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French in India; rise of transatlantic trade scientific thinking, e.g. Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton and Christopher Wren war 1775-83 1769 Industrial Revolution: steam engine 19th century British factories produce more than country 1914-18 against the rebellious American colonies 1939-45 other any in the world; control of world Traffic ar world markets 1824/34 first workers' unions are founded/workers' revolt in London exploration of workers and suffering farmers > rise of poverty and misery; Charles Dicker → descriptions of crime and poverty 1837-1901 reign of Queen Victoria; she is very popular. connects monarchy with Britain's "'glorious history' World War I: riots and fighting; civil war (Ireland) World War I Britain, the USA, France and the Soviet Union become allies to fight Germany 1945 the United Nations cames into existence. 1945-65 500 million people in former colonies become self-governing 1973 Britain joins the EU 1980s black immigrants riot against bad housing and and economic problems in London, Liverpool, Bristol 1990-91 Gulf War; invasion led by USA and. UK 2003-10 Trag war; UK ends combat in 2009. 2014 Scottish independence referendum: the majority of Scots vote against independence (SS.3% vs. 44,798 2016 23 June: referendum to leave the European Union (Brexit): 51,9% of Britons vote in favour of leaving the EU 24 June: David Cameron announces resignation 13 : Theresa May becomes new Prime Minister suly: L triangular trade began with the colonization of America and in 1623 economic + political power. food foreign culture came to the UK. strategic advantage (military power around the world) taught other countries European culture territory GB grew in time. powerful navy + height: 1920s (national pride increased) crown became King / Queen in colonies massive trading wealth → loss of colonies in 20th century → disappointment, weakne. → criticism: former colonies complained became more independent Elizabethan Ase World Order. Greek philosopher Aristotle's concept of the universe. everything in the world had its position fixed by God heaven: God > archangles > angles earth society: king churchmen > nobles > merchants → peasants animals: lion → rest plants rose > rest. minerals: gold attempt to break the chain of being > universal →→ amount to a rebellion against God. disorder The music of th Spheres. > rest made up of a number of spheres contained within one another transparent crystal-like = aether) earth centre spheres make music in harmony. The Four Elements and the Four Humours. everything but the moon made from a combination: fire, earth, water, air counterpart human body (humors): ·blood, phlegm, mela lancholy, choler .A. balance → "good humour"" imbalance →→ill or ill-humoured 3: social dream equality mobility. classless society. religous freedom political dream American Dream. equality federal system. ・justice. سمعة economic dream. DI prosperity material success from rags. to. riches personal dream pursuit of happiness. justice individual rights. freedom government regulations Chealth care democracy ・political influence freedom, liberty keywords: possibilities, progress, technological development, freedom major elements • promise of a better and richer life for everyone promise of freedom, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness opportunity for each according to his abilities there are material gains and personal. definition Anybody in America, regardless of their circumstance. at birth or their place in society can achieve success, happiness and prosperity as long as they work hard recognation of the unique combination of It is a freedom and opportunity. Wildfis - White Black Asian Diversity datino/a/x or Hispanic 2+ races Decline to self- identify 000 0,24 0,24 13,29 1.98 9,85 498 American Indian or Alaska Native Native Hawaiian or. ather. Pacific Islander. mong new immigrant arrivals, Asians out number lispanics. Asian's $7/15 Hispanics. 2018. Immigration Immigration troughout history no limits on immigration until 1808 (constitution) Britain, Germany, China → Italian, Irish, Eastern Europs Ellis Island receiving station for immigrants Immigration Act 1917: limit of numbers and countries → immigrant visa (green card) → Hispanics & Asians 2013: four basic principles for reform • a citizenship path for illegal immigrants already the US business immigration system reforms - an expanded and improved employment verification system in. improved work visa options for low-shill workers and an agricultural worker programme => ended in deadlock Protestans Catholics Religion Other Christians - No Religion. other Religions. All Christians 14 Religion throughout history less protestans more without religion catholics. stable 10 b n Uur History dandmarks 1650s the Dutch East India Company establishes a Station 1690 Dutch farmers move deeper into the country, take land and start farming 1780s Frontier wars between white settlers and tribes 1795 The British occupy the cape Colony, and it's farming areas, they start a British colony. 1830s. Dutch settlers move further norths and found their Boer Republics First Boer war between British and Dutch republic 1880 1899 Second Boer War, the British win the farmer Boer. colonies. 1910 The Union of South Africa is formed, becomes. independent, but it's a dominion within the British Empire. 1912 ANC if founded as a multi-racial national party. (illegal from the 60s until the 90s). 1948 1955 1961 1969 7 1986 L The National Party wins the whites only elections, apartheid begins Freedom Charter, ANC and other multiracial groups published their vision of a democratic, non-racial SA SA leaves the Commonwealth and becomes an independent republic. Rivonia Trials Welson Mandela is imprisoned,. he gave his speech at court ("I am prepared to. world-wide sanctions against SA 7 1990 white president de Klerk releases N. Mandela, proces to abandon apartheid begins 1994 N. Mandela becomes president (ANC) in free elections 1995 Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) begins its work Cvictims and perpetrators can confess, some are granted amnesty), ubuntu: forgiveness is better than revenge 1996 199¹8 Parliament adopts a new constitution The Truthi and Reconciliation Commission report declares apartheid to be a crime against humanity and finds the ANC accountable for human rights abuses 1999 The ANC wins the general elections 2009 Jakab Zuma (with a dropped corruption case) is elected as president by parliament. 2013 Nelson Mandela dies. 2015 President Zuma announces plans to limit farm sizes and ban foreign farmland ownership to redistribute land to African farmers A series of anti-immigrant attacks leaves several. people dead. colitical Facts The Republic of South Africa (the Rainbow Nation) 3 capitals, multi-party republic. head of state President Cyril Ramaphosa (since 2018, ANC) main exports: gold, diamonds, metal, minerds, cars and arms, fruits. trading partners: China, Germany, USA, UK · population by race: Africans (about 80%), Asians (2,5%), Colored's. (9%), Whites (9%). 19. official languages (Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans (related to Dutch) English) religion: 80%. Christians, 15% indigenous beliefs, 1,5% Muslims national anthem in Xhosa and Afrikaans, colorful flag (old colonies'. colors) townships: a growing number of poor people live there, confronted with bad housing, hunger, diseases, a high crime rate, little education; Soweto in. Johannesburg: about. 1.200.000 inhabitants. policy of racial segregation and discrimination between the late 1940s and 1990 1 black and colored people live in homelands, townships (separated from white people) unhealthy and dangerous living conditions for black people. all citizens are registered, and they belong to: 4 groups: white, native (black), coloured (mited Indian (Asian), the Population Regristration Act race), schooling and education limited (Bantu education) not enough equipment at school or in hospitals strict policing: passports must be shown when travelling people spying on each other (for the state or the AUC arrested people were often tortured or died in police custody interracial marriages were forbidden. current struggles poverty, unemployment. (among young people), HIV, high crime and corrupt politicians, redistribution of land (among black and white), land reforms. some white groups separating themselves le.g. in Orania) anti-immigration riots directed against African ・immigrants reconciliation is a slow process, races often don't mix education for black people is still insufficient .cappucino metaphor: many colored / black people are inferior to a white minority, on top some black politicians. (chocolates) r