LK Abiturlernzettel 2023

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by many white people when performing in black face, also craws as a description for their blackness 1880-1940 1909 1915 1917 1919 1929-1941 1941 1945 1947 1954 1955-1968 in To Kill a Mockingbird: they don't go to school with black children, poc can only do lower jobs, Tom Robinson case extreme use of lynching to maintain white supremacy by using fear and terror against black people "Lynch-Law" (it was no legal law) in To Kill a Mockingbird: even before the trial people try to kill Tom (chapter 15) establishment of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) → gave black people an attorney in trails, fought for poc rights film: The Birth of a Nation" promotes racial ideology and leads to a reestablishment of the Ku-Klu-Klans America enters WWI women are allowed to vote → 19th amendment Great Depression huge imbalance of the rich and poor already in the 1920's 29.10.1929 Black Tuesday → stock market collapses banks failing, businesses closing, unemployment believe of the 1920's: success was earned → now: failure was deserved lots of self-blame and self-doubt especially for men some women started working and even children African Americans suffered more than whites → their jobs were taken away and given to whites in To Kill a Mockingbird: written from the view of a child: mentions how the Cunninghams can only pay them back with food the Ewells as the poorest family America enters WWII America drops two atomic bombs on Japan Beginning of The Cold War Segregation in school and transit was unconstitutional Civil Rights Movement under the presidency of John F. Kennedy black people received a Bill of Rights but equality was still not established while the voices of black people rose (Black Panthers) racist groups became violent and many activists were assassinated 1965-1975 1991 2001 2003 2007-2008 2008 2017-2021 2022 Today 1963 "I have A Dream" - Martin Luther King 1955 bus boycott: Rosa Parks being arrested for not sitting in the back of the bus it helped to welcome black people in everyday life even though they still experienced (even till today) hatred and violence America enters Vietnam War End of The Cold War 9/11 Terrorist Attack →→ America attacks Afghanistan America invades Iraq Finance Crisis Barack Obama as the first African American President Presidency Donald Trump Inauguration Joe Biden Documentary "13th America has 25% of all prisoners in the world but only makes up about 5% of the world population 40% are African Americans even though they only make up about 6,5% of the population the 13th amendment left a loophole allowing slavery as a punishment after the abolition of slavery 4 million slaves were left unemployed → mass incarceration for things like vagrancy (Landstreicherei) which allowed the whites to still use black people as slaves War on Drugs injustice by the criminalization of the drug crack which is more popular in black communities than the powder version in white communities Police Brutality very occurrent today → racial profiling due to prejudice many African American loose their lives due brutal police actions establishment of the Black Lives Matter movement big attention in 2020 after the death of Georg Floyd ALEC (American Legislative Exchange Council) Benefit of the low wage they have to pay prisoners to do work Migration → the American Dream as a reason for immigration The Melting Pot requires immigrants to assimilate in order to become on common culture → assimilation The Salad Bowl calls for us to celebrate diversity among our oneness → hyphenated identity: integration Assimilation Immigration Segregation Marginalization The American Dream less of a dream, more of an idea → my life will be better in the US "from rags to riches" → regardless of you background, anything is possible if you work hard enough individual wishes: wealth & success, equality & liberty America as the land of freedom and opportunity → responsibility: you have to work hard enough, then your dreams will become true Symbols Uncle Sam Ellis Island supposed to make contact with the others, lose their identity supposed to make contact to the others, can keep their identity excluded from contact, can keep their identity excluded from contact, supposed to lose their identity Movies popular name for the American government close to Manhattan, the way for many immigrants to get to the US first settlers Pilgrims Independence Day Stars and Stripes (flag) Books 1936 "the Epic of America" by James Truslow Adams made the American Dream as a term and definition first know The Great Gatsby → criticizes the American Dream by showing how some achieve the goal with unfair means Death of A Salesman → the protagonist even dies because of his unshakeable belief in the American Dream Today the idea today is still deeply rooted in people's minds criticism physically hard-working people don't get enough money for their jobs (nurses vs. doctors) the education is unequal. In America high educational colleges are very expensive and even in Germany most uni-students have parents who are academics as well → racial and financial background play a role the rich (mostly whites) become richer and poor poorer most likely that you'll never achieve your dreams you can loose anything very fast like a job because there are no protecting rights exploitation of immigrants and Native Americans the American Dream is inaccessible or less likely to be achieved if you don't have as many privileges already To Kill a Mockingbird Author Publication Topics Characters Scout Finch Jem Finch Atticus Finch Harper Lee 1960 (setting: Alabama in the 1930s) Great Depression, coming of age, racism and civil rights (black history in America) narrator and protagonist Jean Louise Finch, nickname: Scout lives with her brother Jem, her father Atticus, and the maid Calpurnia (mother passed away when she was two) doesn't fit into typical expectations for a girl: enjoys to fight boys, appears very tough, dislikes wearing dresses, learns how to read before going to school, speaks up for herself, calls her father by her first name character development: starts as an innocent, five-year old girl that has never been exposed to the evil world influential event: comes in touch with racial prejudice → inherits Atticus optimistic way of thinking by believing that goodness exists in humanity (develops into having an almost grown-up way of thinking by the end of the novel where she's nine years old) Jeremy Atticus Finch, the brother of Scout typical American boy: dreams of playing football, adventures, protective of his younger sister (sense of responsibility towards her) → as he grows older he doesn't want to be Scouts playmate anymore but reminds her companion and protects her influential event: comes in touch with racial prejudice → deeply affected by the injustice he sees, develops a strong sense to protect weaker ones (bug scene) capable to see the good in people even if unexpected father of Scout and Jim, widower is older than most fathers and doesn't do regular activities (fishing) shoots a mad dog (used to be the best shooter in town, which is very surprising to his children) a lawyer → strong sense of morality and justice which project on to the children almost turns in his 13 year old son due to his job, he does not struggle much during the Great Depression Boo Radley Dill Charles Baker Harris friend and summer neighbor to Scout and Jem (visits his aunt in Maycomb) runs away from his abusive household and lives with the Finch's → but also has a fertile imagination fascinated by Boo Miss Maudie Atkinson neighbor and friend of the Finch´s Aunt Alexandra status in Maycomb: seen as wise, intelligent and is respected which why people turn to him when they're in trouble defends a black man despite others' opinions (committed to racial equality) → but his status still stays the same even though he gets criticized Doesn't change trough