Englisch LK Abitur 2022 Lernzettel

Alternativer Bildtext:

a powerful argument on behalf of... Linguistic analysis: The speaker/author makes use of/employs/lets sentences start with... in order to.... By using a [device], the speaker tries/hopes/aims to achieve... A [device] helps... The function/effect of... This shows/emphasizes/underlines/highlights/stresses/reinforces... ...to convey a vivid impression of... ● ...to illustrate/visualize the idea... ...to offer an easy-to-understand image... ...to make somebody feel personally addressed... ● ● The function/aim/purpose of... is to... The intention behind this... is to... ● Rhetorical + stylistic devices stylistic device Accumulation (Akkumulation) Alliteration (Alliteration) anaphora (Anapher) climax (Klimax) Erklärung Die Benutzung mehrerer ähnlicher Wörter/Phrasen. Mehrere Wörter hintereinander beginnen mit dem gleichen Laut. Die Wiederholung gleicher Wörter hintereinander/an Satzanfängen. Absicht des Autors (ist) Die Betonung/Darstellung eines Themas/einer Idee. Die Betonung einer Idee/eines Themas/eines Statements. Die Fokussierung wichtiger Aspekte. Girl's power leaves lazy lads lagging behind. Eine Reihe vo Ausdrücken, die eine Art Aspekte/Erreichen eines von Steigerung beinhalten. Die auf wichtige Beispiele komischen/ironischen Effekts. Enter the amazing, thrilling, breathtaking world of fantasy. We will not be lazy. We will continue to work and we will do all we can Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some to be chewed and digested. Ellipsis (Ellipse) Enumeration (Aufzählung) euphemism (Euphemismus) hyperbole (Übertreibung) Inversion (inversion) irony (Ironie) metaphor (Metapher) parallelism (Parallelismus) periphrasis (Periphrase) Weglassen eines Die Betonung des ausgelassenen Wortes/mehrerer Wörter Wortes/der ausgelassenen Wörter. (Bedeutung wird trotzdem verstanden). Eine Auflistung von Wörtern, die sich meist auf eine Idee/ein Thema beziehen. Etwas indirekter/positiver darstellen. Eine offensichtliche Übertreibung, nicht wortwörtlich, sondern bildlich gemeint. Änderung der normalen Wortstellung im Satz. Die Benutzung bestimmter Wörter, die genau das Gegenteil der eigentlichen Wortbedeutung ausdrücken. Die Wiederholung ähnlicher/gleicher Strukturen. Der Beweis eines Statements/den Leser durch Beispiele überzeugen. Ein beschreibendes Wort/eine Paraphrase wird statt eines Namens verwendet. Die negative Qualität von etwas Unangenehmem zu verstecken. Den Leser zu überzeugen, eine Meinung zu betonen. Die Betonung des Verbs/ Adverbs, das an den Anfang rückt. Ein indirekter Vergleich. Der Vergleich zweier Sachen und Eine Idee/ein Objekt wird die Verdeutlichung ähnlicher durch ein Bild Faktoren. ausgedrückt. Bild & Objekt haben Gemeinsamkeiten. zu unterhalten, auf lebhafte/humorvolle Weise zu informieren, Kritik zu äußern Durch die ungewöhnliche Struktur, den Leser unterhalten, Interesse zu gewinnen. Aufmerksam machen auf spezielle Eigenschaften der Person/des Objekts He showed them all the weapons and there were many. Not only teachers but also pupils, their friends and families were fascinated. He passed away (statt: He has died) This old man is a thousand years old. Never have I seen something like that.(statt: I have never seen something like that) Donald Trump is an honorable man! All the world's stage. And all the men and woman merely players Woman represent the triumph of matter over mind, just as men represent the triumph of mind over morals. The Swan of Avon (für Shakespeare) personification Menschliche Eigenschaften werden auf Tiere/Objekte/Ideen (Personifikation) projiziert. pun (Wortspiel) repetition (Wiederholung) rhetorical question (rhetorische Frage) simile, comparison (Vergleich) symbol (Symbol) understatement (Untertreibung) Zeugma eugma) Das Spiel mit ähnlich klingenden/aussehenden Wörtern, die aber Unterschiedliches bedeuten. Der wiederholte Gebrauch eines Wortes/einer Wortgruppe/einer Struktur. Ideen. Eine Frage, bei der keine Die Betonung eines Statements Antwort gegeben oder erwartet wird, da die Antwort offensichtlich ist. Das Darstellen einer Idee/einer Tätigkeit Handlung/Person repräsentiert etwas Abstraktes. Den Leser zum Lachen zu bringen, das Interesse zu wecken Etwas wird als weniger wertvoll/wichtig präsentiert, als es tatsächlich ist. Die Gedanken zu ordnen, ein Statement/eine Idee/Struktur zu betonen Ein Wort wird an einer Stelle in zwei unterschiedlichen Funktionen genutzt. Der Vergleich zweier Die Betonung der Gemeinsamkeite Your eyes are like the Objekte/abstrakter sun. The trees waved good- bye. Ein konkretes Objekt/ein Dem Objekt mehr Bedeutung geben The cross is the symbol Platz/eine of Christianity. Die Betonung eines Fakts/eines Gefühls Some folks are wise, and some are otherwise. Herstellung von Ironie/Aufmerksamkeit auf einen Fakt generiere And that government of the people, by the people, for the people... Don't we all just love peace and hate war? He was quite upset. ( statt: He flew into a terrible rage.) John and his driving licence expired last week. ● ● Analysis fictional text ● Common tasks: ● ● ● ● ● Language help Characters: 1. Introduction The protagonist/ (main) character X out of the story ("title") written by (author) can be characterised by the use of narrative techniques and language O Bezug zur Aufgabenstellung ● Analyse the way in which X is characterised Analyse the way X & Y's relationship is characterised Examine the narrative perspective and explain how it affects.. 2. Body X is directly characterized by... ...reveals different sides of X as each of them perceives X in his/her own way. X is characterized indirectly by/through... ● From the way X reacts to/behaves when... we can infer/conclude... The protagonist seems to be... X's behavior/the way X speaks/dresses...suggests that... As X is presented/described as..., it becomes clear that... ● Language help 3.Conclusion Language: ● ● X's reaction/comment reveals/makes the reader feel/believe that... Narrative perspective: By granting the reader access to the character's mind, the narrator draws attention to/makes the reader see... Due to the first-/third-person- narration (with a limited/omniscient point of view), it is (not so) easy for the reader to identify with... Main findings The frequent use of direct characterization creates a clear/positive/negative picture of.../helps the reader to... As the story is told by | [narrator type], the reader knows more/does not know more than the character(s) in the story. The reader needs to be careful not to take all they read for granted as they experience the development through the main character's eyes. The author makes use of...to create an...atmosphere. The use of short forms + colloquial language in direct speech suggests that... By incorporating a lot of direct speech, the narrator manages to... The author uses metaphorical language to... ● ● First person narrator Tells story from own perspective L-perspective Only knows feelings and thoughts of this one character Reader tends to sympathise most with this narrator pay attention to: • ● Ask yourself 1. Introduction • Topic ● ● ● 2. Main part Narrative techniques Key words / phrases References to historical events or people Symbols, key words, slogans Stylistic devices Omniscient/ unlimited Not part of the story Knows details about all characters Knows everything total knowledge Can comment on the character's behaviour, thoughts, events or the writing itself Style: neutral, more distanced Speech analyse What's the main topic? o Political, historical or social context? Attract attention Persuade audience or convince audience Third person narrator (Keep the audience interested, train of thoughts) Useful techniques O Sentence structure O Quotations of reliable sources (statistics, facts- well informed) o Pointing out problems and providing solutions Personal experience - using personal pronouns O 3. Conclusion ● Reference to a question mentioned before ● Appeal to head and heart ● Ask for support (importance of audience) Develop a future vision Limited Tells story from outside (not a character in the story) ● Informs only about the feelings and thoughts of one particular person 1.Greeting audience, thanking for invitation: ● e.g.: "Dear fellow students, teachers and visitors. I feel deeply honored to have the opportunity to speak to you today." 