Englisch Abitur LK Hessen 2023

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(Bill of Rights) must be protected by government The Bill of Rights (1791) Desribes the 10 basic rights of the people and forbids the government from denying these liberties Rights of the individuals/liberties f.e.: freedom of speech, religion, protection of individual Legal rights: f.e.: protection of private property, right to civil trivial by jury 1.1.2 Landmarks of American History: Civil Rights Movement, Black Lives Matter Overview year 1765-1783 1773 1775 4th July 1976 1783 1789 1791 Until 1850s 1861-1865 1863 1917 1930s 1941 1947-1991 1950-1953 1955-1975 09.11.2001 2009 March 2020 May 2020 ● event American Revolution, 13 American colonies reject British government Boston Tea Party: Colonists object to British Tea Act, "No taxation without representation" -> American colonists no political voice in the British parliament War of Independence (American Revolutionary War) begins Declaration of Independence was passed by Congress Treaty of Paris: Britain officially recognizes ist former colonies as independent nation > United States of America Implementation of U.S Constitution Bill of Rights is issued, ensuring civil rights Exploration of the West -> the frontier, idea of "Manifest Destiny" Civil War between Confederate States (South) & United States (North) Emancipation Proclamation: official abolition of slavery USA enters World War I Great Depression (at peak: more than 20% unemployed) USA enters World War II Cold War; communist (Warsaw Pact) vs. Capitalist nations (NATO) Korean War Vietnam War: conflict between comunist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam & principal ally (USA). Conflict was intensified by on-going Cold War between US & Soviet Union 9/11: terrorist attacks on World Trade Center & Pentagon Barack Obama is the first African American President National emergency declared over Covid-19 pandemic Nationwide protests break out following killing of African American George Floyd by Minneapolis police African American history (Slavery, Abolition, Segregation) ● 1619-1865: Africans slaves were shipped to America, lived mainly in the southern states & worked on cotton, tobacco, sugar cane plantations → crops, major products for export, welcomed source of cheap labour 1776: Declaration of Independence ("all men are created equal"): However, increasing slavery in the South 1861: Emancipation Proclamation officially ends slavery: African Americans granted US citizenship & right to vote, racial hatred continues 1863: Civil war between North (Anti-Slavery) & South (Location of most slaves), Abol → moral questions about slavery & treatment of blacks as second-class humans triggered American Civil War 1880s: Segregation through "Jim Crow" Laws, officially seperate African Americans from all aspects of white society, principle: "seperate but equal", opression is now legal Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) Definition: Struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955): Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the "coloured section" (Jim Crow Laws) & is arrested → Leads to protests/boycotts (13 months) with aim to reach equal rights & ending segregation → 1956: U.S Supreme Court declared segregation on public transportation unconstitutional Sit-in movement (1960) Peaceful form of protest where individuals would sit down at segregated lunch counters & refuse to leave until they were served → Similar demonstrations all over hundred cities in North & South March on Washington (1963) 250,000 individuals gathered at Lincoln Memorial to protest against segregation, freedom, better job opportunities for blacks Wanted their voiced to be heard through Civil Rights Leaders MLK held his "I have a dream" speech: describes founding promises of America & nations failure to keep those, fight for freedom/equality/justice etc. →Peak of non-violent struggle Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed discrimination such as in public facilities, ended racial segregation, protected voting rights of minorities/women Voting Rights Act of 1965 ● Secured right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country; outlawed literacy tests, poll taxes Civil Rights Act of 1968 ● Murder of MLK 1968 Increase of violent protests under guidance of Malcom X → Goal: independent state for Blacks only (Nation of Islam) Laws for end of segregation 1972 Laws were passes to encourage positive discrimination for ethnic minorities in field of empoyment →Gap between theory & practice remains ● ● ● Prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental and finacing of housing Situation of African Americans racial discrimination still exists even though it's not as brutal as before Blacks in US still have higher risk of unemployment, poverty, imprisonment Spirit of slavery/racism still part of police/law system Harder for blacks to continue their life after being in prison (no support) Overall problem: many blacks still live in deprived areas → High unemployment rate, easy to become involved in criminal activities ("Cycle of poverty") 2009: Barack Obama elected as first black president 2020: Kamala Harris the first black woman to be in official position in the US (vice president) ● Recent political and social developement ● Black Lives matter (2013-) social movement that seeks to higlight racism, discrimination, inequality experienced by black americans ● ● → Caused protests and civil unrest all over the world → Demonstrators want to peacefully draw attention to police brutality/racism against African Americans prevailing in USA Handling of USA met with international criticism & BLM movement supporters in many European countries ● → Controversial momentums in honor of historical figures associated with slavery/colonialism were knocked down/smeared, questioned Definition: Gained international attention/momentum upon murder of George Floyd (2020) by the Minneapolis Police ● Typical lifestyle of US citizens is characterized by optimism and activity →Combines ideals with a pragmatic attitude Characteristics: strongly pronounced individualism, love of freedom, pursuit of happiness (Life, Liberty, pursuit of happiness in DOI), propserity ● Idea of Individualism: Q1.2 LIVING IN THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 1.2.1 The American way of life (attitude) ● idea of self-reliance & responsibility for one's own fate Mindset: "If you work hard, you prosper, if you fail, it is your own fault" Rooted in the ideas of enlightment & puritanism: if a person is given freedom & opportunity to develop they will prosper through own hard work (American Dream) → Nowadays: ideally following the motto "from rags to riches" Huge emphasis on personal freedom, resulting in American scepticism towards any goverment/church Struggle for freedom, tension between indiviudal & community ● Manifest Destiny: ● Coined by American journalist John L. O'Sullivan in 1839 Intangible ideology that it is Americas destiny to democratize the world for developement of liberty & expand their territory to spread their ideals/ideas (land chosen by God) → Used this belief to justify their expansion, invasion & imperialism (belief in limitless recources when "going west" geographical mobility) Results: Americas role as the global mediator in political conflicts & characterized the American Nationalism ● Keywords: Equal opportunity, success/properity, freedom, own hard work/determination, life, liberty, pursuit of happiness, New World, "from rags to riches" What is the American Dream in