out the novel, but his children develop a different view on him →→ they understand his actions better real name: Arthur Radley children call him Boo Radley and tell each other rumors about him because he never leaves his house (the Radley Place) has phantom status to Scout, Jem and Dill allegedly stabbed his father (was a smart child but abused and left damaged by his father) Calpurnia leaves the children presents, covers them with a blanket and saves their life in the end friends with Atticus, watches his children (helps him out) →is a widow committed to justice, funny, kind, smart wears male clothes and dresses → is a role-model to Scout (femininity) Atticus sister comes to live with them to raise the children → thinks Scout needs more female influence since she's too boyish has a dominant position in her family lives and teaches southern tradition (believes in gender roles and adheres the social hierarchy in Maycomb) is the black cook and housekeeper of the family is a mother figure to Scout and Jem disciplined, kind symbolizes the bridge between black and white in Maycomb (still is hired as a maid) Bob Ewell Mayella Ewell Tom Robinson Link Deas the Ewells are the poorest family in Maycomb and love behind the town garbage dump in a hut out of tin widower and father of eight children (they only go to school for the first day of the school year so they don't get into trouble with the law) is an alcoholic and physically abusive to his children even falls out of the WPA program (→ the Works Progress Administration was established during the Great Depression and helped to get unemployed people to get a job) accused Tom Robinson to have raped his daughter → wants to gain respect by the Maycomb society by saving a white woman from a black man threatens people who were against him in court when Tom Robinson dies, he states "One down and about to more to go." later Bob Ewell "Let the dead bury the dead." (his hatefulness result in his own death) represents ignorance, poverty, misery and hateful racial prejudice the daughter of Bob Ewell 19-year-old and unhappy with her life is like a mother to her siblings and a surrogate wife to her father can't go to school grows geraniums in their garden future outlook: has nowhere else to go and will continue her current miserable life with her abusive father feels lonely and wants to feels powerful → an affair with a black man would put her into a powerful position so she takes advantage of Tom Robinson a black man who works for Link Deas in his field has a wife named Helen Robinson, they have three children has lost his left arm in a cotton gin when he was a boy (physically handicapped and overall disadvantaged due to his skin color) → accused of having raped Mayella but couldn't have blacked her right eye but since he's black he will lose the case gets shot seventeen times when he tries to escape prison the employer of Tom Robinson thinks Tom is a good man and worker looks "past race" but still employed a black man for menial labor Mrs. Henry L. Dubose lives next to the Finch´s is and elderly woman who's sick and wants to fight her morphine addiction in her last days called Atticus a "n-word-lover" to the kids, so they destroy her camellia, as a punishment Jem has to read to her every afternoon for a month ill-tempered and racist sheriff of Maycomb Fights for justice and protects the innocent (Tom and Jem) Mr. Dolphus Daymond has mixed children with his black mistress as a white man Heck Tate Nathan Radley Mr. Walter Cunningham a farmer and father to his son Walter who goes to school with Scout thought his children to never take money that they can't pay back pays back Atticus with food and wood pretends to be drunk all the time so the people don't judge his lifestyle disgusted by the hatred the black people and he receives older brother of Boo Radley treats Boo as abusive as their father and cuts of his connection to the outside world (Scout and Jem) by feeling the hole in the tree CALPURNIA To Kill a Mockingbird Character Relationships AUNT ALEXANDRA part of the group who wants to lynch Tom but then backs of because of Scout recognizing him (basically) ATTICUS MISS MAUDIE C SCOUT HECK TATE JEM DILL TOM ROBINSON KEY ......... = Family = Friends = Out to get .......... = Kills (directly or indirectly) BOO RADLEY MAYELLA BOB EWELL Themes Prejudice the story is set in America in the 1930's racial prejudice: slavery wasn't legal anymore but many white people still believed in a white supremacy Tom is considered guilty even though the evidence proofs different Lula does not want white children in their black church Boo has committed a far more worse crime than most black prisoners but is still kept away from them Aunt Alexander urges to teach the children about the importance of class and heritance social prejudice: the town and the children have prejudice over Boo Radley and treat him as a scapegoat and project all sorts of rumors on him Atticus faces backlash for defending a black man in court (bad for his reputation) which has affects on his family the Ewells face prejudice due to their low social class but project prejudice onto people even lower than them: black people "separate but equal" aspect of Jim Crow Laws after abolition of slavery Innocence In the novel Jem and Scout start of as innocent even naïve children but experiences in society cause them to grow up and lose their innocence by empiercing the bad and ugly they mock and play with Boo not considering why he might not be leaving the house, they just assume he's a bad person by believing the rumors and think it's okay to hurt someone supposedly malevolent due to the court case they get exposed to prejudice being hold against them because of their father and they experience the injustice and hypocrisy in Maycomb society innocence is mutilated by prejudice both Tom and Boo are expected not to be innocent by the prejudice hold against them even though they're fundamentally good people (Tom feels sorry for Mayella and helps her, Boo saves Scout and Jem) Religion Jem and Scout are raised with Christian values → Atticus represents ethical, moral and overall a behavior and the believe to treat every human with compassion and forgiveness Scout struggles when someone insults her family but is thought that that's wrong when Bob Ewell spits into his face he basically turns the other cheek Christ-like figure: deals with the poorest "creatures" no one wants to stand up for shoots the mad dog when everyone else is too afraid defends Tom in court = carries the sins of Maycomb society and endures the prejudice and backlash Atticus as a White Savior The term "white savior" is used to describe white people who, from a superior position, try to help or "save" a non-white person or community. Actually, help is a good thing - no matter from whom it comes. However, white saviorism is criticized for increasingly foregrounding the experiences of white people. Because then the experiences of those who are actually affected by the problems are often not heard. the story is centered on innocent white protagonists benevolently exercising power, with black characters relegated to the margins even stories about their own oppression (white people are described in detail but we only know basic details about the black characters) the message of racial equality is told through the victimization of a black man who must be saved by a white hero, the message shouldn't be that Black Americans deserve equality because they appeal to white sensitivities, but rather because they exist in the same manner as every other human regardless of race Motifs Atticus still keeps a black maid when Tom is found guilty people raise up from their chairs to show their gratitude for Atticus, not Tom Atticus is a character to make white people feel good ("we're not all racist") → but at best he was just the least racist person in Maycomb he was not a civil right activist and when he loses the case, he doesn't