NARRATOR
- A first-person narrator refers to himself as "I," whereas a third-person narrator does not participate in the story and refers to the characters as "he," "she," or "they".
POINT OF VIEW
- A first-person narrator is limited in their point of view and imposes their interpretation on the action. A third-person narrator may have a limited or unlimited/omniscient point of view, allowing access to the thoughts and feelings of the characters.
MODE OF PRESENTATION
- Scenic presentation involves showing an event in detail, while panoramic presentation condenses a series of events.
CHARACTERS
- A round character may have multiple traits and undergo changes in the course of a story. A flat character has a limited number of traits or represents only a single quality.
CHARACTERIZATION
- Direct or explicit characterization involves the narrator or another character directly stating a character's personality. Indirect or implicit characterization requires the reader to draw conclusions based on a character's behavior, opinions, or choices of words.
ACTION
- External action describes what the characters do and the events that take place, while internal action shows the thoughts of the characters.
FLASHBACKS
- Flashbacks involve the narrator going back into the past to describe a scene that is relevant to the plot.
FORESHADOWING
- Foreshadowing hints at later events in a fictional text to prepare or anticipate the reader.
- The analysis of a fictional text follows the same basic rules, focusing on structure, language, characters, and stylistic devices. Each aspect should be addressed in paragraphs using a 3-step pattern (statement, proof, interpretation/intention/effect) and an overall structure of introduction, main part, and conclusion.
- When analyzing a newspaper article, consider language, structure/argumentative strategy, and whether the article is meant to inform or manipulate the reader.
LANGUAGE
- Consider tone, register, style, choice of words/word fields, and stylistic devices.
STRUCTURE/ARGUMENTATIVE STRATEGY
- Look at the argumentative structure framework, quotes, sources, experts, facts, and data, as well as the choice of words, tone, register, and communicative strategies.
STYLISTIC/RHETORICAL DEVICES
- Consider the use of personal pronouns, hypothetical sentences, anaphora, alliteration, antithesis, and climax.
In conclusion, analyzing a fictional text involves paying attention to various aspects such as the narrator, point of view, mode of presentation, characters, characterization, action, flashbacks, and foreshadowing. Similarly, newspaper analysis requires an examination of language, structure, and stylistic rhetorical devices to determine whether the article aims to inform or manipulate the reader. Through a structured and systematic approach, the analysis of textual elements can provide valuable insights into the overall meaning and effect of the text.