general? ● Key concept within american history, society, culture ideal that every citizen of the United States should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative → USA as the land where everything is possible regardless of heritage, background Connected to the idea of New World: America as land where they could correct mistakes of "Old World" (Europe) to form a equalitarian, moral society which would spread democracy → Equates with immigrants coming to America ● ● 1.2.2 The American Dream James Truslow Adams: The American Dream First person who coined the term in 1931 during times of the Great Depression Opportunity for each men & woman being able to attain their "fullest stature" according to their capability → Everyone should be allowed to truly unfold themselves and live up to their rightful size & be acknowledged for that regardless of their fortuitous circumstances of birth/position Dream to grow & develop oneself even with certain barriers/social orders What must be done to make dream reality: Communal spirit, higher intellectual life, dedication of rich class (financially, intellctually), cultural rise of lower class What must be avoided: Being stark realist, class-consciousness, individual struggle & break of communal spirit, individual selfisness, physical comfort, cheap amusement ● ● Where did the idea of the Dream come from? Settlers (Dream of Empire) Puritans (Religious Dream) Enlightment thinkers (Dream of Democracy) Wanted to create New Empire → Provide equality, freedom, no exploitation of superiors →→Hope for better & freer life Idea to create "New Jerusalem": Land pure & free from corruption → Ideal state: Rejection of all kinds of hierarchy ● Puritans work ethic: Working hard results to being accepted by God & being in Gods favour, leads to success, money and wealth (dream of material success) John Locke: abolished idea of God-given order; people should form a government that will protect their rights, liberty, property Thomas Jefferson: "Pursuit of Happiness" -> broadening spectrum of individuals happiness →At first religious motives but then politic → Secularization: social esteem, self-realization, hope increased Symbols of the American Dream ● ● Immigration: Ellis Island Multiculturalism: several distinct cultural/ethnic groups cause the constant changing society due to immigration →Assimilation & pluralism 1.1.2 Migration Keywords: Melting Pot, Salad Bowl, Ellis Island, multiculturalism (several distinct cultural/ethnic groups within a society), economic/educational/relgious/political/personal reasons Freedom: American Flag & Statue of Liberty Material success: Hollywood Mobility: The frontier The American Experience: Immigration America attracted seekers of liberty/freedom as some were in oppressive conditions → Now they could flourish, prosper, practive their various religions without fear of the state They were transformed: Not ethnicity, but adoption of American principles makes an American ● ● What is an American? (Crévecoeur) Someone who should leave all connections of old country behind (ancient prejudices, manners, old way of living) and who should embrace and adjust themselves to new laws, social system, new way of living should act upon new principles & work on forming new ideas America as the place where all individuals of all nations melt together into new race "America is the plant, the seed that is planted & can grow and harvest Factors/reasons for migration ● Push factors No freedom ● Overpopulation ● Political/economic situation ● Bad education, bad school system ● unemployment, less jobs ● Bad medical care system ● ● Pull factors Liberty, equality, pursuit of happiness, DOI Promised land, expansion USA as country of unlimitless opportunities Chance for better education, job opportunities, living conditions Timeline of Immigration Time span 16th/17th century 1620 End of 19th century 20th century 20th century until presen Immigration concepts: Melting Pot Salad Bowl Puritanism Group Europeans ● Puritans Irish people ● Individuals melted into a new race Various ethnic groups do not retain their cultural heritage but fuse into one new nation → Term is misleading: national traits of immigrants do not melt to form new American culture → Dropping old habits doesn't equate to forming new race, american civilzation not homogeneous/uniform Patriotism Europeans Hispanics Asians Individuals come together but keep their own distinct shape/features Various ethnicities form a multicultural society, integrating different cultures while maintaining their seperate identities (diverse, pluralistic) → "unitiy in diversity" Reasons Land was cheap, better economic conditions, hope for better life, adventures, exploration Fleeing from religious persecution, mission by God Potato famine causes unemployment, hope for better job opportunities Escaping from Nazis, economic boom in US (industrialization) Escaping war & oppressions in home country ● Puritans wanted to cleanse the church of England & abolish the traditional church hierarchy to gain religious liberty ● Believed America was the promised land → New Canaan: Moses divided Red Sea to liberate Hebrews from egyptian captivity (equates with immigrants coming to Amercia as the land of hope and promise) 1.2.3 Values and beliefs Puritans work ethic: Working hard results to being accepted by God & being in Gods favour, leads them to success, money and wealth "Love and devotion for one's country" Patriotic national symbols: national holidays (Thanksgiving, Independence Day), Constitutions, US Flag (Stars & Stripes), national anthem, Statue of Liberty →intensify strong identification with ones nationality & pride in being American American Dream as a Nightmare ● ● Q1.3 VISIONS AND NIGHTMARES American Dream Anyone can achieve success/prosperity through their own hard work "From rags to riches" Equal opportunities for everyone Vision Thought they were fighting for peace, freedom, democracy America as the global mediator for the world Vietnam War (1955-1975) Communist North Vietnam (Soviet Union) vs. Southern Vietnam (USA) → USA wanted to stop communism and spread capitalism ● USA lost the war, soldiers came back traumatized, suffered from PTSD Nightmare Unrealistic chances of achieving the dream Especially people from a poor background → No welfare/health insurance Vision Continuous discrimination/racism/police brutality towards certain minorities Gap between rich & poor 9/11 2001 al-Qaeda flew two hijacked planes into the twin towers, causing the death of 3000 civilians Deadliest terrorist attack on American soil history America is safe (trustful government, military) -> Unreachable when it comes to attacks Nightmare Thousands of innocent people died unnecessarily, realized they were fighting for the wrong thing Killing of civilian population is against right of life,liberty, pursuit of happiness Speech of G.W. Bush: declared fight against terror →national mourning together & bounding through patriotism Nightmare America greatly wounded by attack, thousands of people died, others left traumatized Iraq War (2003-2011) USA at war with Iraq after suspicion that leader Saddam Hussein helping terrorists (developing weapons of mass destructions) Vision Fighting against terror/for peace America saves Iraq from Saddam Hussein (couldnt spread democracy, peace to Iraq) Nightmare During the war thousands of civilians died Temporary peace for Iraq but no democracy, cost of the wars Q1.4 MANIFESTATION OF INDIVIDUALISM 1.4.1 American Dream as a manifestation of individualism American dream represents the individual