go on and fights racism in any way, so after the trail Maycomb simply goes back to its racial order for the reasoning of Bob Ewells death, racism is as a matter of fact affirmed and upheld it is Dill, Scout and Jem who repeatedly question Maycomb's racism, only to have it repeatedly explained away by the adults they love, respect and trust, reinforcing and normalizing a culture of oppression Gothic Elements is used by the author to establish drama and tension Harper Lee doesn't use traditional supernatural elements but elements which are out of place for the usual quiet town Miss Maudie's house which burns down (sign for future conflict and chaos unnatural snowfall the portrayal of Boo Radley as a ghostly phantom Halloween → backstory with Miss Tutti and Miss Frutti, Cecil Jacobs scares them, Bob Ewells tries to kill them (innocent child in a costume) Small-Town Life the gothic elements and the peaceful environment clash → good and evil imagery Maycomb is superficially good-natured, people work together when Miss Maudie's house burns down and have understanding for each other's situations Walking in someone else's shoes a lesson taught to Scout by Atticus she's afraid of Boo Radley until she meets him and sees how nice of a person he is Scout learns to try to see things out of different perspectives → develops a mature worldview and empathy (something Harper Lee wants to teach) Femininity Scout does not want to act as a girl because she believes that behaving girlishly is bad and also because she fails to live up to Jem's standards of how a good (male) person should behave misogyny →→ expressed internal and external for example: Scout and Jem laugh about the idea of a woman sitting in a jury and say it's better that they don't she feels uncomfortable in dresses she finds female role-models: Miss Maudie, Calpurnia Calpurnia Miss Maudie good-hearted and skilled in the kitchen, motherly figure, strong character femininity has positive traits: cooking Aunt Alexandra a traditional Southern woman Tom wears male clothes in her garden, lives alone as a widow with no children, intelligent just as much as Atticus but not seen as wise not afraid to voice her opinion and stands against the common believes Воо Symbols Mockingbird Mockingbirds represent innocence →→ killing a mockingbird means to kill innocence Mockingbird (innocent) characters dominant position in her family, tells her brother how to raise the children manages to handle the crisis of Toms death. convicted for a crime he did not commit simply because of his skin color, ends up getting shot, simply felt sorry for Mayella (he was actually the one who got harassed) protects the children, gives them presents and has no chance to escape the prejudice he faces, was abused by his father and brother (used to be a friendly open person) but still is very kind-hearted just extremely scared and shy book title interpretation the book is about two kids losing their childlike innocence an innocent black man dies due to the indirect violence of racism To Kill a Mockingbird = the innocence dies, a welcome to the reality of the world a Finch is a bird Scout and Jem are innocent children and specifically vulnerable the mad dog they get exposed to pure evil and verbal and physical violence because of Atticus defending Tom people treat other innocent people unfairly (Tom's trail, Dolphus Raymond's mixed children) Bildungsroman the symbol Atticus losing his "innocence" from now on the children perceive him differently + he'll take on Tom's case spoiler for the ending of Tom Robinson Style Style the narrator is a child but tells the story when she was a bit older and had better understanding of what had happened a mix of formal and informal language the book sometimes seems like Scouts diary how the characters talk show their racial and social background Miss Maudie and Atticus sometimes use words or say things Scout doesn't really understand Calpurnia speaks differently at the house than at the church, has an African-American dialect people of lower social status can't change how they speak (Ewell's in court) big use of metaphors Genre Southern Gothic comedic and dark features → reference to supernatural things uses southern vernacular characters are exaggerated Scout matures through the storyline → she overcomes fears, learns to not have prejudice but also learns how her society functions Context Author Nelly Harper Lee was born on 28th April, 1926 in a small town in Alabama lived in a similar hometown characters are inspired by people out of her own life her father was a lawyer Truman Capote inspired the character Dill (childhood friend and author) when she was five years old some black men near her hometown were accused of raping two white woman the book was published in 1960, seven years before the Civil Rights Movement started in 2015 she published "Go Set a Watchman" the story takes place in the 1950s. Scout goes back to Maycomb and finds her father a man who is strongly opposed to desegregation and regularly goes to Ku Klux Klan meetings she learns how much he has internalized the racism from their town completely destroys the image of Atticus from To Kill a Mockingbird Scottsboro Boys Trial some white teenagers started a fight with a few black teenagers in 1931, yet the white boys blamed the black boys, also two white women claimed that they had been raped the police arrested nine black teenagers, some of them as young as 12 years old (known as Scottsboro Boys, named after a town in Alabama) they did not receive well-trained lawyers the jury was complete white and many suspected that the two woman were lying the case came before the Supreme Court, whereupon six of the nine boys were freed, the others spent many years in prison and posthumous apologies were made critics either claim: that the narrative voice of a 9-year-old girl was not convincing and rather unreliable as well as they found the protagonist overly sententious or that Lee played down the racism and that Atticus is a White Savior and exists to make white people feel better Q2 Great Britain History 1497 - 1583 1553-1603 1588 1600 1607 1651 1661 1707 - 1783 1775 - 1783 1783 - 1815 1788 1833 1840 1857-1859 1858 - 1947 Origin England and Scotland were separate kingdoms following Spain and Portugal in their overseas success → 1492 Cristopher Columbus rediscovers America discovering a passage to Asia via the North Atlantic Elizabethan Age Reign of Queen Elizabeth I the English fleet defeats the Spanish Armada Elizabeth I starts the East Indian Company East Indian Company: formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India benefiting England. They gained resources and government over the area. first settlement of the British in America Great Navigation Act all colonial exports have to get to the English market the British settle on an Island in the Gambian River which becomes an important key point during the slave trade First British Empire loss of the thirteen British American colonies after that they shifted to Asia, the Pacific and Africa American Revolution The American colonists win the war and Britain recognizes them as an independent nation Second British Empire Imperialists coming to the East: India, Australia and New Zealand the British gain new settlement in Australia abolishment of slavery New Zealand becomes British and they gain power over Asian islands Indian Mutiny Indians defend themselves against the British Rule → they fail and India becomes a colony British Raj 1884 1885 1885 1899-1902 1910 1915 1922 1931 1947 1957 1997 Colonial Rule ● ● imperialistic ideals and the rule over "less developed" or even cultures that are "worth less" believing one is superior and due to that believing one is entitled to own their goods and forcing the others to work for them to expand their power Spread international power gain resources and expand an Empire exploitative and viewed negatively by the natives of a colony jingoism: an attitude of