2. Stating importance of topic: e.g.: "I would like to explain to you why "..." is one of the most important texts I've come across regarding..." 3. Body (similar to comment) 4. Conclusion (summary/appeal/quote...): ● e.g.: "All my evidence points into one direction:... ● What it all boils down to is the following:... If we don't act now, future generations will... That is why I ask urge you to... Let me conclude with the words of...who said that..." 5. Ending: ● e.g.: "Thank you for your attention. Effects of stylistic devices ● Catching attention ● Opinion (creative part) Introduction Main part Conclusion Language help Arguments ● ● Creating a feeling of unity Emphazing message Appeal to listeners sense of fairness Revealing positive / negative attitude to topic ● Considering the fact that... Another important point/factor/argument is... ● You also have to take into consideration that... Above all, it is important to note/it must be said/one cannot ignore... I am convinced... ● Not only..., but also... ● It is certain that/There is no doubt that... Firstly..., secondly.../Next/Previously/Afterwards/Later,... ● ● ● ● Furthermore/In addition/Additionally,... ● On the one hand,... on the other hand... For instance/In this case/With regard to... In contrast/Whereas/Nonetheless/However/On the contrary/Despite this/In spite of the fact that/Regardless/Even though/ In contrast to... Although it is true that, it would be wrong to claim... From B's point of view, however,... ● Discussion make the topic relevant → rhetorical question 2-3 arguments on both sides Which side is more justified? ● ● Comment make the topic relevant → state position clearly 2-3 arguments on your side → supported by examples, statistics etc. (+ counter-arguments to invalidate) sum up evidence + restate thesis (+ personal feelings, outlook...) Looking at the problem from A's side, you have to admit that... Supporters/opponents of...might argue/claim that.../Some critics may say.../ Another argument/point/reason that is often put forward is... ● It is only partly true that.... ● Under certain circumstances... Opinion ● ● ● ● ● ● It seems to me that... In my opinion/experience... As far as I can see... From my point of view,... If I am not mistaken,... I cannot deny that... I suppose... I rather agree/disagree with... As far as I am concerned,... Personally,... As I see it,... Conclusion ● ● ● Weighing up the pros and cons, it becomes clear that... Taking into account what has ben said so far, I... Having considered the different arguments, I... To sum up/All in all/In conclusion/To come to a final conclusion, I think/strongly believe/l am convinced/certain... Letter Dear Editor, I am writing you this letter because I would like to comment on your article. First of all, I would like to mention that it.. -Thank you very much for your time. Yours sincerely Mediation Dear ..., I am writing to you because you asked me for something. But first of all, I hope that you are well and that you and your family are healthy. You had asked me if... I personally know a few things about this, but I have also taken the trouble to do some research on the Internet so that you can get a detailed answer to your question. I have found... -I hope that my answer could help you. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. I am very happy to hear from you. -King regards Blog entry Hi guys, I hope you're okay. I'm back with a new topic. Lately I've been wondering about... (Thema,Frage) Now you're probably wondering how I came up to this idea. We have the topic... in school and that's why I thought about it. I think... (Meinung) -At first... because of... -Secondly... -...no, on the contrary Schluss: In my opinion... -I think so because... Sooo guys that's it for mow to this topic from my side but I'm interested in what you think about this? Please comment Political system Constitutional monarchy British constitution ● ● ● King or Queen is head of State Separation of Powers Legislative Not set out in a single document Founded on conventions that are universally accepted, but which have never been formally defined, and also founded on numerous acts and resolutions of Parliament, as each individual act of Parliament contributes to the constitution ➤ Adaptable to changing conditions ● Executive 1. Tradition and Change in Politics and Society Monarchy and Modern Democracy (in Britain) O Parliament O Local authorities O Public corporations responsible for particular nationalised industries Judiciary O Two kinds of law Parliament Government Government departments responsible for national administration ● Common law The Courts O Historic body of conventions ("it has always been like that") Statute law O Parliamentary and EU legislation Elements of Parliament O O O O 00 The Queen Queen, House of Lords, House of Commons Functions of Parliament O Pass laws O Scrutinise government policy and administration O Debate the major issues of the day Agreement of all three elements is required to pass legislation Parliament is directly responsible to the electorate (no written constitution) An act of Parliament cannot be disputed by the law courts Has no overt power but is formally part of the government system Head of State Symbol of national unity Head of the executive and the judiciary Commander-in-chief of the armed forces "Supreme governor" of the Church of England Important functions: The Queen... ● ● Can pardon people Confers peerages and knighthoods • Signs acts of Parliament which makes them law Represents the country at home and abroad ● ● Appoints the Prime Minister by inviting the leader of the majority in the House of Commons to form a Government Summons and dissolves Parliament Gives Royal Assent to legislation (given as a matter of course) Formally appoints ministers, judges, officers, diplomats, bishops ● The House of Lords Pro monarchy Big part of British identity Great for charity Attracts tourists- brings money ● Would ruin lots of traditions Costs only a few cents per tax prayer Unites the UK ● Gives stability over a long time Important functions: Consists of o hereditary peers, who inherit their peerage O Life peers, whose peerages are granted to them personally for their lifetime ● To discuss, examine or delay Bills To introduce bills Limited power, can only delay a law, not stop it Against monarchy Expensive lifestyle Not really democratic State and church are tied together Outdated concept Gets to choose multiple important positions No guarantee for a good monarch but can't be held accountable Tourists would come either way The House of Commons (Lower House) Political power of them has been gradually reduced They have recognised the supremacy of the house of common 646 members are directly elected by voters in the constituencies The sit in the House of Commons is elected every five years Actual legislative body of the United Kingdom Political Parties ● ● The Conservative Party (Tories) Right-wing party, associated with O Nationalism, Law and order, Private enterprise, Minimal interference of the state in the economy Programm: Prime Minister O The Labour Party Traditional party of the "working class", formerly associated with O State control and planning, Nationalization of key industries, Welfare, Affiliation to the trade unions o Programm: ● Is appointed by the Queen Is always a member of the House of Commons Presides over the cabinet, allocates functions to the ministers and informs the Queen regularly at private meetings Lives at Number 10 Downing Street ● little state inference, free market capitalism, criticises multiculturalism, supports brexit Important members of the present cabinet (April 2021) Prime Minister - Boris Johnson Chancellor of the Exchequer - Rishi Sunat ● Secretary of State for the Home Department - Priti Patel ● Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs - Dominic Raab ● Secretary of State for Defence - Ben Wallace The Privy Council ● Support of the working class, supports multiculturalism, criticises brexit Her Majesty's Opposition Leader of the opposition forms a "shadow cabinet", which