Summary Writing

Summary writing is a crucial skill in English essay composition. This section outlines the key steps and techniques for creating an effective summary.

Structure of a Summary

1. Introduction: Begin by mentioning the text type, title, author, date/place, and main topic.

2. Main Body: Organize content based on logical sections, addressing the "W-questions" (who, where, why, how, what for).

3. Conclusion: Summarize the main aspects of the text.

Highlight: The summary should not exceed 1/3 of the original text's length.

Language and Style

• Use Simple Present tense
• Employ your own words
• Maintain an objective tone
• Utilize synonyms for variety

Example: Useful phrases for summary writing include "The author points out that...", "He stresses/argues/states/emphasizes that...", and "In the first/second/third part of the text...".

Characterization

This section delves into the art of characterization, providing a structured approach to analyzing literary characters.

Structure of a Characterization

1. Introduction: Introduce the character's name, age, role in the story, and a general statement about their nature (round or flat character).

2. Main Body: Describe the character's outward appearance, direct information about them, and conclusions drawn from their behavior.

3. Conclusion: Summarize what the reader learns about the character and state whether they have developed or remained static throughout the plot.

Vocabulary: "Round characters" are complex and undergo changes, while "flat characters" remain static and are characterized by one or two traits.

Techniques for Characterization

1. Direct (Explicit) Characterization: Uses another character, narrator, or the protagonist to directly describe the subject.

2. Indirect (Implicit) Characterization: A more subtle approach where readers deduce characteristics by observing the character's thoughts, behavior, speech, and appearance.

Definition: Indirect characterization requires readers to infer character traits from the text, rather than being explicitly told.

Commentary Writing

The guide also covers how to write effective commentaries on literary texts.

Key Points for Commentary Writing

• Pay attention to the specific task requirements
• Use Simple Present tense
• Balance arguments using phrases like "On the one hand... on the other hand"
• Consider counterarguments with phrases like "It might be argued that..."

Example: Useful phrases for commentary include "First of all", "Furthermore", "Moreover", "In addition", "Nevertheless", and "Although".

Mediation

The final section briefly touches on mediation skills in language learning.

Mediation Tips

• Translate only the most important information
• Focus on one or a few main aspects
• Explain typically German concepts (e.g., Karneval, Abitur) when necessary
• Adapt the style to the recipient if writing a letter or email

Highlight: Effective mediation requires not just translation, but cultural interpretation and adaptation of content.