belligerent nationalism (toxic nationalism) Present ● the British ruling over the Indian Subcontinent (establishing a government) until the independence of India and Pakistan West African Conference in Berlin ● meeting of the Great Powers to divide Africa Indian National Congress Indian leaders meet to promote independence from Britain South African War The Commonwealth war between the British and Boers (early white settlers) white colonies (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) became dominions increased independence movements of colonies (for example: Ireland, India) greatest extent of the Empire Commonwealth former British colonies coming together politically and culturally as trading partners also share the same values → establishes Britain's economical and political power exist to this day but are only loosely connected End of the British Empire India and Pakistan gain independence Ghana gains independence as the first African country the last large colony Hong Kong returns to Chinese governance → a voluntary association of 53 independent countries with a population of almost 1/3 of the world's total the principles democracy based on the British parliamentary system (recognition of human rights) → economic and sporting links → recognize the Queen/King as their Head of State goals of the Commonwealth → equal rights, liberty and democracy → increasing living standards, fighting poverty, environmental destruction, and diseases Meaning of Brexit (currently) ● ● ● British culture is based on ● ● → wants to establish world peace through international cooperation (reduce causes of war) → free trade ● fear of Eastern European citizens taking away jobs Work visas and difficulty to live there rising prices, lack of resources (protests and strikes) constant change of politicians Identity stereotypes ● religious and cultural diversity, regardless of one's ancestry → Multiculturalism Great Britain as a melting pot long history of immigration and multiculturalism post colonialism during the times of the Empire (1600-1930) many people from the colonies moved to Great Britain (Asians and countries where today English is the first language) during the last two centuries over 9 million people immigrated in Great Britain significant increase (WWII, joining the EU → Europeans) ● → seeked security from persecution → hoped for a better life and wealth. → diverse and different → strong and determined (WWII) → innovative and adaptable (Industrialization and digitalization started there) → open minded = Multiculturalism Struggle of immigration and assimilation (My Son the Fanatic, East is East) Integration loving the country regardless of people's race, identity or ancestry → the sense of one's own believe to be British makes one a Britain (being proud of the country) British characteristics incorporating individuals into a different society as equals (no loss of culture) two-way process: cross influences from both cultures, both adapt few changes to integrate the minority into the majority hyphenated identity: integration calls for us to celebrate diversity among our oneness "Salad Bowl" Assimilation expected to adopt the ways of another culture and losing one's origin identity to be accepted the melting pot Living between two cultures young second-generation immigrants feel as though they are living between two cultures the one of their parents' origin ● the one of the country they live in → feel pressure to assimilate whereas they consider for themselves the be "hybrid" Hybridization leads to identification problems this is expressed in conspicuous behavior: Disintegration Islamism →→ Extremism Radicalization examples: "My Son the Fanatic" and "East is East" Shortstories: Cultural Encounters Shooting an Elephant author publication Summary ● an elephant goes must, destroys a havoc and kills a citizen the narrator a police officer by the British colonizers is sent to capture the elephant Characters narrator he struggles with the assignment → doesn't want to murder an innocent animal → has to prove his superiority to the natives or might lose their respect Georg Orwell 1936 (setting: in Burma between 1824-1885) people of Burma Themes → unnamed could stand for Orwell himself (who was an officer in Burma once) or: it's an average British officer is on the side of the oppressors, but feels empathy towards the oppressed struggles with his conscience over killing the elephant he sometimes is harassed by the locals doesn't feel special through his position, feels unhappy cowardice: kills the elephant to maintain respect, at lest someone died so he had the right defenseless and helpless: don't have any weapons unhappy about the oppressor (suffer), want freedom, self-determination uneducated: excited to see the animal shot, enjoy simple things, don't think about morality, virtue (ethics as an idea for the upper class) a crowd watches the officer like it's a theater show want and get the meat of the elephant Imperialism & racism the burden of imperialism the oppressed suffer, seek freedom, don't have determination about their lives and land, exploitation try to rebel against the officers (spitting, hitting) the oppressors constantly need to prove their superiority to the oppressed questionable why they feel superior in the first place (justification) have to convince themselves too get harassed as well Morality internal conflict ● ● ● a lot of pressure lies on him and he's not totally free in his decision → but still he rather shoots the elephant against his believes to maintain his status and is glad to at least have the cooties death which justifies his actions Symbols and Interpretation Elephant ● ● ● ● symbol for the failing empire Crowd ● the protagonist feels uncomfortable in his role and with his assignment he disagrees with the idea of the Empire and at the same time hates the disrespect he receives → wants the Burmese to be free but expects their respect mostly peaceful but can turn very aggressive and dangerous natives want to see it dead and gain from the death old but still strong takes multiple shots to die → long procedure born died wish of the officer for the Empire to die (takes action int his own hand) an uncomfortable but necessary death 1927 big and strong but it ultimately dies → end of the Empire has come he has lived a long life but is painfully and slowly killed in the end Context Author symbolize the expectations the officer and in extension the Empire have to meet to maintain their reputation ethics as an idea for the upper class colonization took away a chance of education → simple people see the situation as a theater show (medieval times: executions) birthname Eric A. Blair but went with: Georg Orwell 1903 in Mohitari, India 1950 education brought him to England → unable to win a scholarship to continue his studies at the university level 1922 joining the Indian Imperial Police → follow his parents' path into service for the British Empire till then stationed in Burma but quit it in "disgust" influenced work: Burmese Days, "Shooting an Elephant" Burma (today: Myanmar) ● was a sovereign kingdom ● 1885 - 1937 1937 - 1948 1948 My Son the Fanatic Author Publication Summary ● Ali ● Parvez fell under British power after three lost wars against them → at the time the story was set: British colony colony administrated in British India ● Characters ● ● Bettina ● ● independent colony Independent from Britain Hanif Kureishi 1994 (setting: London 1990s) Parvez notices a huge change in his son's behavior and wants to know the reason → discovers that he started to pray five times a day many attempts to talk to him and understand why he's suddenly so religious but they struggle to understand each other and too deeply rely on the idea that the other one is wrong one night Bettina and Parvez see him leaving a mosque and Bettina suggests to pick him up →→ Ali insults Bettina and she leaves at home Parvez is extremely drunk, discovers Ali praying and