can take over at any time if the government loses the support of the majority in parliament. Main function is to advise the Queen on the approval of legislation Members are senior politicians who were or are members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. Local government ● Differs in the four countries of the UK There are country councils, district councils and parish councils, which are responsible for all kinds of local affairs (e.g. waste management, transport, traffic, housing, education, licensing, cemeteries..) Devolution ● Granting of powers to the parliaments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland Scottish independence wanted since late 20th century O 2014 (referendum) on full independence held in Scotland there was a narrow majority for the country to remain in the UK o Second referendum of independence for Scotland has been proposed to give Scotland the chance to stay in the EU ● Society Class ● O ● O O O The British are very class-conscious Class distinctions are recognisable in ▪ Speech, habits, style, tastes and values Class distinctions have become less obvious The country has become more of a meritocracy a society where achievement counts mist To refer to social classes there are the traditional terms Upper class ■ ■ Britain and the EU Ethnicity O Britain has become a multinational society in the last half century Many workers came from Commonwealth countries Great efforts to integrate people from ethnic minorities Traditionally Britain has preferred to stay out of the Europe ● Member of the EU since 1973 Upper-middle class Lower-middle class Working class But never joined the monetary union (not have euro) Also never signed the Schengen Agreement, which permits travelling without border controls between 25 European countries 2016 referendum about Britain's membership in the EU ■ ● O Main arguments of the Eurosceptics EU is expensive to run EU is dominated by big countries at the expense of smaller members EU is too powerful ■ ■ EU is trying to impose regulation on policy areas that should be the responsibility of national governments (e.g. health, education, law) EU is corrupt and money-wasting I EU is a security risk with its open borders EU is host to millions of immigrants, some of the hostile and violent EU is undemocratic Brexit ● ● ● ● o Arguments in favour of the EU Shorthand way of saying the UK is leaving the EU The deal after the Brexit contains new rules for how the UK and the EU will live, work and trade together Reasons: ● ■ ■ ■ The EU has created the world's largest international trade market People have the choice to live and work anywhere in the EU Many formerly poor countries have prospered in the EU, and poor regions receive special grants Consumers have more rights ● Euro Pol provides cooperation on crime The EU has passed many laws to ensure better environmental, consumer and health standards Tourists receive free medical aid Travel in the EU has become easier and cheaper Human rights legislation has helped individuals in all EU countries Important issues are workers rights, social and environmental regulations, travel, fishing, and financial services UK will now follow its own trade policy and wishes to negotiate deals with other countries There will no longer be freedom of movement between the UK and the EU For longer stays, people will need visas Are a threat to European trade ties ● Political: immigration control Economical: free trade, EU membership costs 250 million per week ● Identity: independence, self-determination Multicultural Society Definition: people from different cultures/ nationalities/ religions live together in a society 1914 Inhabitants of the colonies were given British citizenship Britain today Britain consists of three countries (England, Scotland, Wales), with Northern Ireland it forms the UK Britishness means the shared identity of the UK ● Each nation has own unique identity ● Ethnic diversity enriches Britain o Many embrace the possibilities and advantages of ethnic diversity Others fear that "Britishness" will eventually be lost, they interpret multiculturalism as meaning that various cultures coexist peacefully, but without having a common basis of shared values Second generation immigrants face a variety of problems o Experience clash of cultures O Pluralism O Outside they adopt a western lifestyle, similar to that of their friends At home they living according to values, beliefs and traditions typical of their parents home countries They have difficulties when it comes to living up to the expectations their parents, friends, teachers.. Have to face discrimination Advantages Freedom of views (on religion, politics...) -exchange between cultures -society is enriched by diversity More open-mindedness, tolerance regarding all areas of life Immigrants bring new and different skills -progress of economy Diverse cuisine attracts tourists Disadvantages Inequality in multiple areas -education (less degrees, more dropouts) -healthcare (less mental health help) -employments (earn less, lower positions) -crime (higher rate of prosecution) -living standards (overcrowded spaces) Cultures live more parallel than actually together Discrimination, exclusion Illegal immigrants Possible language communication barriers Fear of losing own culture Sense of not fully belonging anywhere 2nd generation problems Severe gaps between social classes American Dream ● Freedom ● ● The American Dream is the dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement. First thing many immigrants saw was the Statue of Liberty (during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, when they came by ship to New York) O The Statue of Liberty is given to the USA as a gift from France in 1886 Celebrate the first 100 years of American Independence from Britain It's a robed woman, holding a lit torch in her right and a tablet in her left hand, showing the date of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) One of the most famous American icons O O 2. Freedom and Justice - Myths and Realities. Concepts of the American Dream Streetcar Named Desire · Symbolising enlightenment, independence, liberty and freedom Ellis Island, where the Statue was build, is the place where immigrants first set foot on American soil An island of hopes but also an island of tears for a number of immigrants A gateway to a new/better life for the majority of immigrants O A federal immigration station from 1892-1954 O The Puritans ● Had a lasting impact on New England society O O O O Towards the end of the 16th century they felt that Protestantism in England was not much different from Catholicism Decide to leave England, seeking their luck elsewhere Wished to remain English subjects but free to worship God the way they wanted to Intention: The New Canaan To purify the Church of England, not leave it In the Bible Canaan was the land God promised to the Israelites • God ordered Moses to lead people from Egypt to Canaan - "a land of milk and honey" America sees itself in this tradition and the idea of America as "New Canaan" or land ● of milk and honey is closely linked to the idea to "manifest destiny" Manifest Destiny/ The Frontier ● Manifest Destiny O Stands for the belief that America is the one nation ordered by God to expand across the North American continent O America = a country that is superior to all other countries O Stresses virtue of the American people, as they are the ones to establish moral rules and values across the globe The Frontier O O O After this mission new challenges and new frontiers were needed Space exploration Scientific and technological progress O O Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ● Declaration of Independence: O O The expansion of the American nation from coast to coast, pushing the borderline between civilisation and wilderness further and further back Pacific coast was reached in the 2nd half of the 19th century O ■ Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson All American citizens are created equal Possibility for every American to lead his/her life the way he/she wants to, making his/her own personal dreams come true Stresses the rights of the individual, while at the same