Always take a good look at the relationship between form and function in a text and comment on effect that is meant to be achieved with this certain technique. Operatoren für das Fach Englisch Abitur ab 2017 Aufgabenart 1.1 Klausurteil A Schreiben mit Leseverstehen, integriert Klausurteil B schriftliche Sprachmittlung (D > E), isoliert Die Übersicht enthält Operatoren, die für das im Abitur vorgesehene Klausurformat Schreiben mit integriertem Leseverstehen in Klausurteil A und Sprachmittlung in Klausurteil B infrage kommen. Ein Grundstock von Operatoren für weitere Kompetenzbereiche ist in den „Konstruktionshinweisen - Neue Aufgabenformate in den modernen Fremdsprachen" erhältlich (Download auf der Seite https://www.standardsicherung.schulministerium.nrw.de/abitur-gost/fach.php?fach=3). Die Operatoren können unterschiedlichen Anforderungsbereichen zugeordnet werden (vgl. Kapitel 4 der Kernlehrpläne für moderne Fremdsprachen, Sekundarstufe II, Gymnasium/Gesamtschule). Klausurteil A Schreiben, Leseverstehen integriert Operator analyse assess evaluate examine comment (on) compare give / write a characterization of a character describe Erläuterung describe and explain in detail discuss express a well-founded opinion on the nature or quality of sb./sth. express a well-founded opinion on the nature or quality of sb./sth. describe and explain in detail provide a thorough analysis of state one's opinion clearly and support one's view with evidence or reasons show similarities and differences give a detailed account of what sb./sth. is like give arguments or reasons for and against, especially to come to a well-founded conclusion Illustrierendes Aufgabenbeispiel Analyse the way(s) in which atmosphere is created in the opening scene. Against the background of the ideas put forward in the text, assess the importance of learning languages for a young person's future. | Evaluate the success of the steps taken so far to reduce pollution as described in the text Examine the opposing views on social class held by the two protagonists. Give a characterization of the protagonist in the excerpt. Comment on the writer's view on gender roles. Compare the opinions on education held by the experts quoted in the text. Describe the soldier's situation as depicted in the text.. Discuss the message of the cartoon, referring to work done on the British monarchy. explain illustrate interpret outline point out state summarize, sum up write (+ text type) Operator explain outline present summarize, sum up make sth. clear by giving reasons for and details, aspects of sth. write (+ text type) use examples to explain or make clear explain the meaning, purpose or message of sth. give the main features, structure or general principles of sth. find and explain certain aspects present the main aspects of sth. briefly and clearly give a concise account of the main points or ideas of a text, issue or topic produce a text with specific features Klausurteil B Sprachmittlung isoliert Die Aufgabenstellung für die Sprachmittlung enthält einen situativen Kontext mit mit Hinweisen zu Adressat und Zieltextformat. Erläuterung make sth. clear taking into account culture-related differences if necessary give a concise account of the main points or ideas of a text clarifying culture-related aspects if necessary Explain the protagonist's obsession with money. Illustrate the way in which according to the author school life in Britain differs from that in Germany. Interpret the sonnet, focusing on the way structure and imagery are used to express the speaker's insight into the nature of time. Outline Panem's history as presented in this excerpt. produce a text with specific features Point out the aspects that underline... State the author's key reasons for taking a gap year. Summarize/Sum up the information about green energy given in the text. Write the ending of the story / a letter to the editor / a dialogue, etc. Write an interior monologue that reflects the character's view of the situation and her/his feelings. Illustrierendes Aufgabenbeispiel Based on the text on environmental policy ex- plain the principle of waste separation in Germany in an email to your British friend. Outline Mr. Liu's career in Germany in an article for your international school project's website on Successful Immigrants. give a concise account of the For an international school project in the EU, main points or ideas of a text present the relevant information on the image of clarifying culture-related aspects if migrants in German media in a formal email to your necessary partner school in Spain. give a concise account of the Sum up Manuel's views on working and living as a main points or ideas of a text gap year student in India for your blog. Where clarifying culture-related aspects if necessary add information which might help to necessary avoid possible misunderstandings. Using the information in the German text write an article in English for your project website in which you inform your Polish partners how to get a sports scholarship at a German university. When you analyze a text you have to answer 3 questions: 1. Why? => What's the writer's intention (goal) in writing the text? 2. How? > How does the writer write the text so as to achieve his/her intention? 