beats him up →Ali asks: "So who's the fanatic now?" immigrated from Pakistan and is happy to live in Britain → very assimilated to British culture (eats pork) wants to fit in Britain freedom cab driver → often works at night (to avoid his wife), simple live barely talks to his wife rather to Bettina, left the village with her, seems to be a housewife tries to be a good father (says he works for his son) tries to help him, wants to be there for him → turns to alcohol out of his worry, spies on his son has religious trauma and since then turned away from all religions son of Parvez a college student very religious →→→sudden change extremist believes struggles with his identity → second generation immigrant criticizes his father for his assimilated behavior feels unwelcomed in Britain and discriminated in the world → frustrated prostitute → has experienced violence, knows about drugs best friend of Parvez → they talk about everything doesn't know Ali but has heard about him and offers Parvez help Themes Second Generation Immigration definition ● ● Assimilation vs. immigration ● Parvez Xenophobia Ali experiences discrimination in Britain and how people of his background are treated in the whole world Fanatism ● children who grew up in the country their parents immigrated to often struggle with their identity especially during puberty →not fitting into the new country → not close enough to their country of origin ● Parvez "So who's the fanatic now?" Ali ● Ali born ● → it deeply hurts him and scares him frustrated to see his father turn into the people who hurt him enjoys his British life sees it as a duty to assimilate Extremism scared to lose the contact to his origin Islam seems to give him stability and its history is very important to him in a place of confusion and feeling lost just invested into his culture, does what people have been doing for centuries extremist and un-western believes (example: treatment of Bettina) fanatic in his assimilation fanatic in his espionage in his son →→very extreme and desperate is an alcoholic Context birthname → even before the incident so something must make him unhappy Thesis: alcoholism caused by unhappiness →→ Ali doesn't want to end up like that, gives western society the blame (racism, oppression) typical for teenagers to have phases during puberty and to be overly obsessed with something possibly can be very dangerous → Hanif Kureishi 1955 in London (Pakistani father, English mother) second generation immigrant + interracial identity struggle and experiences of racism The Embassy of Cambodia Author Publication Summary ● ● ● Fatou Characters ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Fatou a housekeeper talks about her challenging way from Africa to Europe → experiences as a refugee, racism, rape ● Zadie Smith 2013 (setting: London 2012) watches the Cambodian Embassy and the shuttle flock of people playing badminton in the garden as she goes swimming (water = safe space) her only friend is Andrew who she met in church, talks and educates her and helps her when she gets fired the story is told by narrator who references to themselves as "we" → possibly the people of Willesden with a foreign background The Derawals from the ivory coast has a long history of fleeing behind → her father helped her to get out of Africa (her biggest supporter) works for a Pakistani family under bad conditions → wonders if she's a slave (but thinks she isn't because she can at least speak English) used to work in a hotel in Africa and in Italy she cleaned a catholic school experiences racism → by brown people (family, Italy) feel the injustice her people experience strongly → beach experienced rape → strong: spat in his face and left, wanted to report it but nobody helped her tough: stands up for herself even though she's pushed down multiple times tries to make the best out of her situation and uses white lies religious god was always in her heart and gave her strength and hope → when she finally get baptized she's disappointed to still feel unhappy and unfulfilled gives the devil the fault for everything bad happening to her determined: taught herself how to swim in the turbulent sea (water means freedom to her) poor: doesn't have any belongings (swims in underwear) fascinated by the embassy and the players Mr. and Mrs. Derawal & three children (Asma 10, Faizul 15, Julie 17) → Mrs. Derawal is especially awful towards Fatou live on the same street as the embassy extremely wealthy → have multiple residencies, so wealthy they forgot they had these passes to the health center can't see Fatou in the eyes after she saves their daughter → fire her probably experience racism as well → internalized racism acted out on "darker people" (children insults) see Fatou as inferior, keep her passport locked away, make her pay for everything Andrew Okonkwo ● Fatou's church friend → met through him handling her a leaflet with the headline "Why is there pain?" Nigerian ● ● ● ● ● Motifs Badminton ● ● ● → at the end Mrs. Derawal says they never had her passport Water ● Embassy ● works as a night guard → free, able to pay for their coffee and cake studies for a business degree has access to the internet → teaches Fatou a lot and offers her knowledge (admires him) patient, caring, religious things there is a meaning behind the racist experiences "a challenge by god" helps Fatou when she gets fired → support, help, friend, love interest ● the shuttle flock flies elegantly and soft even though it's hit hard → Fatou makes hard experiences but still wishes to make it through life happily you can never see the players multiple challenges she faces a basketball hoop gets installed but is ignored and doesn't replace the badminton game → on the right track (god) symbol for joy → Andrew says they should go play together finally: have fun, be happy, free, "win the game" = life high walls →→ demarcation never visited by natives, only European tourists → travel portal → deportation to the Willesden people it's a reminder of genocide although people have weird sculptures installed on their houses and weird names for their mansions the embassy is still the biggest fascination safe space for Fatou she thought herself how to swim in a sea → shows her strength "rain doesn't scare me" the Sunday baptism in the pool makes her feel safe a marble with a wave inside almost chokes Asma but Fatou saves her → it's the first time they're grateful for her, but later is the reason why she gets fired gets baptized in England but it's not a turning point in her life → disappointing after she gets fired she goes swimming (takes all the passes, more important than the oyster card) Themes Racism between ethnicities → lack of solidarity even though the Derawals a Pakistani they treat Fatou as someone of a lower class they are extremely wealthy high performer to balance out their "inferiority" and make themselves as equal and deserving as white people now: treat other bipoc as bad as they were treated (thesis!) the children use "black" as an insult → internalized racism in Italy Fatou sees how different the brown man a treated → feels solidarity when she finds the remains of a robbery at the beach see she's nine dead refuge children which barely anyone cares about in Italy one boy dies in an accident and everyone cries and it gets printed in the newspaper Andrew justifies it with the idea that one always suffers more for people of the same kind Modern Slavery ● ● ● ● ● Fatou finds a news paper article about a family in England keeping a girl as a slave her employes keep her passport away and make her work under bad conditions are rude and insult her (no respect), no contract in Africa the hotel employes get treated horrible and as if inferior by the European guests Religion God and the Devil as reason God: gives hope and strength Devil: put the challenges in their way questions herself why god does so Context Author Zadie Adeline Smith born 1975, Willesden (London) ● Jamaican