time taking the rights of theirs into consideration 1776: O ■ The thirteen colonies declared their independence from England Were at war with England The fact that the new American government was to be radically different from that of the British king was pointed out in the preamble to the American constitution ● The American Constitution: O Written in 1787 O new ideas of a democratic state stated in the preamble of the constitution: "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America." Bill of Rights: O O first ten amendments to the American Constitution written because some delegates feared that the new American government would threaten everyone's ability to achieve personal freedom and the pursuit of happiness first congress of the United States originally proposed twelve amendments in 1789, ten of which were added to the constitution as a preamble O amendments known as the Bill of Rights O guarantee American's citizens certain inalienable rights e.g. freedom of religion, freedom of speech and the press as well as the right to bear arms The American Dream today: ● Multicultural society: ● ● ● ● O A society where various ethnic groups and their cultural heritage are accepted in their own right Salad bowl: the various ethnicities living in the United States adding their own traditions, cultural values, etc. to the American people the various heritages do not merge into one, but stay distinct ("unity to diversity") O O Melting bowl: O the various ethnic groups do not retain their cultural heritage but amalgamate into one new nation USA has been called "a nation of immigrants" because of its great ethnic diversity various ethnic, cultural and social groups came to America to seek new opportunities and start a new life every day, many people try to get over the border but there are strict border controls since there are already so many illegal immigrants in America General facts: 3. Voices from the American Continent: Focus on Nigeria Located on the western coast of Africa Country's name: Federal Republic of Nigeria ● Capital: Abuja, largest and most important city: Lagos ● President: Muhammadu Bihari Official language: English ● Disparities between the regions ● ● O North: very poor o Southern regions: wealthier ● Political system: preventative democratic republic From Empire to Commonwealth Keywords: ● ● At the beginning of the 17th century Britain started to expand its empire across the globe After the 2nd World War the British Empire changed rapidly O Most British colonies became independent from Britain by 1970, but a large number of them stayed closely connected with their former colonizer by joining the Commonwealth ■ ■ Faced difficult task to recreating their own identity, bridging the gap between their country's native traditions and values and British ones people Are allowed to immigrate to Britain (member of the Commonwealth) In the 1970s, when more and more workers faced unemployment because of the economic crisis, immigration came to be seen more critically Republic o A country in which the power is held by representatives elected by the Military rule O Government by an authoritarian body controlled by the military instead of brining elected by the people Post-colonialism O Refers to the time after the British had left the colonies, after their formal rule over the colonies had come to an end O Political independence did not necessarily lead to economic independence O The withdrawal of the British often resulted in problems for the ex-colonies in setting up a functioning government which guaranteed the people the freedom they dreamed on The Commonwealth O A group of 52 states O Many former British colonies joined at the end of the decolonisation process O aims at racial equality and national sovereignty Nigerian History The British rule in Nigeria and Nigerias way to independence ● Late 15th century: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● o Nigeria starts to be affected by the transatlantic slave trade led by the Portuguese, from whom the Christian religion is initially adopted The Transatlantic Slave Trade: 18th century: O British replace Portuguese as the driving force of the slave trade 1851: o Lagos is invaded by British forces and formally annexed in 1865 1901: o Nigeria becomes a British protectorate Protectorate: 1963: o 1966: o 1914: O British protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria are joined October 1, 1960: o Independence movement succeeds in gaining the country's independence from Britain 1967: 1979: ● O 1993: As part of the trade triangle between Europe, Africa and America, enslaved Africans were transported by Western European slave traders to the Americans, where they had to work on tobacco, coffee, sugar, cotton and cocoa plantations Trade lasted until 19th century, when most European countries prohibited slave trade and ended slavery O A country protected and ruled by a superior power (the British) Nigeria becomes a republic but remains a member of the Commonwealth Republic: ● O A separatist movement leads to the "Republic of Biafra" and the three-year Nigerian Civil War breaks out with over 1 million people losing their lives A country in which the power is held by representatives elected by the people Nigerian republic surrenders to military rule Military rule: Government by an authoritarian body controlled by the military instead of brining elected by the people Nigeria becomes a single republic again, but the military seize power again in 1983 Plans to establish a 3rd republic are dissolved by Nigerian dictator General Sani Abacha. After his death in 1988, a 4rd republic is established in 199, after almost three decades of military rule. President Obasanjo rules until 2007, from 2004 under emergency legislation In 2015, Jonathan loses in the elections against Muhammadu Bihari, who is still President today Nigeria today Culture: O ● ● ● Very rich and diverse national culture because of various ethnic groups and many languages o Known for its English language literature ■ China Achebe Winner of the Nobel Prize Wole Soyinka o Since the 1990s, the Nigerian film-industry, also dubbed "Nolleywood", has become important for the whole of Africa ● Society: O Considered to be the 7th most populous country in the world The most populous in Africa with the world's 3rd highest population after India and China o Primary education is free and compulsory and begins at age six and lasts for six years o Secondary education is free and compulsory for three years 400 universities in Nigeria o Population is half urban and half rural O Over 500 languages are spoken by the more than 250 ethnic groups living in Nigeria O Official language: English Challenges Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fula and English Creole are widely spoken O Over 50% of the population are Muslim, about 48% are Christians of various denominations The Nigerian legal and judicial system contains three codes of law: O Customary law O Nigerian statute law (following English law) Sharia (Islamic law) Economy and the environment: Nigeria is regraded as an emerging global power Due to its oil and natural gas industry Especially in the south of the country Nevertheless a large part of the population lives in poverty Rapidly growing population causes several problems O Poverty O The inability to provide enough food for everyone without having to rely on food imports Unemployment poses a major challenge • Inequality between men and women Battling organised crime (especially drug trafficking) Child labour Female genital mutilation Religious tension between the two major groups s rising, especially in the middle belt o Religious fundamentalism Major cause is being the uneven distribution of natural resources and hence wealth ● Environmental problems: O O Oil spills pose a serious environmental threat Waste management inside the growing Nigerian cities Pollution of both waterways and groundwater I Because of the fact that waste is often simply dumped outside the cities Terrorism: o Islamic terrorist group Book Haram is responsible for numerous attacks and the abduction of school children Biafra conflict between the two major ethnic groups (Igbo and Yoruba) problems