society, in which everyone (as lone fighter) can reach their own individual dream → Idea of individualism: If you work hard, you prosper, if you fail, it is your own fault 1.4.3 Stories of initiation American short stories: Usually present deeply confusing incident in a childs/adolescents life, confrontation of the protagonist with an apsect of adult life → f.e.: death, evil, old age, loss of ideals ● Recognition of the existence of evil in the world & loss of innocence Person introduced to manners /values given by society, gains experiences & maturitiy → Process of self-discovery & self-realization (TKaM) ● Q1.5 TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD General Fact: The novel was first published in 1960 by Harper Lee and takes place in the southern town of Maycomb, a tight knitted community in Alabama, during the Civil War as well as the Great Depression (1930s). The story is told through the innocent/childish eyes of Scout Finch. Overview: Content Scout Finch lives with her brother Jem and their widowed father Atticus and a black housekeeper in the tradtional town Maycomb One summer Scout, Jem and their new friend Dill become fascinated with the mysterious neighbour Arthur Boo Radley, who was never seen leaving the house have various encounters: gifts in the knothole, sneaking onto Radley property, fire breakout Meanwhile: Atticus agrees to defend a black man named Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a white woman, Mayella Ewell → Due to racist white community: Jem & Scout have to tolerate racial slurs from other kids in school and at a Christmas family gathering Trial draws nearer: Aunt Alexandria moves in & tries spreading feminine influence During the trial Atticus proves with clear evidence that Mayella & Bob Ewell are lying: Mayella's wounds were caused by her father after he discovered her with Tom, accused him of rape to cover shame & guilt ● ● ● Nevertheless: all-white jury convicts him, Tom later shot after trying to escape prison Kids are bewildered and Jem's faith in justice is baldy shaken Despite the verdict: Bob Ewell feels that Atticus made a fool out of him & vows revenge → Attacks Jem & Scout as they walk home from a Halloween party but Boo Radley intervenes & saves the children (stabbed Bob Ewell fatally) ● Scout ● Scout realizes that Boo is a kind/gentle person, who has been unjustly vilified by community → Scout embraces her father's advice to practice sympathy/understanding & demonstrates that her experiences with hatred/prejudices will not taint her faith in human goodness Main Characters Character Jean Louise (Scout) Finch Jem Finch Atticus Finch Calpurnia "Boo" Radley Tom Robinson Bob Ewell Mayella Ewell Attributes/Characteristics/Events Narrator & protagonist ● Smart/intelligent, doesn't like school as it bores her ● Very curious, adventurous, outspoken Tomboy, doesn't like girly things, rebellious, often starts fights Believes in the good of people, faith in community Gradually confronted with serious problems (racism, prejudices etc.) Initiation: develops a more grown-up perspective throughout the novel (new understanding of human nature, society etc.) Close relationship with Scout, feels protective over her → Scout looks up to him even though he is dominant over her Ideals of justice & good in people get shaken after trial Initiation: loss of innocence as he faces brutality of racist society ● ● ● ● ● ● Succesful, calm, quiet, smart, educated, brave lawyer →Highly respected in town, financially stable Defends Tom Robinson even if he's putting reputation, familys safety at risk → Shows his strong sense of justice & morality ● ● Considerate, understanding, calm father towards Jem & Scout → Teaches them important life lessons: understanding humans, respect, equality (sets an example) → Never used violence during upbringing ● ● ● ● Indirect friendship with Scout & Jem: helps/saves them, leaves gifts One of the "mockingbirds": "A good person injured by the evil of mankind" → Prejudices & false stories ruined his reputation Black man accused of raping Mayella Ewell Honest, truthful, innocent Although innocent: lost trial because of prejudices & racism One of the "mockingbirds": Symbol of innocence destroyed by evil Ewells: poor, not liked/respected in town, liars Brutal, violent, racist, agressive, poorly educated, unemployed, lazy Irresponsible, violent, manipulative, alcoholic father (opposite of A) Daugher of Bob Ewell & eldest of 7 siblings Not educated, low status, no friends, lonely → Neither whites nor blacks want anything to do with her ● Kissed Tom due to loneliness but felt ashamed after Beat & abused by her fathe ● ● Housekeeper & cook of the family Wise, loyal, hardworking, respectful, smart, educated Helps raising/educating the children (writing) -> stern disciplinarian Bridge between white world & her own black community Never leaves the house, hasn't been seen for years ● ● Themes of the novel Racism reflects poor situation of the black population during the 1930s Historical background: racial segregation in the South (Jim Crow Laws) no interracial marriage, courtoom: blacks had to sit on the balcony, lynch mob scene etc. Tom Robinson's Trial: Accused of raping Mayella and found guilty by all-white jury because of his race (eventhough he was innocent) → Verdict is example of deep-rooted racism that permeated the justice system Treatment of Calpurnia: Considered part of the family, but still gets treated differently → Aunt Alexandria treats her strictly as a black servant that's inferior to her, bad influence Prejudices ● Race prejudice: Making fun of facial features, blacks being criminals → Mrs. Merriweather: believes that blacks shouldn't be sulky & whites should forgive the black population even though they didn't do anything, pities african tribes etc. Class prejudice: Families get judged based on their social status & wealth → Ewells are the lowest of the lows, Cunninghams are being teased Prejudice against Boo Radley: Is a reclusive character who is feared & misunderstood; they believe that he is a monster with no evidence ● ● → Prejudice based on fear, ignorance rather than real knowledge Gender prejudice: Men being seen as superior to women, Scout is discourages from acting like a tomboy & expected to behave in more feminine manner Coming of Age/Initiation story Scout & Jem are confronted with reality, experience mature growth learn about injustices, prejudices, begin to see things from a different perspective, acknowledge coexistence of good & bad → Examples: Realizing that Boo Radley is a gentle person, false verdict of Tom's trial Bravery ● → ● Boo Radley: Saves Jem & Scout from Bob Ewell without expectation of recognition/reward Ms. Dubose: fought against her morphine addcition → Real bravery/strength comes from within Atticus Finch: Takes on unpopular task of defending a black man in a racially charged trial, knows that he will face backflash but does it because of his firm believes of justice/morality Scout: Stands up to her classmates when they make fun of her father General important quotes: "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." (Atticus) "Remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." (Atticus) ● Symbolism in the novel Mockingbird: ● Courtroom: ● Symbol of justice and injustice → Trial is supposed to be an example of justice but it becomes clear that prejudice/racism influence the system → Courtroomm represents societal issues of injustices and inequality Represents innoncene/purity: Tom Robinson & Boo Radley Kind, gentle, harmless yet still abused and hunted by