mother, English father (got divorced) writes about race, postcolonial identity, religion Country of reference: Ireland Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland 600 BC 400 AD History 1690 1801 1845 - 1852 they have separate governments but they share: water, transport and energy systems sport, culture and religious organizations work together the Celtics came to Ireland 19th century 1914 1916 independent republic capital: Dublin Catholicism > Protestantism province of the UK capital: Belfast Catholicism < Protestantism →part of the EU to this day ballots are in English and Gaelic Catholic missionization of Ireland by St. Patrick Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) Battle of the Boyne the Protestant king of England defeats the Catholic Irish king and subjugates Ireland again Act of Union Ireland was annexed to Great Britain and from now on it was called the United Kingdom and Ireland Republic of Ireland Dublin (European Union) The Great Famine many potato harvest failures led to famine, which caused a great emigration and population deaths Belfast IRISH SEA the liberal British government made the situation worse by encouraging grain exports from Ireland to other countries overseas → the Irish independence movement intensified Emigration bad crops, famines and reprisals induced by the British government caused a mass emigration economic conditions: lack of jobs, rising rents and prices British anti-Catholicism → persecution of Catholics (majority of the Irish) Home Rule aspirations for self-government within the United Kingdom but: only at the fourth attempt in 1920 limited independence for Ireland (without Northern Ireland) Easter Rising 1919-1921 1922 1923 1949 1969 - 1998 30.01 1972 1998 1995-2001 failed attempt by militant Irish republicans to force Ireland's independence from Great Britain by force → important turning point Irish War of Independence Republic of Ireland gaining independence 1921 "Anglo-Irish Treaty" → declares the Irish Free State Irish Civil War War between the opponents and supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty Exit out of the Commonwealth and Ireland Act Commonwealth: establishment of the Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland continues to be a part of the UK loose association of sovereign states formed primarily by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its former colonies The Troubles a civil war-like identity and power struggle between two population groups in Northern Ireland Protestants Catholics want to continue being a part of the UK in Northern Ireland want to unite Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland and detach themselves from the UK → ultimately dates back to the English conquest of Ireland, so existed long before Northern Ireland was formed after the Irish War of Independence in 1921 Bloody Sunday escalated the Troubles British paratroopers killed civilians in a demonstration against the British internment of Catholics Good Friday Agreement Ending the conflict in Northern Ireland search for solution the government of the Republic of Ireland renounces its demand for reunification with Northern Ireland it also regulated the handling of Northern Ireland in the UK and the dealing between the Republic of Ireland and the UK Celtic Tiger = nickname for Ireland during its economical booming years Celtic homeland of the Celtics Present Tiger strong, powerful, impressive, imposing before: economical struggle caused by oil crisis and stagflation → economic upswing made possible through the European Union caused rapid economic growth and turned Ireland from and emigration land to an immigration land Immigration diverse country caused by the mass immigration due to the Celtic Tiger → multicultural state leader in integration non nationals are allowed to vote in local elections Irish government established policies helping people to immigrate Brexit possibly endangers the peace between the UK and the Republic of Ireland being a part of the EU Q3 Othello author publication topics William Shakespeare 1622 (set in the 16th century in Venice) typical tragedy: love, mistrust, vengeance, jealousy, manipulation but also: racism and misogyny summary →→→ key facts secretly married couple Othello & Desdemona who love each other despite their differences before the play starts the antagonist Iago doesn't get the job as lieutenant by Othello's side → manipulation Iago uses insecurities and jealousy which let´s Othello to first kill Desdemona and then himself he's unsuccessful with Cassio (who got the job Iago wanted) and kills Roderigo murders his wife Emilia before she could tell on him at the end Iago get's taken away to be tortured Characters Othello protagonist a general of the armies in Venetian → high position (powerful and respected) courageous, intelligent, skilled, a good leader black → experiences racism which affects his confidence and self-image has well adapted to the white society (has the same believes and values) also: believes in his inferiority → an outsider insecure: doesn't think he deserves love especially by a young white woman → vulnerable sore point which is used to manipulate him currently living his dream life: war and love → imposter syndrome: I don't deserve this, it could end soon emotional: openly confesses his feelings, suicide married to Desdemona firstly: love, trust, strong bond patriotist and believes women are inferior → easily jealous and sees his reputation in danger character development → jealousy makes him murder the love of his life which destroys him, becomes the monster he was describes as "angry black man" Desdemona Iago Emilia Michael Cassio Bianca faithful (→ values), pure but also strong and independent wife of the protagonist daughter of Brabantio → married a black man behind her father's back (independent) throws herself into the protection and power of another man (victim of the patriarchy, doesn't see it as wrong) → believes in her authority but also submissive takes credit for her murder → willow song: her husband's love is dead antagonist displays himself as trustworthy (no one expects him to be evil) intelligent →→ figures out peoples weak spots and uses them against them jealous and manipulative wants Cassio's position, dislikes Othello and suspects him to having slept with his wife it is unclear if he has racial motivation (theatre production) selfish → only cares about himself an doesn't even show love to his wife (only uses her for further manipulation) is misogynistic towards women megalomaniac →→ just to destroy Othello he takes into account to destroy many more lives, even his wife (ironic because Othello is the only one who still stays in the end) enjoys pain and damage hateful and angry person character development → doesn't show regret, gets caught in his jealousy, merciless, obsessive, irrational Iago's wife → he uses her to steal the handkerchief to prove the affair of Desdemona and Cassio almost reveals Iago's plans so he kills her Desdemona's maid → they talk about how women don't live for men and that men need women (= feminist approaches) loyal to Desdemona Othello's chief lieutenant → resented by Iago Iago convinces Othello that Cassio is a drunk and has an affair with Desdemona a prostitute in Cyprus in loves with Cassio but he doesn't want a public relationship with her Roderigo Brabantio Gratiano Lodovico Montano Duke of Venice ● 1 Lieutenant n Cassio Othello ↑ Lovers ↓ (Envies) Bianca Advisor (Hates) represents how poorly men treat women especially one's who do not fit the societal expectations nobleman and foolish/naïve interested in Desdemona →→ thinks Iago will help him to seduce her (murders him) father of Desdemona doesn't approve of her marrying a black man but in the military, he respects Othello for his work the brother of Brabantio mentions in the final scene that Brabantio has died Desdemona's cousin functions as a messenger from Venice to Cyprus governor