remain unresolved 4. The impact of Shakespearean drama on Young Audiences Today The Elizabethan Age Named after Queen Elizabeth I, born 1533, crowned 1558, died 1603 (reign of 45 years) ● Politics and economics: ● O England emerged a a world power O International trade ● Strongest naval force O o Internal problems: Rise of capitalism Culture: O ■ William Shakespeare o Exploration of the New World: Sir Francis Drake Sir Walter Raleigh Constant clash between Catholics and Protestants: The Golden Age: Firm establishment of Protestant Church with Elizabeth as head of the Church of England Term used for the Renaissance in Britain at the time of Elizabeth I Freedom of spirit - imagination Greek and Roman thought ● ● ● Domestic study of the Bible, widely read and heard Opened new worlds of history and poetry, stimulated English culture Cultural flowering: o Theatre, music, poetry, art, architecture Writers: Biography: ● Born in Stratford on the 26th April 1564 English playwright, poet and actor His father was a glove-maker O William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser Architect: Inigo Jones Composers: Thomas Tallis, William Byrd ● Spent his formative years in the "royal Shakespeare Company" Told to be homosexual Died 23th on April 1616 Public opinions: ● ● ● ● Shakespeare's plays: ● is considered a "cosmopolitan" because he connects diverse cultures and people of all linguistic levels through his language is labeled as a "modern mind" because his plays are centered on the awareness of one's own body and mentality (-> his plays were not only Ahead of their time but are still highly relevant) ● suitability for the illiterate masses O the plays were highly prolific because theatres were immensely popular male actors only O omen were played by young boys well-designed costumes told the people about the status of a character Relevance today: Yes Timeless topics Eternal love, break ups, friendship/family, race, religion, politics, death, betrayal, freedom Wrote about beauty of life as well about its ugliness Relatable literature Failable characters ● Identification His language influenced over 2000 words and sayings Big part of history Forward thinking for his time ● Topics like homosexuality Language = good challenge Poetic texts are still present in today's world, whether in song lyrics or short quotes, as can be found on social networks Global theatre Important part of culture No Other more exciting literature Shakespeare isn't the only author that can teach about important topics Work = mainly about western culture, but what about the other ones? Old texts Knowledge about Shakespeare = not necessarily required in future life Language to hard to understand Language barrier People who don't have English as their first language Theatre visits occur much less movies that were edited are much more exciting and full of action so plays seem boring in comparison Astrology: although in younger generations astrology is still a trend, its credibility has decreased significantly, since everything can be explained rationally by now Shakespeare's topics: ● Ambition ● Appearance & Reality ● Betrayal ● Conflict ● ● ● Corruption Deception Good & evil Types of Elizabethan plays: Tragedies O end in a catastrophe (death of the character) O catastrophe is a result of a character's flaw (Macbeth's ambition, Othello's ● Hatred Order & disorder Manipulation Revenge jealousy) o tragic hero still arouses interest in his fate, sympathy Comedies O happy, ending O often bawdy O audience went there for a laugh O sexual allusion and undertones very frequent even in tragedy: comic passages with strong sexual allusions often serve as comic relief (Mercutio in R&J, porter in Macbeth) Romances O redemption, forgiveness, reuniting of long lost family members o magic O pastoral setting (beautiful nature, virgin island) Keywords: ● ● ● Utopian literature: O A fictional text dealing with an ideal (future) society Dystopian literature: O Extrapolation: O ● O 5. Visions of the Future Utopia and Dystopia A fictional text dealing with a future society in which human freedom us severely limited Characteristics of a dystopian society: ● Use of propaganda to manipulate the citizens of a society Restriction of information, independent thought and freedom Constant surveillance and control of citizens Fear of the outside world Criticises our present-day society by exposing trends and tendencies towards totalitarian control Here: fictitious description of a future society on the basis of present day phenomena and developments Writer criticises his or her own society by demonstrating what certain trends may lead to or what point society has already reached Types of dystopian control: Corporate control: Living in a dehumanized state Distrust and banishment of the natural world Society as an illusion of a perfect utopian world O One or more large corporations control society through products, advertising, and/or media Bureaucratic control: o Society is controlled by a mindless bureaucracy characterized by complicated official rules, unrelenting regulations and incompetent government official ● Technological control: O Computers, robots and/or scientific means control society Philosophical/religious control: dictatorship or theocratic government enforces a philosophical or religious ideology that controls society Three Novels ● Aldous Huxley: Brave New World ● O Written 1931, set in the distant future (26th century) Generally known elements: O Total control of society by in-vitro fertilization, artificial laboratory breeding, "cloning" of work force and conditioning Society strictly divided into Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon people with Alphas constituting the ruling class and Epsilon constitution a slave-like work force O O O O Natural reproduction outlawed, sex as pure entertainment, archyogamy regarded as unnatural and immoral People kept happy by means of a drug called "soma" Religion replaced by a strong belief in technology and science Extrapolation of developments of the 20th century society in Brave New World: Belief in science, technology and progress Misuse of science Political and economic control and manipulation Mass production and mass consumption Decline of religion and values Decline of educational standards O O O O O O O O O Drugs Mass entertainment Sensationalism George Orwell: 1984 O Written in 1948, hence about a future society Generally known elements: O Big brother: constant surveillance ("Big Brother is watching you") o Newspeak: invention of a new, simplified form of the English language to manipulate thought, complex (l.e. critical) thinking cannot be put into words any more Examples: O ords like goodthink, oldthink, crimethink: simplify expressions of thought, make them imprecise, one- dimensional, eventually devoid of meaning o Euphemisms like Miniluv, Minipax, Minitrue: sound positive, conceal their true meaning o Rewriting of history: Books and newspapers are manipulated ● ● Extrapolation of elements of 20th century society in 1984: O Intrusion in people's privacy, spying on people (Nazi Germany and Soviet Union) ● O Propaganda, misuse of mass media o Psychological torture ● Ray Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451 O Written in 1953, set in the future ● Generally known elements: O 451 degrees Fahrenheit: temperature at which paper starts to burn o Society by entertainment, speed restlessness and superficiality: extremely fast driving, multi-screen television at high volume with very shallow programmes, constant exposure to sound and advertising Critical thought impeded as nooks are forbidden The firemen's job: burn all books O O Science Fiction Extrapolation of elements of 20th century society in Fahrenheit 451: O Burning of books (Nazi Germany) O Atomic bombs (Hiroshima) O Rise of television and audio media, effect on reading o Speeding-up in all areas of life: transport, communication, work, production, O O consumption Dominance of entertainment decline of education O e.g. future settings and futuristic science and technology • imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically postulated laws of nature Settings for science fiction are often contrary