3. Effect?=> Every technique the writer uses has an effect on the reader, and it is an important part of the analysis to state what the effect is. STEP 2: MAIN BODY Analyse the author's use of language & stylistic devices (how?) as well as their effects on the reader (read task properly => focus on relevant aspects!!!) Use of language and stylistic devices (How?) predominant (vorwiegend) use of words with negative connotation or positive connotation (=positiv vs. negativ besetzte Wörter) Choice of words: Text analysis-A step by step guide: STEP 1-INTRODUCTION State text type, author, date of publication, source (...you can just repeat the introductory sentence from your summary!) Identify the purpose of the text/ the author's intention (to inform? to persuade? to raise awareness? to move emotionally?) (why?) Facts, figures & quotes Other stylistic devices A ● . . Analysing non-fictional texts ● word groups related to a certain topic (e.g. emotions, diseases, technology...) use of facts & figures/ statistics use of quotations from experts use of examples & illustrations Direct address of the reader: use of first- and second-person pronouns (we, , you, you Use of (rhetorical) questions Use of exaggeration or irony Function/ Effect? ● positions the reader to see the subject in a more positive or negative way manipulates the reader's emotions ● ● ● demonstrates reliability (Verlässlichkeit) of the information creates a sense of expertise and official truth backs up the author's position . increases comprehensibility, makes the subject more concrete/palpable to the reader includes the reader & involves him/her emotionally ● makes the reader think, catches the reader's interest/attention catches reader's attention, mocks certain positions (by suggesting absurdity), emphasizes criticism STEP 3-CONCLUSION Write a short conclusion in which you evaluate the effectiveness of the techniques the author uses to achieve his goal. (Do you think the author succeeds in achieving his/her intentions?) Do not forget to include quotes! This is how it's done: When referring to a part of the text, give the line number(s) and/or page number(s): e.g. The author states that the vast majority of teenagers uses text based communication every day (II. 7-8). ● When using the actual words from the text, you have to use quotation marks (...): e.g. The author states that the findings "[...] should give hope to anyone who cares about reading" (1. 16). Note: one page/line = p./l.; more pages or lines: pp./Il. Useful expressions when analysing a text: a) Sentence structure and variety The sentence structure is The syntactic structure is The sentences consist of several The complexity of the sentences b) Language The text contains The narrator uses The narrator The choice of words This word is used This word The language used by the author is some/many a number of a lot of c) Tone An ironic tone predominates. The text is written in an aggressive tone. The tone of the text is rather pessimistic. The tone of the text is The author's tone is The author employs technical terms. slang/ vulgar words. idioms. uses employs makes use of simple/plain/ complex/ complicated/ easy to follow/ hard to follow. subordinate clauses/ relative clauses corresponds with/to.../ indicates that.... d) Stylistic devices informal/colloquial The narrator uses in order to The narrator uses/makes use of... foreign terms. direct speech/indirect speech/ statistics. slang/vulgar expressions is restricted to basic/common vocabulary is rather demanding. aims at an educated readership. in a literal sense/ in a figurative sense. has a symbolic meaning. flowery/very wordy/stilted. literary formal/ informal words. expressions colloquial/old-fashioned/obsolete language. various specialist terms swear words expressions/words. humorous, playful, colloquial, depressive, serious, ironic, satirical, sarcastic, warm-hearted, aggressive, whining, reproachful, friendly, critical, positive, pessimistic, serious, matter-of-fact, melancholy, solemn. awaken the reader's interest. catch the reader's attention. stress./emphasize.../underline.../criticize..../express..... highlight a key event/ incident. make one's opinion/ position clear to the reader when describing/ speaking of.... to describe... to make