others It's a sin to kill mockingbird, as they do nothng but sing beautiful songs & bring joy to world ● Novel First person narrator (Scout) → Expresses feelings/thoughts via words ● 1.5.1 Comparison with the movie (1962) Focus: Story of children growing up whilst being confronted with cruel reality ● Aunt Alexandria tries to imprint feminine influence on Scout Calpurnia is a mother figure for Scout & Jem Movie Shifts in perspective: third person narrator → Feelings expressed by ● mimmic/gestures/tone Focus: Trial of Tom Robinson (main plot) → Shifts emphasis to Atticus, main character → Direct view of Atticus & his emotions Aunt Alexandria doesn't appear & Scouts unladylike behaviour doesn't play major role ● ● ● Calpurnia plays less important role: relationship with Scout not as elaborate Black & white movie: conveys apporpriate atmosphere, artistic choice, emphasizes the segregation between white & blacks Q2 Q2.1 GREAT BRITAIN -PAST & PRESENT 2.1.1 Great Britain - tradition and change ...on a political level UK is a constitutional monarchy with an Established Church (Monarch shares power with constitutionally organized government) → Monarch is official head of state, only has power to reign not rule (ceremonial position) → Government (Prime Minister, Cabinet, Parliament) has actual power ...on an economical level During 19th century: Britain was the worlds wealthiest & most advanced economy →British Empire, Industrialization No longer richest country but still has strong national economy ● ...on a cultural level Vast amount of immigrants: Ethnic Diversity & Multiculturalism within nation → Immigration started with the years of British Empire & Commonwealth Britain became a salad bowl ...on a social level Education & Qualifications used to play big role in getting successful job Nowadays: not a matter of right academic behaviour but knowing unwritten/unspoken rules of behaviour → Manner & skills more imporant for dominating elite Typical 3-class system outdated (upper, middle, lower) 7-class system more fitting: measures class by economic, social, cultural capital 2.1.2 British Empire General fact: The British Empire was made up of colonies and territories, which were under the sovereignty of the British crown and administeration of the British government. It was the largest empire in history until the 20th century and covered nearly % of the world's land area. The rise of the Empire Phase First British Empire (~1600-1783) Second British Empire (~1783-1950) ● Slave Trade Triangle (Triangular Trade) ● Trade among Atlantic Ocean between Europe, Africa and America Methods of ruling the Empire Use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe EU goods were used to purchase African slaves Decline of the Empire → Were brought from Africa to America Legacy of the Empire Event Overall Developments of the Empire colonies in North America: acquire possessions, reduce european influence in North America Natural recources (sugar, cotton) exploited through slave trade →loss of American colonies after War of Independence ● Expansion in India ● ● ● India was scattered in different parts → Britain took advantage of the not unified country ● British East India company established control & trade link dealing (silk, tea, opium) → Money made by exploiting local rulers funded continuing progress of Industrialization Rebellions were surpressed through military superiority ● ● TRIANGULAR TRADE NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC OCEAN 13 Celasies CARI ISLAND ● International affairs, trade raw materials SOUTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN Taking advantages over smaller countries and their state (f.e. India) Manipulating & reducing power, corruption Military superiority (violence, supressing power) ● Technical advances, enterpreneurial flair creating vast trading routes Due to circumstances after two world wars lost a lot of power ● loss of colonies: dominon status/countries & independence movements red goods enslaved Africans ● status as global superpower -> taken over by USA & Russia English speaking countries all over the world Britain as a nation of immigrants EUROPE AFRICA Definition: Colonization is the process of a country settling and establishing power over target terrorties and their indegeneous people to increase their power and wealth. Largest colonies: ● Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa →Had to live under british laws, ● lost ability to govern over themselves, violently opressed 2.1.2 Colonization Moral justification for colonization: Religion: Desire to spread Christianity Scientific curiosity ● The Commonwealth of Nations The Gar Motives/reasons for colonization: Power (political security): urge to prevent european countries from becoming too powerful → Securing superiority Money (financial security): Desire to increase Britains economic wealth through world wide trade Gough Intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states Maldives Mara → 1/3 of worlds population (biggest members: India, Australia, Canada) →All but 3 were formely part of the British Empire Followed a set of values & goals: equality, world peace, freedom/liberty, human rights, free trade, democracy, prosperity Praise: enables isolated nations to network with powerful allies Co s The British Empire in the 1920's Assumption of racial superiority over indigenous people illogicality: ruling many parts of the world = must be superior than any other nation Imperial purpose: vocation to civillize the world, bringing salavation to colonized countries Criticsm: no trade privileges, no coordination on defence/foreign policy, lacks budget & executive authority to make difference in world (no clear role) "Britishness" ● ● ● → BUT: Britishness not cleary defined as Britain is under constant changes & new influences (ethnic diversity: language, culture, food) 2.1.3 being British: national identity and national stereotypes certain qualities that are considered typically British Shared traditional values and beliefs: freedom, democracy, strength, tolerance, respect, politness, acceptance Being proud/patriotic of former greatness: British Empire, WW2, Industrialization Living in multicultural society (ethnic diversity) & embracing that Respect towards monarchy Necessity & possibilty of defining a united British Identity Necessity Possibility ● ● Glue that binds individuals togehter as community is missing → Common ground connecting/including everyone of different heritage, ethnicity, culture would help in uniting multicultural nation Psychological damage of not having a national/cultural identity ● ● Q2.2 ETHNIC DIVERSITY 2.2.1 Great Britain as a multicultural society Definition: Multiculturalism recognizes and respects cultural diversity within a society. It promotes the coexistence of different cultures/religions/et ies. It is based on the principle of equality where all cultures are valued and given equal status and opportunity. Important factors: ability to speak english, respecting Britains politcal institutions, laws, accepting/learning about Britains history Core culture that unites/includes each individual: british culture & british tradtional values Ethnic diversity & immigration in the UK Britain in itself diverse & long history of foreign influences (British colonies) → Consists of England, Wales, Scotland, Nothern Ireland ● Since 1945: Urgent need for workers to rebuild economy → Former british colonies in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Caribbean) encouraged to fill gap, Commenwealth status of countries enabled migration