to known reality O But most science fiction relies on potential scientific explanations/solutions to various fictional elements no magic involved. Elements of Science Fiction: A setting in the future A setting in outer space (e.g. spaceship), in other worlds, in remote regions of the earth (underground, bottom of the sea) Characters that include alien, mutants, androids or humanoid robots Technology that is futuristic (e.g. ray guns, teleportation, artificial planets etc.) Scientific principles that are new and that have overcome known laws of nature, for example time travel A genre focusing on imaginary content ● New and different societies, especially post-apocalyptic worlds Paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis and teleportation Science fiction vs. Utopia/Dystopia: ● ● considerable overlap between utopia/dystopia and science fiction O Ethical Issues of Scientific and Technological Progress: Genetics: O science fiction is a lot more concerned with the futuristic science and technology ▪ e.g. teleportation machines, space ships, ... I central to the story o Utopian/ Dystopian narratives put their focus on society ■ ● the element of extrapolation plays a central role in dystopian films and novels field of study dealing with the way living organisms inherit features from their ancestors ● Genetic information is carried by the DNA which is copied and inherited cross generations The complete set of genes in a particular organism is known as genome Genetic engineering: O features are called traits ● e.g. a person's eye-colour or height. Putting a new piece of DNA into a cell can produce a new trait People with genetic disorders can be treated by means of a gene therapy ● idea is to replace a malfunctioning gene with one that functions properly Applications of genetically modified organisms: Biological and medical research Production of pharmaceutical drugs Experimental medicine (e.g. gene therapy) • Agriculture (e.g. golden rice) ● The widest application exists for crops resistant to herbicides or for producing pesticides from within Transgenic microbes: ● Bacteria the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory ● organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing human proteins for use in medicine. Genetically modified bacteria are used: O Production of insulin to treat diabetes O Production of clotting factors to treat haemophilia O Production of human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism O To facilitate crop growth in some soils or prevent crop pests Transgenic animals: ● ● Transgenic plants/ genetically modified food: • Normally to meet dietary needs ● Engineered to resist pests, herbicides or harsh environmental conditions Improve product shelf life and makes inedible food edible ● Incrementalism of nutritional value ● ● Production of bigger yields, making farmland more efficient "Terminator" Technology: O GM plants do not yield seeds. This means that farmers have to buy new seeds every time As experimental models to test genes whose function is unknown For the production of human hormones such as insulin Transgenic mice: used to study diseases and test treatments Designer Babies (Reprogenetics): ● The colloquial term "designer baby" refers to a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected to ensure the presence or absence of certain characteristics, especially with regards to the sex of the child. Cloning: ● ● Ethics Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. O This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two Cloning techniques O Non sexual means: unfertilised egg from a female donor O DNA is removed from the egg and replaced by the DNA from the egg that should be cloned Sti tion by electricity for cell-dividing process The embryo will then be transplanted into a surrogate o Therapeutic cloning with the aim to harvest stem cells for medical treatments OOO Biotechnology in agriculture Pros Higher productivity More efficient land use More ecological farming (no ploughing, no insecticides) Solution to problem of famine in the world Higher quality of food Longer shelf life Rehabilitation of damaged land Cons Genes can end up in unexpected places Genes can mutate with harmful effect "Sleeper" genes could be accidentally switched on, active genes could be come "silent" Interaction with wild and native populations. Negative impact on birds, insects and soil Transfer of allergenic genes GM products in the food chain Transfer of antibiotic resistance Loss of farmers control over material Reprogenetics Pros (once it is safe) Parents have a right to choose Moral obligation to give children the best life possible Will lead to improvement of the whole species Sex selection Pros (one it is safe) Parents have a right to choose In some cultures male offspring are important to provide support for old age Theory that having sisters enhances adults quality of life Human Cloning Pros Medical reasons: resource of bone marrow or replaceable organs Infertile couples may have children Cons Technology is not safe yet Bioethical codes condemn experiments with human beings "Super humans" may look down on normal people "Imperfect" human beings would be discriminated against Rich people would be at an advantage The human gene pool may be damaged "New Eugenics": people are designed to suit the needs of society People may be thought of as products Human beings hound not play God Cons Preferences in patriarchal cultures lead to demographic imbalance Members of the unwanted sex may be discriminated against The child may not be loved if something goes wrong and it is not of the desired sex Parents fulfil their own wishes, disregarding the rights of the child Human beings are not allowed to play God Cons Cloning is inherently evil, an intrusion into human life A person who wants to clone himself is self- centred Cloning in order to produce superior beings is eugenics and eugenics is discriminatory Using a human being as a resource for "spare parts" is unethical Reproduction by means of cloning might have long-term consequences for human relationships Children ma be thought of as products Hinduism: what about the person's karma? Dictators may become immortal Definition: ● ● ● ● ● ● process of increasing global conformity with regard to cultural, economic and technical convergences Exchange of services, knowledge, cultural goods & languages Linked and influence each other The three eras of globalisation (by T. Friedman): Globalisation 1.0 (1492-1800) O large → medium o globalisation of countries/coming together as countries O 6. Globalisation Worldwide coming together of countries and nations o simplifies communication and interaction with foreign speakers due to the lingua Franca English the growing interaction between cultures and economies (global village) People & countries can actively exchange information & goods more quickly mainly between countries O trade between the old World and the new World is opened o global integration Globalisation 2.0 (1800-2000) O medium → small o globalisation of companies interrupted by Great Depression and world wars. O O o dynamic force: multinational companies are struggling for profit, powered by falling transportation and telecommunication costs o telephone, internet, PC, satellites Globalisation 3.0 (2000-today) small → tiny new found power of individuals to collaborate and compete globally o globalisation: people from all over the world are taking part O O O O O more opportunities every individual got the freedom of taking part Driving forces of globalisation: Transportation: ● 19th and 20th century: o Railway-shipping of products in bulk over land Streamship - transportation of millions of people O O container ships o giant tanker O airliner Communication technologies: 1866: first transatlantic cable cmost important breakthrough of the last 200 years for the capital markets ● O most important breakthrough O great impact of the speed of information flows capital market integration O transcontinental telephone O O internet radio satellite O computer Economic liberalisation: ● After World War II liberalisation started in Western Europe & across the Atlantic and also across Latin America