his/her attitude clear to the reader figurative speech/metaphorical language/ rhetorical figures such as..... EF E HOW TO ANALYZE A TEXT/ARTICLE . Every text aims at a specific readership! . -> Text type + style, tone, and register 11B Make use of the 3 Ws when analyzing a text. What? Where? (line in the text) Why? (Effect) What can be analyzed? Style The term style has a variety of different meanings but in general one can say that it refers to the kind of language the author employs. In order to analyze the style of a text, look at the following aspects: BEN Register: Is the language formal, familiar, colloquial (the style of everyday speech) or neutral? For example, does the author refer to a character as "gentleman", "man" or "guy"? Diction: What kind of words are used? Are they taken from any particular word field- e.g. religion (like 'sermon', 'awe', 'devotion', 'pious') or business (like 'credit', 'investment', 'deal', 'contract', 'firm', 'partner', 'profit')? Does the author use a lot of descriptive adjectives and adverbs (like 'sweet', 'glowing', 'humid', 'tightly', 'shyly') or verbs of motion (like 'jump', 'hobble', 'hop', 'rush')? Syntax: What is the sentence structure like? Are simple sentences or complex sentences (with main clauses and sub-clauses) used? Does the author use predominantly active or passive sentences? To what effect? To suggest objectivity or neutrality perhaps? EF E Tone Tone is the general feeling or attitude of the author toward the subject expressed in a piece of writing or a speech. It refers to the emotional content of a text rather than to individual linguistic devices. It creates a certain mood. Register formal Register Register is the choice of words, style and grammar used by the speakers and writers in a particular social context or in a particular type of writing or speech. It often reflects to social status of a person. There are rules about what register is appropriate in particular situations: informal literary Features formal expressions, foreign words, specialist terms, objectivity, politeness, complete and complex sentences informal and colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, simple sentences, subjectivity, can contain slang and even rude or vulgar expressions, incomplete or grammatically wrong sentences and dialect rhetorical devices, complex, rich vocabulary, use of imagery, not always explicit, often needs interpretation USEFUL PHRASES 11B Describing style, tone and register to make use of... to create a certain atmosphere by using... everyday/colloquial/informal/vulgar language formal/literary/slang expressions eloquent/witty/academic/concise/clear/objective/ impersonal style Communicative situation formal letter, formal speech, unknown addressees or hierarchical context spoken rather than written language, speakers know each other mainly written literary texts BEN specialist terms complex/simple sentences imagery vivid/animated/exaggerated language humorous/ironic/serious/critical/friendly/positive tone polite/rude/blunt way of addressing sb T FE 11B Selected linguistic devices: BEN Climax (Steigerung, Höhepunkt, Klimax): A figure of speech in which a series of words or expressions rises step by step, beginning with the least important and ending with the most important (= climactic order). The term may also be used to refer only to the last item in the series. Example: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed (schlucken), and some few to be chewed (kauen) and digested (verdauen). Enumeration (Aufzählung): The listing of words or phrases. It can stress a certain aspect e.g. by giving a number of similar or synonymous adjectives to describe something. Example: Many workers find their labor mechanical, boring, imprisoning, stultifying (lähmend) and repetitive. Hyperbole (Hyperbel) also overstatement: Deliberate (absichtlich) exaggeration. Its purpose is to emphasize something or to produce a humorous effect. Example: I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. Parallelism (Parallelismus): The similarity of syntactical structure in neighboring phrases, clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Example: "Let every nation know that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." EF E Stylistic Devices - The list 11B IMAGERY -Bild X Simile: An explicit comparison between two things which are basically quite different using words such as like or as. Vergleich erhöht die Wirksamkeit eines gedanken (as) or (like) - wie, gleicht dieve cache ist we das/da She walks like an angel./ I wandered lonely as a cloud. (Wordsworth) BEN Metaphor. A comparison between two things which are basically quite different without using like or as. While a simile only says that one thing is like another, a metaphor says that