of Cyprus before Othello respects Othello for his work and encourages his marriage to Brabantio Married 수 lago Desdemona Married Mistress Roderigo Brabantio Emilia Themes Race and prejudice lack of bipoc in Europe (only through slavery and colonialism origin of inferior position) stereotypes and generalization language in the Act 1, Scene 1 Othello is talked about but only referred to with insulting terms he's seen as less human (not as an individual) → less deserving and should be treated less respectful black and white imagery black: bad, filthy, dirty, inferior, to be avoided (→ negative association) "far more fair than black" →erasing his color he's not one of those black people, he's the good kind (expected to act white to gain respect) the duke respects Othello and wants others to just ignore his skin color self-image & relationship he and others think he doesn't deserve Desdemona (must have used magic to seduce her) = an interracial relationship was highly problematic and the white partner feared their and their family's reputation Othello has adapted to the venetian prejudice about him →it affected his own self love and respect (negative self-image) he thinks he's less deserving and works extra hard to earn respect by white people grateful Desdemona loves him regardless of his skin color but he is not this beast he's described as until Iago uses Othello's insecurity against him which destroys the only little self-respect he has left the people who have prejudice against other characters in the book use it against them to establish a superior group which they belong to and rule over the inferior racially motivated hatred Iago, Roderigo, Brabantio Othello's friends Desdemona, the Duke ("colorblind") Appearance and reality Iago portrays himself as someone completely different people respect and trust him and think he has good intentions and wants to help them in Act 1, Scene 1 he states himself that "I am not who I am" → which describes him perfectly and predicts the following plot, ironic that he states this at the very beginning but it takes the other's the whole play to figure out he's evil through Othello's insecurity and jealous he also doesn't see Desdemona for who she really is and is blind to the lie made upby Iago Othello by some is not seen for the great soldier he is but only for his skin color and therefore people suspect to know what he's like woman are not seen for their personalities but expected to be and behave a certain way Jealousy ""It is the green-ey'd monster, which doth mock That meat it feeds on. That cuckold lives in bliss Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger: But O, what damned minutes tells he o'er Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet soundly loves!" - Iago, Act III, Scene 3 jealousy latterly drives Iago and Othello into the monster described here →it destroys themselves Iago's jealous of Othello makes him turn into this evil person which is blind to morality and out of selfishness takes into account to destroy many lives → kills his wife before she can tell on him and then is arrested and swears to never speak again (his plan completely failed) Othello is driven crazy by his jealous that he doesn't believe Desdemona anything she says and kills her → kills his wife, then takes his own life Roderigo is jealous of Othello being married to Desdemona which Iago uses for his own good → he is then killed by Iago Manhood and honor what it means to be a man in Othello maintaining honor and reputation by: serving in the military suppress women → being strong, knowing how to fight, serve their country Iago and Othello kill their wives when they're not acting how they're supposed to according to their spouses Brabantio gets questioned for not being able to control his daughter = they're manhood, honor and leadership is questioned man measure their self-worth by how they're perceived by other men → patriarchal system manhood is: → hard, tough, being strong (= violent) there is a constant need to prove your manhood and to seek a high status fragility → you can't behave feminine and you can loose your reputation if it seems like you don't have you wife/daughter under control Womanhood and sexuality misogyny ● hatred or devaluation of women suppression or violence (physical + verbal) internalized misogyny accepting treatment hatred against other women ("competitors") expectations: loyal to their husbands, obey man, virgins until marriage, soft spoken, mothers they couldn't work so they needed men to survive the only job they could td was to be a prostitute → highly frowned upon only three female characters all connected to male leading characters (male domination) → not portrayed as individual humans in necessity of male guidance "stupid" act like decoration = objectified Eve was made out of Adams ribs women are inferior the "weaker sex" physically → Emilia and Desdemona get murdered by their husbands mentally → in need of male guidance through their life time, first it's their father, then their husband Desdemona stands up for herself against her father → clings to another male guidance well-behaved Christian woman (= the virtuous wife) accepts her role in society accepts her husbands mistreatment, aware of ist but doesn't defend herself knows it's hopeless also still in love with him accepts her faith (death) Emilia serves her husband (handkerchief) → loyal and well-behaved (= the dutiful wife) without male presence: criticizes society and men against her duties and abuse doesn't believe I her inferiority (suffers) → strongly opinionated seeks equality and liberation stands up for herself→→ consequence: gets murdered Desdemona & Emilia (good women) aware of the unfairness → rage in private they're not blind to the misogyny and violence/abuse in public: well-behaved women who fulfill their expectations femicide motives → jealousy "another man has touched my property" my wife opened her mouth and no longer submits herself Bianca (bad woman) a prostitute who has feelings for her customer Cassio he doesn't take her feelings seriously →→she lost her human status/respect, is only a sex object has no intention in marrying her → no wife material because she's used and dirty Iago makes fun of her for being a prostitute self-image → constant experience of disrespect not seen as a human being is only a body, a "lust object" male jealousy (Othello) rage wants to see blood boils and eventually explodes can't stand the thought of his wife cheating believes other men more than his wife (doesn't care about what she has to say) female jealousy (Bianca) hurt but calm → suffers in silence accepts the situation Symbols Handkerchief medieval/renaissance meaning → women would leave a handkerchief to symbolize their romantic favor to someone it is the first gift Othello gave to Desdemona and she always carries it with her the handkerchief was made by his mother → she used it to keep her husband from betraying her (parents' faithfulness and love as role model) it symbolizes Othello's love and trust for Desdemona and her always carrying it around symbolizes hers Desdemona loses the handkerchief and Iago becomes in control of her relationship and faith he uses it to prove her unfaithfulness and betrayal losing the handkerchief eventually means losing Othello The Willow Song in Act IV Desdemona sings the song while preparing for bed the song is about a woman who betrayed her lover →→ both partners seem to have betrayed each other it symbolizes Desdemona's sadness, melancholy and acceptance of Othello not loving her anymore it foreshadows the death of Desdemona through Othello → she states that she would have never betrayed him and accepts her faith Language Iago is very skilled with his way of speaking he openly states his two-facedness at the beginning of the play he speaks vulgar, metaphorically and often talks to the audience still he's very skilled and manages to manipulate the character and develops a completely