Over 270 nationalities & 250 daily spoken languages in Britain → 2011: 8% of population belongs to ethnic minorities Massive influx led to tensions, riots & racism (Anti-Black & South Asian racism) Public debates around multiculturalism, segregation, integration Concept of MC: Chicken Tikka Masala (Robin Crook) The British not a race but gathering of different races/influences/communities Not purity that makes Britain unique but sheer pluralism of their ancestry Britain under constant changes & new influences (language, cultures, food...) Chicken Tikka Masala as metaphor → Indian dish that has been adapted by Britain → Symbol of ability of British culture to adapt & change -> absorbing/adapting to external influences ● Multiculturalism & Immigration: benefits economy & cultural richness Issues for Immigrants: Clash of cultures Immigrants live "parallel lives" → outside: adopt to western lifestyle → at home: live according to values, beliefs, traditions from their home country ● Challenge: Becoming committed citizens in modern Britain without forgetting roots → Cultural identity problem: caught between two worlds (modern/traditional), split cultural identities ● Negative attitude towards immigrants: Fear of new cultures & stealing jobs ● Scared of "terrorists" after several attacks from the Islamic state ● Racism → Difficulties to adopt to Britain when prejudices influence image MC has failed (David Cameron) ● Distinguishes peaceful practice of islam from radical islamic extremism yet some experience rootlessness, failing to identify with british culture General seperation of cultures leads to loss of common purpose & feeling of belonging Filling emptiness with extremist ideologies supported by media immerses into radicalization Camerons solution: confronting extremism & strengthening community to create shared feeling of belonging & identity ● ● Pro & Cons of Multiculturalism Cultural diversity enriches Britain → Learn/benefit from each others culture Prejudice ● ● Pro (food, music, traditions) Positive traits: Open-mindedness, tolerance, acceptance Economic & industrial benefits: MC attracts tourists, work forces MC showcases GB liberal stance ● ● ● ● Fear of losing "Britishness" (dissolution of British culture) & becoming a minority in own country Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience Prejudice among white majority of GB (not in a lot of touch with other ethnicities) → Immigrants steal jobs, don't belong here, poison the economy and the idea of being British One-track mind Con → Discrimination, racism, Exclusion of ethnic minorities → Riots, delinquency, no integration Too much immigration could harm GB Pressure on school places, jobs, houses → 2.2.2 Prejudice and the one-track mind Integration Definition: Process of successfully joining a society while still being able to maintain some of ones own cultural identity. Linked to immigrants: People can't set themselves apart from prejudice, not open-minded, not willing to accept other opinions 2.2.3 Integration vs. Assimilation Two-way process: relies on mutual compromise & respect Individual: effort to adapt to new ways of living, values, language, knowledge about UK → Not expected to lose national identities but to have shared ones Society: must show acceptance & willingness to see foreign culture as equal, create space to let them live out their cultural freedom Sense of belonging & inclusivity between the two → Salad bowl: individual ingredients with different colours and sizes contribute to uniqueness Assimilation Definition: Process of fully adopting oneself to a different culture and becoming part of that society while abandoning ones own culture. ● One way process → Indivdual adapts to culture of new society to become indistinguishable from it → Gives up/abandons one's own culture to become acceptable to the new society Loss of cultural diversity (values, traditions etc.) → Process of making soup, where ingredients lose their identity as they are melted together 2.1.4 Short Story: Shooting an Elephant General facts: The essay was first published in 1936 by George Orwell, where he reflects on his life as an official of the British colonial administration. He explores the conflict of fulfilling his duties facing local populations hatred of the colonial government. Content overview ● ● →Destroyed village, killed cow, worker As he goes to the village with a rifle: People start to follow him as they expect him to kill the elephant, greedy for its meat Is in a dillema: ● First person narrator elaborates that he is despised & disrespected in Burma as he represents imperial power Conflicted: Hatred towards Empire as feels guilty fulfilling his job but also rage against mis eatment by Burmese people As the police officer, is called to take care of an elephant that has gone wild and attacked an bazaar → Has no inclination to kill the elephant as it seems calm/peaceful → Feels great responsibility to shoot the elephant to uphold his duty of colonial authority Ends up shooting the elephant leading to is slow death (-> owner lost his valuable tool) → Killed it to avoid public shame Themes Power dynamics British colonial power over Burma: indigenous people are opressed Police officer: rejects BE despites being part of it but fullfils his duty like a puppet (loss of free decision making on behalf of british rulers) Conflict between personal beliefs & societal expectations First person narrator shot elephant to uphold appreance of white supremacy & avoiding being ridiculed Evils of colonialism ● ● ● Burma being opressed by the BE, having no freedom or control over their country → Using violence and force to surpress them Justification through white supremacy Elephant as a metaphor for British Empire The elephant Elephant a valuable tool for its owner. Elephant is a strong animal. Elephant is calm/peaceful most of the times. They want to eat the meat of the elephant/sell the tusks. Elephant takes a long time to die. Content overview ● The British Empire Colonies are valuable & a tool for BE ● → Natural recources for trade/wealth 2.2.4 Short Story: My Son, the Fanatic General facts: The short story was published in 1994, written by Hanif Kureishi and examines the tensions between a Pakistani immigrant and his son about their cultural identity in England. It explores the themes of cultural conflict, generational differences and religious fundamentalism. ● Represents the military power of BE BE is peaceful unless indepence rebellions/riots start →Surpressed by violence Pavrez, a first generation immigrant from Pakistan notices significant changes in his son Ali → Throws away possessions, distances himself from english friends Assumption, that he is taking drugs → Bettina, prostitute & regular taxi costumer, advises him to watch his son more criticially Continuous change in Ali's behaviour: Grows a beard, prays 5 times a day Talk in restaurant: Ali confronts his father with harsh accusations British colonies are exploiting several countries off their natural recources and selling them. Imperialism hard to destroy after a day → Effects of imperialism still impact colonized countries → Critizes his father adopting to the decadent Western lifestyle, preaches about the law of Islam and living a life in accordance to the Quran Ali blames living in England for his change; wants to quit his studies & support Muslims Pavrez thinks that he lost his son, fears constant criticism, wants him to move out Bettina advises him to stick to Ali: Pavrez' attempts to persuade him are met with contempt ● Pavrez & Bettina offer Ali a ride back home: After trying to mediate between father/son, Bettina runs away as Ali insults her ● Furious Pavrez cannot hold his anger back & hits him at home →Ali doesn't retaliate but asks Pavrez calmy which of them is a fanatic Differences between Ali & Pavrez (Opposing cultural identities) Pavrez Grew up in Lahore & was taught the Quran →After displeasing experience: atheist Immigrated to England and works hard as a taxi driver to provide for family Has fully assimilated himself to British lifestyle and adopted its values Before change After change ● ● ● Enjoys western lifestyle: traditional english breakfast, drinking, has affair ● Shows little willingness to respect his sons religious feelings; even beats him up ● Themes Father-son conflict, Clash of Cultures Who is the fanatic in the story? Both: Ali & Pavrez show no respect, understanding & acceptance towards their opposing cultural idenity Ali a good student & sportsman with many english friends Studies accountancy ● Changes drastically under the influence of fundamentalist Muslim leaders → Goes to mosque regularly, prays → Gets rid of everything that symbolyses Western lifestyle →Ali: Detests western lifestyle, completely identifies as extreme Muslim, lectures his father of his wrong doings & tries to convince him to practice Islam → Pavrez: Obsessed with his son's religion, lack of respect/acceptance towards him, advises him against that lifestyle Conflict between Pavrez & Ali about lifestyle in England Ali gradually develops contempt/hostility against his father because he hates Pavrez' adoption to Western lifestyle Pavrez' aim is to integrate into the society of his new homeland, whereas Ali is no longer interested in following the path his father has laid out for him Fundamentalism Ali as a representation: Emergence new generation of young radical Muslims in Britain's community Many children of first-generation immigrants, lacked cultural heritage of parents & felt unwanted, misunderstood in new home country → no longer willing to adapt & put up with humiliation and discrimination Islam & Quran: Shelter to create establishing identity, new sense of belonging 2.2.5 Short Story: The Embassy of Cambodia General facts: The short story published in 2013, written by Zadie Smith, revolves around the life of Fatou, a West African immigrant working as a nanny in London. It explores the themes of immigration, finding one's own identity, displacement, cultural assimilation and social inequality. Content overview ● Works as a maid for the Derawals, a wealthy Pakistani family → They exploit her: retain her wages, passport & justify is by providing her basic needs ● On Mondays: goes swimming in a health center by secretly using familys guest pass →Taught herself how to swim ● Often walks past Embassy of Cambodia & is fascinated by badminton game behind wall → Description of Embassy: Villa in North London, locals associated Cambodia with genocide by Khmer Rouge Fatou reads story about Sudanese slave & compares herself with her → Doesn't consider herself a slave as she was never beaten by Derawals (only slapped) On Sundays: Meetings with her church friend Andrew (Conversations: pain/suffering, corruption, politics, relgion) → Fatou reflects her situation, becomes aware of sorrundings & develops self-confidence Fatou saves daughter of Derawals from choking from a marble ● Fatou, an immigrant from Ivory Coast has come to Britain after working as chambermaid in several countries → Derawals show no gratitude towards her, feel awkward/guilty & fire her With the support of Andrew, Fatou tries to take her life into her own hands (open end) Symbolism Badminton game ● Constant badminton game: symbolizes continuos ups and downs in Fatous life → Showcase her endurance, strength, persistent pattern of achievement & defeat Sequence of smash & return: turning points in life (fate can change quickly) Battle between two players (Oppressor vs. Defender): Battle between superior society (Derawals, Khmer Rouge) and minority (Fatou, indigenous population) Embassy of Cambodia ● ● Serves as symbol of experiences of alienation & displacement → Fatou feels disconnected from her own culture/identity, sees embassy as a reminder of her homeland/cultural heritage & disconnection from it Themes Pain, evil and lack of solidarity Fatou's & Andrew's conversations revole around pain, suffering, solidarity, evil of the world Fatou's own personal experiences: discrimination, rape, exploitation, mistreatment → Proof of vulnerability of powerless, poor, underprivileged people Fatou is helpless in the face of evil & turns to Christianity to protect herself Recognizes the evil: Russian rapist, Derawals but cannot defend herself ● ● Slavery and exploitation Depicts economic and sexual exmploitation of people (immigrants, refugees) → Poor working conditions (Derawals, Ghana) & illegal sex work (Russian rapist) Human traffickers who organize transport of Africans to Europe take advantage of desperate situation of Fatu & her father, demanding high sums of money →Ruthless action, disrepect towards individuals ● Racial conflict/racism Willesden is a multicultural community with a large immigrant population → Demographic change leads to tensions, not only between local population and immigrants but also between ethnic groups ● ● Derawals are immigrants themselves, succeeded in society: Feel superior to Fatou and treat her like second-class citizen, demonstrate unjustified power over her Emigration (social & economic developments) Time span 18th century 1845-1852 1973 1990s Q2.3 THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD Ireland: Past and present (Emigration, Partition of Ireland, Celtic Tiger) 2008 present Event Population grew rapidly due to industrial revolution Great Famine caused unemployment & poverty → Mass emigration to US & Britain (population fell rapidly) ● Ireland joined the EU → Great boost: Migrants from other countries arrived Celtic Tiger caused economic boom & migration → Lots of irish descendants came back Economic world crisis: Many young people left Ireland Pandemic: higher unemployment rate, decline of tourism ● ● Partition of Ireland ● 20th century: Irish nationalists campaigned for self-rule & independence from British rule ● 1921: Government of Ireland was passed, which created two seperate territories in Ireland → Nothern ireland: Had Protestant majority & was granted form of self-government withi UK →Republic of Ireland: independent country Division also influenced by religious differences between Potestant/Unionist majority in NI & Catholic/Nationalist majority in ROI → Led to violence & political conflict "The Troubles" & Good Friday Agreement The Troubles (1968-1998) Conflict in Nothern Ireland: Protestant/Unionist/Loyalist vs. Catholic/Republican/Nationalist → Loyalists: desired province to remain part of the UK, loyal to the British Crown Nationalists: wanted province to become part of Republic of Ireland, unification Troubles fueled by range of factors: Discrimination against Catholics in housing, employment, politcal representation → Loyalists attacked nationalists & Catholic community Rise of paramilitary groups on both sides: IRA (Nationalist), Sinn Fein & UDA, UVF (Loyalist) → Causing violence: bombings, shootings, acts of terrorism, deaths ● Deployment of British troops to Nothern Ireland →IRA fights against British troops more violence "Bloody Friday/Sunday" (1972): British troops fired on Catholic civil rights demonstration causing civilians to die Good Friday Agreement (1998) brought end conflict & established power-sharing government in