one thing is another. (adj. metaphorical) es besteht kein zusammenhang zwischen warten, die jedoch ein Bild erschaffen All the world's a stage / And all the men and women merely players... (Shakespeare) diese cache ist das/dis Personification: A kind of metaphor in which animals, plants, inanimate (leblos) objects or abstract ideas are represented as if they were human beings and possessed human qualities. Ticie Obickle new nehmen menechliche egenechaften und Justice is blind. / Necessity is the mother of invention (Not macht erfinderisch). fähigkeiten an Synecdoche: A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole (lat. pars pro toto) or where the whole stands for a part (lat. totum pro parte). All hands on deck. (Alle Mann an Bord) / Germany (= the German team) lost 1:2. Symbol: Something concrete (like a person, object, image, word or event) that stands for something abstract or invisible. The Cross is the symbol of Christianity. The dove (Taube) symbolizes peace/is symbolic of peace. SOUND klang Alliteration: The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of neighbouring words. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Metre: A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables within a line of a poem. Onomatopoeia: The use of words which imitate the sound they refer to. (adj. onomatopoeic) the stuttering (stottern) rifles' rapid rattle / The cuckoo whizzed past the buzzing bees. STRUCTURE Struldur X Anaphora: The repetition of a word or several words at the beginning of successive (aufeinander folgend) lines, clauses or sentences. "To raise a happy, healthy, and hopeful child, it takes a family; it takes teachers; it takes clergy; it takes business people; it takes community leaders; it takes those who protect our health and safety." Parallelism: The similarity of syntactical structure in neighbouring phrases, clauses, sentences or paragraphs. "Let every nation know that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." Climax: A figure of speech in which a series of words or expressions rises step by step, beginning with the least important and ending with the most important (= climactic order). The term may also wichtiguten be used to refer only to the last item in the series. Stuffenartige dagerung von wenige wichtig bis hin zum Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Anticlimax (Antiklimax): The sudden fall from an idea of importance or dignity to something e der piel zum falt unimportant or ridiculous in comparison, especially at the end of a series (as we vergleich der wichtigkeit, The bomb completely destroyed the cathedral, several dozen houses and my dustbin. unch catat X Enumeration: The listing of words or phrases. It can stress a certain aspect e.g. by giving a number of similar or synonymous adjectives to describe something. Aufahlung Many workers find their labor mechanical, boring, imprisoning, stultifying (lähmend) and repetitive. MISCELLANEOUS EF E 11B Allusion (Anspielung): A reference to a person, work of art, event etc. Allusions require a common cultural experience shared by the writer and the reader. The Old Man and the Computer (allusion to The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway) Euphemism: Hiding the real nature of something unpleasant by using a mild or indirect term for it. (adj. euphemistic) "He has passed away." instead of "He has died." / "the underprivileged" instead of "the poor" Hyperbole also overstatement: Deliberate (absichtlich) exaggeration. Its purpose is to emphasize something or to produce a humorous effect. übertreibung I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. X Understatement: The opposite of hyperbole; the deliberate presentation of some thing as being much less important, valuable etc. than it really is. " "These figures are a bit disappointing" instead of "... are disastrous." BEN Irony: Saying the opposite of what you actually mean. Do not use "ironic" in the vague sense of "funny/humorous". versteckter spott, mas sagt etwas was eigentlich nicht so gemeint ist Teacher: "You are absolutely the best class I've ever had." Actual meaning: "the worst class" Satire: A kind of text which criticizes certain conditions, events or people by making them appear ridiculous. Satirical texts often make use of exaggeration, irony and sarcasm. (n. satirist, adj. satirical, v. to satirize satirisch darstellen) kunstToim die für spott sorgt, und lustig wirken X Paradox: A statement that seems to be self-contradictory (widersprüchlich) or opposed to common sense. On closer examination it mostly reveals some truth. (adj. paradoxical) unlogische Formulierung. The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth) / It is awfully hard work doing nothing. (Oscar Wilde) Oxymoron: A condensed (komprimiert) form of paradox in which two contradictory words (mostly adjective and noun) are used together. Zusammensetzung von gogenteiligen Wörtern (zB Hassliebe) sweet sorrow/ wise fool / bittersweet / "O hateful love! O loving hate!" (Romeo and Juliet) von Wartan X Rhetorical question: A question to which the answer is obvious and therefore not expected. reality rhetorical questions are a kind of statement. Eine Frage Eher soll es die Aussage Don't we all love peace and hate war? / Shouldn't we try to be friendlier towards each other? verstärken, als eine disskusion zu fahren Preparation Introduction in part Conclusion Step 1: Divide the text into different sections In order to be able to analyse the line of argument (structure), you must divide the text into thematic sections. This will make it easier for you to analyse the article in the end. Step 2: Write your introduction Refer to the task (e.g. aim of the article, the way something is presented): How to analyse an article In his article, Mr Kanister focuses on ethnic diversity in candy shops and stresses its potential risks. His message is brought home by the structure of his text and the way he presents his arguments. paragraph Step 3: Write your analysis analyse the structure of the text what is mentioned first? and why? The author intentionally drops any kind of informative introduction. In his first sentences he instead portrays a typical workday of a candy shop clerk. This makes the article vivid and thus evokes the reader's empathy. what comes next? and why? analyse the language of the text choice of words effect? tone? - stylistic devices (especially: exaggerations, irony, enumerations, rhetorical questions, statistical data, register, direct address, the use of quotations) effect? paragraph !!!Always provide evidence from the text by using quotations!!! Step 4: Write a good conclusion Write a conclusion in which you summarise your most important findings in one or two sentences. DO NOT add new aspects or give your own opinion! Language support X focuses on... The author stresses... X brings his message across by... ... by using various stylistic devices. His intentions are mirrored in... Language support The author uses vivid/colloquial/ objective/emotive language... The sentences are long-winded/simple/ complex... The author's tone is friendly/humorous/ critical/optimistic/sarcastic... His/Her choice of words underlines... The stylistic devices used support/ emphasize/underline..... The reader can easily picture the situation/follow the author's train of thought/line of argument As a result ... He/She uses this in order to... By using these words the author creates a... atmosphere [Also see the handout "Useful expressions when analysing a text"] Language support All in all/To sum up,.. The above-mentioned aspects clearly suggest that.... dvas Verchenewase language support Useful expressions when analysing a text: a) Sentence structure and variety The sentence structure is The syntactic structure is The sentences consist several The complexity of the sentences b) Language The text contains The narrator uses The narrator The choice of words This word is used This word The language used by the author is c) Tone uses employs makes use of some/ many a number of a lot of technical terms. slang/vulgar words. idioms. An ironic tone predominates. The text is written in an aggressive tone. The tone of the text is rather pessimistic. The tone of the text is The author's tone is The author employs simple/plain/ complex/ complicated/.... easy to follow/ hard to follow. subordinate clauses/ relative clauses. corresponds with/ to.../ indicates that.... d) Stylistic devices informal/ colloquial foreign terms. direct speech/ indirect speech/ statistics. The narrator uses... in order to slang/vulgar expressions is restricted to basic/ common vocabulary The narrator uses/makes use of.... literary formal/ informal is rather demanding. aims at an educated readership. in a literal sense/ in a figurative sense. has a symbolic meaning. flowery/very wordy/stilted. words. expressions. colloquial/old-fashioned/obsolete language. various specialist terms swear words humorous, playful, colloquial, depressive, serious, ironic, satirical, sarcastic, warm-hearted, aggressive, whining, reproachful, friendly, critical, positive, pessimistic, serious, matter-of-fact, melancholy, solemn. expressions/words. awaken the reader's interest. catch the reader's attention. stress..../ emphasize.../underline.../ criticize.../express... highlight a key event/ incident. make one's opinion/ position clear to the reader when describing/ speaking of... to describe.. to make his/her attitude clear to the reader figurative speech / metaphorical language/ rhetorical figures such as....