liberalisation at the borders internal and external revesal point after highest point in 19 th century O because of the four "IS" 00 Consequences: o protectionist interests O O ➤ high taxes on important goods, restraint of trade among nations, anti globalisation principle o geopolitical insecurity ➤ rivalry among great powers (World War I and II) collectivist ideas ● mass tourism macroeconomic instability ➤ Great Depression (economic downturn/collapse) nationalism, imperialism, socialism, communism, decline of trade 24-hour financial markets Global interconnections of production o multinational corporations ► lots of new opportunities Globalisation effects on (the components): everyday life: ● ● ● economy: ● global trade ● constant change of development ● export/import O easier access to other countries economic independence ● outsourcing of labour and productions O cheaper workers and prices ● food & clothes Communication (social media etc.) learning different languages education (connected to digital Tech.) mobile phones & social media ● politics: ● stock markets international trading in connection to communication and technology ● updates about every political decision from all over the world more opportunities for espionage global challenges (COVID 19) climate change movements (BLM, F for Future) technology: international alliance and cooperations trade as a warpen investment policy ● social media internet ● medical progress ● communication all over the world copying technology job opportunities economical advantage ● easier trading artificial intelligence military technology culture & religion: traveling (tourists) ● fashion/beauty standards literature, music, films, Netflix migration custom traditions, values, beliefs - religion -> converting is more usual diversity of people languages studying abroad sports international events access of information English as a global Language: ● Lingua franca: language of communication for people who do not share the same first language ELF: English as a foreign language o Why English? pro most scientific, technological and academic information is in English language of trade, businesses, international market working/living abroad without aggravating language barriers easy to learn everywhere Studying The most powerful nations speak it (-> British Empire, American imperialism) O Possible problems for the language: many dialects/wording and grammar Studying and working in a globalized world pro new friends Most widely learned language Experience see the world Impress future employer change in mindset learn new language Independence / Responsibility Working Less prejudices / open-minded Adapting new norms / demand pro new possibilities Multicultural & more diversity, labour mobility Challenge helps to grow Different ways of doing busines Experience global marketplace Cross-cultural communication Bigger competition More innovatio International internship con loss of cultures heritage & traditions children do not get to know their origin not everyone speaks English (especially old people) - find it difficult to learn other foreign languages are not learned cannot force people to speak English (against democratic values) con expensive Loneliness Homesickness hard to prepare documents & obtain permission to study Maybe bad connection to host family You have to adapt to a new culture, language,mentality con gap between rich & poor increases hidden costs of living abroad Traditional "working" might disappear Loss of jobs unemployment, child labour harder to find jobs Reduction of demand on unskilled labor leave family Homesickness/loneliness work under poor and bad working conditions with low safety standards In developing countries is often no emphasis on protecting the environment during production Chances and challenges of globalisation - a curse or a blessing? blessing economic gaining access: (Zugang) global market area: global trade: ✓ ✓ fair traid: (campains) ✓ ✓ access to essential products, specialities and medicines from all over the world small and large companies can sell their products worldwide ✓ ✓ secures jobs, economic stability cheaper materials, products, labour, lowering costs, raising profits good supports poor countries (developing) giving much needed jobs, improving local infrastructure ● help developing countries: fair share of the profits created free trade between nations promotes global economic growth (creates jobs, greater competition between companies, lower prices for consumers) advances in communication, transportation, trade, infrastructure and quick dissemination of information Worldwide market offers access for companies and consumers to various products of different countries Diminution of barriers (tariffs, value added taxes, subsidies) Migration of workers: people have far more opportunities to work abroad, take advantage of better wages/working conditions (+ for countries lack professionals, certain skills) multinational corporations investing in production facilities of developing countries provide employment, Infusions of foreign capital and technology give developing countries the opportunity to develop economically and create conditions in which democracy and respect for human rights can flourish Outsourcing definition: a company retaining an external workforce to do tasks, operations, jobs or processes by contracting a third party reduce costs (e.g., wages, taxes..) -> company profits, improved economic efficiency, trained workforce is given, access to a larger talent pool avoid government regulations or mandates (environmental regulations, safety regulations and requirements) distribute to jobs in developing countries, can strengthen international ties curse ● ✓ economic disruption in one country can affect all nations (e.g., global financial crisis 2008 pollution (environmental damage due to production and transportation of goods) ✓disparity between wealth and poverty employees welfare and job security are negligible ✓ ✓exploitation of workers, child labour in the least O O "global players" = large international cooperations dominating market, no chance for small businesses political interest, financial power, subsidisation Outsourcing/ offshoring (&global competition) for cheap materials develoved (stagnating wages) production conditions often invisible for those who buy O O O O developed countries (sweatshops) loss of jobs in developed countries (transfer of the production to lower cost countries, China is most favored) consumerism, materialism Outsourcing lack of transparency of production for consumer lack of control, communication issues, loss of jobs in the home country adverse labor + environmental conditions companies exploit the inhuman working conditions in developing countries (subsistence wages= Existenzminimum, no job security) politics culture ● ● Sweatshops O ✓ ✓ Strengthening the power and freedom of nations, groups and non-governmental parties promotes democratic structures barriers are reduced and global problems can be collectively solved (pandemic, poverty,..) Labour laws can be standardized if several countries work together (EU). Benefits for the workers such as regulations involving working hours and conditions The energy-efficient appliances; international agreements to reduce greenhouse emissions; renewable fuels; reforestation; recycling of waste; renewable energy sources weakening the role and hegemony of states in the illegitimate control of nations expanding new political culture, changing and redefining political theories in national and ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ O create employment (if SS were abolished the workers would end up starving/prostitution, etc.) inexpensive clothing/electronics for western consumers ✓ international spheres' international organizations: UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO reduced likelihood of war between developed countries ✓ spread of previously local or national cultural phenomena around the world (sports, art, fashion, religion, music) ● cultural intermingling ✓ reduction of cultural barriers (global village effect because of travel & the media) contributes to tolerance and openness exchange of goods, culture