different persona Othello is manipulated through language and eventually loses the control of his words (actions) the upper class speaks in verse and the lower class in prose (this also switches in emotional floodings) Context Author William Shakespeare 1564-1616 wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets went to grammar school, never visited university married Anne Hathaway and had 3 children left his family to join a group of actors to act and become a playwriter → became famous quickly and has been England's most famous playwriter since then grew up poor and became wealthy theory: he might not have wrote all his work by himself due tot his lack of education Historical background in the 16th century wars between Venice and Turkey Othello is based on a prose by Giovanni Batista Giraldi Cinzio in 1565 → a black general is mislead by his ensign to think his wife has betrayed him Shakespeare added more characters, shortened the plot and changed the backdrop during this time period the slave trade began Italy was associated with wickedness and loose morals Venice was the city of passion which led to the association of sexual tension and also jealousy Iago is a Spanish name and the Spanish Amada was the biggest threat for England Modelling the future Future insights Genetic engineering pro prevents genetically inherited diseases → children are born healthy human race becomes stronger, will live longer no outsiders →→ people will mostly like fit into society leads to more research in the medical field → accidently discovering the causes for illness and being able to cure them Genetically modified food pro good in crisis of resources more nutritious could grow on land which normally lacks necessary things successful crops even with the lack of necessary conditions less use of pesticides and chemicals Artificial intelligence pro they can do jobs we can't do reduce human error always available will leave us with having more free time always have a clear mind (focused, rational, can't get distracted during work, always able to function and get the job done well) Surveillance contra limits diversity → everyone will look the same from birth on you'll be affected by what society thinks of your look unpredictable side effects where do you draw the line? → new laws supports the idea of parents thinking they are creating a mini-me or super version of themselves class division →→ the rich will now even be physically superior could reduce the acceptance for non-modified babies contra what will it do to our body? environmental consequences hurts the biodiversity creates unknown hybrids farmers who are against GM might lose their jobs contra lack of empathy (I Robot = too rational) could get hacked → put humans in danger who is responsible if they do mistakes → need of new laws high cost of production and lots of waste will make humanity too lazy will take away jobs of humans lack of creativity and spontaneity pro reduce crime/the fear of crime happening fair punishment and no false excuses better than subjective eyewitnesses contra loss of privacy criminals will move their activities to unmonitored areas high cost, lots of data and electricity usage Power and ambition Utopia a dreamland, made-up world with a social ideal state which is difficult or impossible to establish in our real world grk. "utopia" = not place (nowhere, nonexistent place) usually, money doesn't exist or work, so people have more time to do what they enjoy absence of death and illness (→ likely to be established by science in a faraway future) Dystopia an imagined state or society in which there is great suffering or injustice, typically one that is totalitarian or post-apocalyptic (oppressive control of humanity) events which could happen in reality such as wars, climate-catastrophes occur and lead to dramatic conditions the protagonist questions society because something feels oddly wrong (1984) technical inventions go too far Book excerpts 1984 - Georg Orwell "A Party member lives from birth to death under the eye of the Thought Police. Even when he is alone, he can never be sure that he is alone." The text excerpt starts of by mentioning party members. It seems that every citizen of this state is forced to be a part of the leading party. Which also leads to the fact that everyone must agree with the opinion of the party. There are no other parties. Likewise, one might guess that the opinion of the citizens is dictated by the party and therefore no freedom of expression is possible. From birth until death, one must be a part of that party. Leaving or betraying the party will lead to being expelled from society or possibly worse. The Thought Police is appointed. So, there is a state unit that controls and corrects even the thoughts of the citizens. One is not even free in his head, so far the powerful leadership reaches out. The last sentence speaks for itself alone. You can never be sure that you are alone. One is under constant observation and is as if trapped. Children of Men - Alfonso Cuarón "Early this morning, 1 January 2021, three minutes after midnight, the last human being to be born on earth was killed in a pub brawl in a suburb of Buenos Aires, aged twenty-five years, two months and twelve days." Brave New World - Aldous Huxley "Outside, in the garden, it was playtime. Naked in the warm June sunshine, six or seven hundred little boys and girls were running with shrill yells over the lawns, or playing ball games, or squatting silently in twos and threes among the flowering shrubs. The roses were in bloom, two nightingales soliloquized in the boscage, a cuckoo was just going out of tune among the lime trees. The air was drowsy with the murmur of bees and helicopters." Skills Mediation "translated summary from German to English" (usually Task A) important who's the addressee? procedure tips → determines which information is important and how you talk the text genre 1. understand the assignment who's my addressee: what is important to them? → what type of text should I write (email, article, letter...) 2. read the text to consider: this is not a regular summary or translation! only consider essential information for the addressee 3. write the mediation which language style is appropriate? considering: target text + person explain things and add information give examples paraphrasing, synonyms Creative writing Inner Monologue simple present in what situation is the character in right now? what has happened so far? how are they feeling? question the situation/position or even themself what's the purpose of the monologue? → think about how you want to end the monologue: will there be a solution to the issue? try to talk like the character → use many adjectives + metaphors don't be afraid to go into details (but don't get caught up, structure is important!) Diary Entry focus on the challenge the character is facing preparation introduction main part ● tips ● ● refer to the experience you're supposed to write about and name the thoughts/feelings reflecting the experiences which have let to the current situation thoughts and feelings 1. reading the task who and what certain experiences are you supposed to focus on? 2. study the text carefully → what information is given about the character and the situation 3. take notes before starting the writing process go beyond the situation → what has happened before that is important possible thoughts, feelings, wishes, worries, or predict future developments add your ideas (question yourself: do they really fit?) find a fitting starting situation conclusion explain feelings/thoughts/worries use vivid language → strong adjectives and metaphors give an outlook into the future → explain plans/conclusions find a good way to finish the diary entry → final statement or future outlook always make sure what you write is plausible → stay true to the text and character try to write in a way that it'll help readers to understand the character better