NI with representation for both Loyalist/Nationalist community ● ● ● ● Celtic Tiger ● Term that describes the economic boom in Ireland from late 1990s to mid 2000s Ireland experienced rapid economic growth due to Europe's low taxes, well educated population, workforce that speaks english Boom came to end in late 2000s: Global financial crisis, severe recession → Now: Workers in every sector are needed but youngsters emigrate to other countries → Task for government: Stabilise economy & create attractive jobs for young/educated people Definition: It's a special or unconvential situation, that can be physically or psychologically challenging. Humans often react with extreme behaviours, resulting into unwanted consequences. ● Extreme Situations: Factors & Examples Environmental factors: influence peoples living conditions (f.e.: natural disasters, pandemic) Psychological factors: influence emotions and can cause extreme reactions, which might result in irrational thinking, poor decision-making (f.e.: jealousy, anger, hatred) Physical factors: people have to push their physical limits due to certain situations (f.e.: diseases/disabilities, fight for survival: war, poverty, wilderness) Examples in literature: To Kill a Mockingbird Q3.1 HUMAN DILEMMAS IN FICTION & REAL LIFE 3.1.1 Extreme situations ● Racism: poor treatment of the black population in Maycomb & false accusation of Tom Robinson despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence Prejudice/Discrimination: Boo Radley is vilified by community, affects his life greatly Societal expectations: Differences between Scouts tomboyish self & femine ideal Shooting an Elephant Othello Societal pessure: Burmese population want Orwell to shoot the Elephant, has to uphold authority as repre tati of British Empire My Son the Fanatic Cultural clash: Differences between Pavrez (traditional British lifestyle) & Ali (strict religious Islamic lifestyle) Radicalization: Extreme religious beliefs can lead to alienation from family & society ● Imperialism: Mistreatment of Burmese people are orpressed by the British, Orwells conflict of having to uphold laws of empire & his moral conscience ● Jealousy: Othellos jealousy towards Desdemonda's alleged affair Cassio, leads to his extreme emotional reaction of killing her Betrayal & Manipulation: lago uses Othello's trust to create web of lies/deceit, manipulates his emotions/perceptions, caused his tragic downfall Racism: Othellos otherness lead to prejudices about him, partly causes lower self-esteem 3.1.2 being different Definition: Being different means having qualities or characteristics that set one apart from others and the societal norm. It can be positive or negative, depending on the situation but in some cases it leads to social exclusion, discrimination and violence rather than a celebration of diversity. Examples of being different External differences Internal differences Human Dillemas ● ● Moral dilemma: Decision would have positive impact but is not compatiable with moral values or standards of behaviour Characteristics of the era Category Economics Tragic dilemma: Choice between two or more alternatives which are equally undesirable Social dilemma: Short term self-interest in conflict with long-term collective interests Politics & relgion Different outward appearance (f.e. Othello) → skin colour, body shape, style, age Sexual orientation Feeling as different sex/gender Religion, culture (f.e. Pavrez & Ali) 3.1.2 Elizabethan England - introduction to the Golden Age General facts: The Eliizabethan era refers to the period of English history durinh the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, which lasted from 1558 to 1603. The era of the Golden Age is known for its flourishing cultural/artistic achievements (theatre, music, literature) and its political and economic growth. Culture ● Hierarchy & order Having disabilites, being handicapped Having/representing other opinion (f.e Atticus Finch) ● Description England emerged as a world power → International trade led economic wealth → Exploriation brought prestige & new territories (North America) Constant clash between Catholics & Portestants (Reformation) ● Firm establishment of a Protestant Chruch with Elizabeth as head of Church of England ● Flourishment & appreciation for Art (Theater: Golden Globe Theater) → Accessible & affordable for everyone except for women ● People believed in the Chain of Being: all phenomenas were interrelated in hierarchy with God on top Anything out of order: violation & punishment Elizabethan World View Belief in the Great Chain of Being: Idea that everything in the universe was arranged in a hierarchical order (from top to bottom: God, angels, humans, plants) Each level had own specific characteristics/responsibilities & expected to fufill those Violation of order: causes punishment (f.e.: in form of natural disasters) Elizabethan view of womanhood ● Women were inferior to men & dependent on them: Had to be patient, obedient, quiet → Considered as morally, physically, intellectually weaker than men Possession of men: ruled over woman, had to povide for family ● 3.1.3 Drama by William Shakespeare: Othello General facts: The tragic play was written in 1603 by William Shakespeare and is set in Venice and Cyprus. It revolves around the downfall of the Moorish general Othello, who is manipulated by lago into believing that his wife Desdemona has been unfaithful. Content overview Play begins with argument between Roderigo & lago: Paid lago should help R to win over D ● lago's complains: Othello not promoting him as lieutenant, choosing Micheal Cassio ● → ● ● → Othello disgusted by behaviour & removes him from lieutenant position lago advises Cassio to ask Desdemona for help to regain Othello's favour →lago's plan: Frame Desdemona & Cassio as lovers, Desdemona's pleading to create jealousy Desdemona pleads to Othello to take Cassio back, Othello hesitates lago plants seeds of doubts into Othellos head: Desdemona having affair with Cassio Series of events: Desdemona drops handkerchief after soothing O, Emilia picks it up ● lago uses handkerchief as ocular proof of Desdemona cheating & tells Othello about it → Othello enraged after Desdemona unable to show handkerchief Othello consumed by jealousy & falls into trance, has a fit of epilepsy After recovery: lago causes misunderstanding, Othello listens to conversation about Cassio's relationship with Bianca thinking it's about Desdemona ● ● ● ● Meanwhile: Duke of Venice needs Othello after Turkish inavsion in Cyprus Father Brabantio accuses Othello of witchraft after being informed by I & R Othello denies magic: wooed Desdemona with stories of his adventures, D confirms love After horrible storm at sea: Othello successfully arrives in Cyprus & turkish fleet destroyed lagos plan to become lieutenant: Brainwashes Roderigo into thinking D interested in C, will pro C in fight, loses position after disgracefulness At celebration night: lago gets Cassio drunk, fights Roderigo, injures Montano ● lago offers furious Othello to kill Cassio & suggests strangling his wife in bed Meanwhile: lago persuaded Roderigo to kill Cassio as only chance to win Desdemona Series of events: Cassio injured, lago stabs Roderigo, Othello kills Desdemona Othello justifies death through lago's proof of infidelity, Emilia discloses lagos evil plan lago kills Emilia & Othello is overcome with grief, tries to kill lago Othello realizes his terrible mistake & stabs himself Othello: Plot diagramm Akt I: Situation in Venedig Characters Othello ● Akt II: Zypern; lago entspinnt seine