and knowledge economic Sweatshops O subsistence wages, working conditions are oppressive and hazardous to health (no health insurance), lack of regulated working hours, job insecurity child labour (miss education because they work to ensure subsistence for their family), woman are victims of sexual abuse ✓ governments face the impact of ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ O economic refuges because of political persecution, war, poor living societies Increased influence of multinational corporations considering political decisions + gaining power-threat of corporations ruling the world Has failed to deliver desired gains in labor rights, human rights and environmental protection chance of war between developing countries Loss of cultural heritage and diversity ● cultural homogeneity erodes and universalizes the characteristics of a local group promotes capitalism and enhances the western power (Westernization/Americanization) disparities concerning wealth/poverty, education, health (care), food system, gender inequality ✓ infringement on national and individual sovereignty ✓forced migration involuntary movement of people away from their home due to sudden life- threatening events ✓overpopulation O companies produce in countries where the costs incurred are lowest, focusing on profit, efficiency and speed technological globalization: o mobile communication through technological innovations enables international exchange cultural globalization: o spreading of cultural characteristics, wich are expressed e.g. in sports; fashion; art; food or music; also religions belongs to it open markets/ free trade advantages source of competitive strength stimulus to efficiency economic growth rising incomes Chance of specialisation best use of financial and industrial resources The role of a global player ● ● ● ✓ Outsourcing: process of shifting services or the production of goods to an external company in another country Winners: Losers: ● minimising costs through outsourcing reaching of a larger talent pool ✓ Offshore outsourcing: When the company is in two countries. The scientists and engineers often work in the home country and the production is in a low-wage country. can determine prices can reach more costumers ( broader customer base); increase profit ● · economically big companies multinational cooperations →global players disadvantages unrestricted competition negative effects on domestic industries loss of jobs backlash against free trade and capital industrial countries ● developing countries (progress) ● environment workers of developing countries smaller companies/competition local farmers loss of individuality textile industry ● los-cost factories cultures →westernization/Americanization positive consequences → many now jobs, even in der doping countries hopes of spreading democracy, human rights & universal values while conflict can be presented possibility of international relations, fighting racism significant health benefits ● talented individuals influence the market ● more possibilities for education (online) ● easier communication → faster diffusion of new ideas, technology, products, services, lifestyles, gaining access new potential markets and costumers global market area ● ● ● ● ● ● negative consequences developing countries increasing dependance an foreign support, investment and credit Erosion of democracy and fair play through increasing power of multinational companies O corruption ● ● innovation is followed by growth in employment ● ● ● O o global trade increase of globalisation increasing coherence of politics in economy, society and employment due to international standards global information network and exchange (global civil society) economic prosperity and work for developing countries spread of democracy, freedom and human rights traveling becomes easier massive illegal immigration "The Survival of the fittest" could be seen as a caricatured representation of the widening gap between rich and poor/ skilled and unskilled workers industrial sector drops as agricultural labor is reduüng increased mobility can promote Spread of diseases small family business cannot compete against international companies financial crises of state can cause international damage. fast Life social media influence 24/7 life more and more online →losing real social Connections personal data is a less secure ● rising competition - increasing dependencies - uncontrolled money flow Control by multinationals, degradation of social standards trade barriers still exist, rich countries keep developing countries away from the world market ● danger to the environment massive pollution outsourcing of CO2 emissions O O o regional and ethnic tensions about natural resources O biological diversity is destroyed economic issues Sudden conflicts can cause a trade to collapse Everyone's economy can depend on the other countries Inflation merging markets Inequality (rich and poor) Economy: - most affected area - worldwide exports, direct investments & multinational corporations have increased Winners: - newly industrialized countries: Taiwan, South Korea, India, China, Brazil - low wages -> cheap products ->global success Globalisation global issues immigration Local job loss because of international recruiting Export and import fees huge (worldwide) competition Politics: -global problems are being solved by broader groups of countries (EU, G-20, UNO etc.) and by NGOs (non-governmental organizations) - NGOs use the internet to influence in politics -decrease of political attitude of single states Globalisation -Driving factors: decreasing costs of transport and communication global liberalisation of markets - worth to export small goods - transport of humans (immigration) socio-cultural aspects Culture: - global products etc. destroy cultural diversity - some people return to local and regional cultural customs - upswing - high Export & import - stable economy Different cultures are merged Food, clothing and lifestyles are being internationalized Losers: - a lot of Chinese People live in poverty (the Country itself grows) - sub-Saharan African countries -world connection - more flexible - foreign companies destroy local productive facilities - developing countries are not attractive. to investors Economic challenges Global market has become very competitive O While global players consider efficiency, speed, flexibility and profits as most important, employees are increasingly unable to defend their rights O Jobs are being outsourced or off-shored to cut down production costs, o Sweatshops ● I Working for long hours at a stretch Earning only minimal wages ■ Inhumane working conditions Multinational companies exploit the poor and indirectly support child labour by only having their own profit in mind O In developing countries they live under poor conditions, without a decent education or access to new means of communicatio O Fair trade is becoming increasingly important Aim is to ensure that workers and small-scale producers in poor countries are paid a fair price for their work and products Close links and collaboration between companies all across the globe ■ Ecological challenges and the role of customers Environmental pollution is growing rapidly O Global problems: ■ ■ Exhaust fumes from factories Number of vehicles on the roads has steadily increased Number of people traveling by plane is also greater Food-miles ● More goods are air-freighted ● Fair trade products carbon footprint Greenhouse gases cause chemical damage (global warming) Global warming and its consequences ● Greenhouse gases form a layer around the earth trapping heat and thereby causing the temperature on the ground to rise ● Consequences of climate change: Floods in coastal areas Heavy rainfall in some regions O O o Melting of polar ice-caps ● Biodiversity is threatened (flowers and animals die) Desertification: O Due to over-extraction of groundwater, unwise use of water resources and raising soil salinity, vast areas of land in relatively dry areas deteriorate and become useless Attempts to reduce global warming: ● Kyoto Protocol O Aim is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases Paris UN Climate Change Conference