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charities, openness) colonization - Britains colonial empire lasted roughly from the 16th to the 20th century - largest empire known in history ´– „the sun never sets on the Britsh Empire" -> empire was so big that there was always somewhere sun light -- Britain as a seafaring island -> seapower - important economic income-> resources, work force (slavery), trade routes ->· exploitation - settler colonialism The first empire (since 16th century) - first British colonies in the west -> America, West India - North American colonies -> imposed taxes on the North American colonies in 1765 Boston Tea Party -> war of Independence, --> .-> ended with the American Revolution -> the British Empire The second empire - Britain concentrated on extending their empire towards the east and Africa - trade was very important →> time of industrialisation - the British tried to civilize their colonies -> forcing down their values and religion -> lack of sensitivity and respect according to the native culture -> many colonies began to fight for their independence The fall of the British Empire - gradual process with differnt reasons - growing nationalism - demands of independence in other states - refused to fight for Britain in the World Wars. .- economic reasons: after WWI all the colonies.became to expensive -> some got independence. - last colony was Hong Kong -> was given back to China in 1997 today lots of these former colonies are members of the Commonwealth industrialisation. - profited from their colonies - cheap work force (-> slavery) - exploitation of resources, dependence - built lots of infrastructure (also in the colonies) -> railroads Being British - originally Great Britain was one big country through history different regions established themselves as => proper states. -> > England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales multiculturalism -> because of the colonization stereotypes - polite - drink lots of tea - love the royal family - strong pub culture - loyality - respect Great Britain as a multicultural society Ethnic background of the UK population made up by of many different ethnic groups -> large ethnic diversity -> especially in large cities -> Indian, African, Pakistani, Chinese,... white people make up the majority - lots of different languages are spoken Consequences of colonialism - colonies were forced to obey and adopt British values and beliefs giving up their own culture and traditions -> lots of colonies had to search and from a new national identity after the British left - people who grew up under British rule. did.not.identify with their origin culture either with the Britsh - problems to form a government - got left -> weak economy -> establishing their own trading partners The Commonwealth of Nations Ethnic diversity - organisation with lots of former colonies. - founded to maintain their economic relationship - head of states meet regulary to discuss international issues - exchange programs - programs in agriculture, engineering, health and education Immigration ·lots of people living in the UK were born in another country - reasons: work, study, join their family 1950s & 1960s urgent need of workers -> lots of people from former colonies came Prejudices and the one-track-mind Prejudices - immigrants are a danger for the UK - change society and traditions -> Britain becomes less and less british - steal the jobs - only want to take advantage of the social security and health system are criminal second generation migrants -> live in two different cultures-> problem of identity at home -> culture of family -> distance -> not speaking the native language. -> never visited the country. - school & free time -> british culture Shooting an Elephant George Orwell (1936) FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR - young British police officer - serves in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma (today Myanmar) - rather unexperienced -> aware of his deficiencies - holds this responsible position because he is a White European - kills the elephant for the sake of appearance -> not of the opinion that it is right according to his conscience relation: - ambivalent and strained - hates them for being hostile and for harassing Europeans whenever it is possible feels pity for them because of the oppression they have to suffer as a colony of the British Empire (which he represents) - they put him in a moral dilemma (pressure) CROWD OF LOCALS - Burmese villagers influence the officer and his decision - lusting after sensation - greedy for the elephant's meat