Intrigen lago ● Akt III: Taschentuch-Intrige „temptation scene" ● Wendepunkt: Akt IV: Retardation (Willow Song) Exposition Habe Höhepunkt Climax: Ermordung Desdemonas (V, 2) Christian Moor, protagonist and tragic hero Gentle, eloquent, physically powerful, open nature Married to Desdemona (without Brabantio's permission) ● highly respected/honoured by Duke, officers, people in Venice → Brave, reliable general of the venetian army Sensitive about his age, status as a cultural/racial outsider, reputation & honour Falling Action Fallende Handlung Action Schnelle Auflösung: →lagos Intrige wird von Emilia aufgedeckt und → Othello begeht Selbstmord ● Trust & jealousy are lethal to him, since lago can manipulate him with simple tricks Othello's behaviour is influenced & changed by lago: → At the beginning: noble, gentle, charismatic, confident, calm, trustworthy, honorable, rational, successful, reasonable, responsible-minded, trusting, loving → Through lago's influence: violent, insecure (age, race), emotional, jealous/envious, gullible/naive, self-destructive, bad-tempted, frustrated&desperate, disrespectful Ende: Wieder- herstellung der Ordnung Othello's ensign, villain of the play Intelligent, manipulating, dishonest, egoistic, evil, multi-faceted ("I am not what I am") Uses weaknesses of people around him to deceive/manipulate them (e.g. Roderigo's lust for Desdemona, Cassio's concerns about his reputation, Othello's jealousy) Hates Othello because: he promoted Cassio as a lieutenant instead of him, suspicion that Othello slept with his wife Emilia Extremely good at manipulating others, characters are under his spell → Pretends to be loyal/honest, but harms/uses them (f.e. Othello, Cassio, Roderigo) Mysogynist Desdemona Daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio Secretly married to Othello, knows her marriage will not meet approval of father & society Stands firm in her allegiance to Othello, tuly loves him pure, pretty, gentle, independent, empathetic, curious, naive, faithful → Adultery is unimaginable, surprised by Othello's suspicions & violent behaviour Professes innocence till the very last moment, but falls victim to Othello's blind jealousy → Innoncecne & goodness are used against her by lago Micheal Cassio ● ● ● Highly educated young man from Florence, whom Othello promoted to his lieutenant Very loyal, devoted, inexperienced in combat, good looks Also easily manipulated by lago & a puppet of his Uses him & alleged affair with Desdemona to make Othello jealous →Destroys his reputation by involving him in drunk fight, causing his dismissal as lieutenant Emilia ● lago's wife and Desdemona's loyal lady-in-waiting Emancipated women & supports feminist beliefs: stands up for herself Knows about husband's malign nature, but without realizing assists in his evil scheme Themes in the play Theme Jealousy Honour & Reputation Love & Hatred Appearannce vs. reality Racial prejudice Explanation ● ● Imagery of jealousy: "green eyed monster" functioning as a parasite Othello: kills Desdemona to maintain his reputation & honour lago: begins intrigue when he feels discriminated, insufficiently honoured ● Cassio: feels ashamed/humilated after fight, wants to restore reputation Othello: Love towards Desdemona turned into hatred after rumours Desdemona: Unconditional, innoncent, pure love towards Othello lago: Constant hatred towards Othello & his position in society lago: Pretends to be loyal friend/ally to get fulfill his deceitful plans → Creates false & twisted image of reality in order to manipulate people ● Othello's background & colour of his skin make him an outsider → Roderigo & lago refer to him derogatory (f.e.: "Barbary horse, "old ram") Desdemona is only one free from prejudices ● ● Othello becomes consumed with suspicion/anger causing his tragic downfall (shows power of destructive power of jealousy) lago: jealous of Othello's high rank/status, Cassio's promotion Roderigo: jealous of Othello as he is married to Desdemona, jealous of Cassio ● Symbolism in the play The Handkerchief Symbol of their love and marriage as Othello gifted it to her →Sign of faithfulness, purity ● ● Willow Song Symbol of impending death: song about a woman who is abandoned by her lover & left alone to die Light & dark imagery ● ● For Desdemona: love, Othello as her husband, marriage For Othello: proof for Desdemonas faithfullness/fidelity → But associated traits (badness, evil, deceit, dishonesty) linked to white lago White: Used to describe pure skin colour of Desdemona, white population But associated traits (pureness, goodness, honesty) linked to black Othello General important quotes: ● ● ● Used to symbolize good & evil Black: Used to describe Othello & his skin colour ● "But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve (...) I am not what I am." (lago) "She loved me for the dangers I had passed, And I loved her that she did pity them." (0) "(...) But I do love thee! And when I love thee not, Chaos is come again." (Othello) "Beware of jealousy: It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on." "Reputation!(...) I have lost the immortal part of myselfm and what remains is bestial." (C) Electronic media Refers to any type of media that use electronics to access content (f.e.: mobile devices, computers, radio, television) Criteria Possibilities Responsibilities Q3.2 MODELLING THE FUTURE 3.2.1 Science and technology Examples ● Worldwide communication: Social media platforms, messaging apps ● Constant information: search engines Entertainment: online streaming services, TV shows, gaming, music Jobs: online-shops, digital jobs Accuracy: Responsibility to filter out fake news, distinguish between fact/opinion ● ● Privacy & security: personal data can be exploited, unwanted surveillance, cyber-mobbing, online addicition Biotechnology Field of study that involves use of living organisms to create products/solve problems Most used technique: Genetic engineering → Direct manipulation, recombination of DNA to modify particular organism characteristics ● Criteria Possibilities Gender issues Examples Medical advances: Responsibilities Safety & ethical considerations: Gender role Agricultural improvements: ● GM-food with nutrional value, creation of pest/insect resistance Industrial use: Developing new materials (biofuels, bioplastics), improving industry Beauty ideals development of new medicine/drugs, therapies, tools to treat/prevent diseases (f.e.: CRISPR method) Social & economic inequalities: ● Responsibilty to ensure safety and ethical/moral way of practice, potential risks (f.e.: Designer babies, cloning) Ensurance that possibilites can benefit all members of society including poorer population Transperancy & public engagement Q3.3 GENDER ISSUES 3.3.1 Culture and gender - now and then (beauty ideals, advertisments) ● Gender not only determined by born sex →→Social construct created by society to uphold societal norms: sets stereotypical ideas about roles/attributes for men and woman Conflict between own identity & social understanding taught in upbringing → People have started to break out of stereotypes & tradtional ways Responsibilty to engange with public & openly communication about potential beneftis/risks of work Gender roles & beauty ideals ● Women ● Idea of typical housewife: stays at home, takes care of kids, cleans & cooks ● Traits: feminine, weak, submissive, emotional Skinny, curves, long hair, beautiful ● ● Men Provider of the family: goes to work, ensures financial security Traits: masculine, powerful, strong, rational, smart ● Well-built, athletic, muscular