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the text (irony, serious, humorous, witty, - - vulgar / rude - incorrect & grammatically wrong sentence sentimental) argumentative writers reasonableness tone of fairness and - attitude is respectful, tactful and formal persuasive techniques (argumentative writing) arguments rely on logical reasons that are substantiated by facts, statistics, data, expert quotes objective = based on facts subjective = based on feelings and opinions. useful phrases- writing about language/style formal, informal, colloquial, vulgar, academic, clear, objective, vivid - language - complex, simple sentence - a serious, friendly, humorous, ironic, polite, rude, critical, optimistic - tone the style of the text is plain, condensed, vivid, pompous, artificial - writing about stylistic devices the author uses metaphorical language to... - the author employs stylistic devices to... the stylistic devices underline/highlight the. arguments/message of the text the stylistic device supports/ affirms the author's/the text's message the stylistic device/ metaphor/... brings out the message... writing about choice of word to use emotive adjectives/ adverbs that... to appeal to the readers emotions to express ideas in a more informal or colloquial way in order to... to associate... with positive/ negative words such as... in order to... Einleitungsverben to affirm to declare to maintain to remark to add to claim to insist to observe to announce to demand to mention to state so, thus - so, auf dieser Weise therefore, hence - deshalb by and large, on the whole - im Großen und Ganzen besides, furthermore, in addition to that, moreover thereupon - darauf thereafter, afterwards - danach due to + noun, because of + noun - Wegen... in spite of despite - trotz nevertheless however jedoch comment - sprachliche Wendung a) Vergleichen - b) Gegenargumente anführen - however,... compared to... by contrast, ... while the first/former..., the second/latter - still, one must not forget that I critics claim that... c) Gegenargumente entkräftigen it may be true that..., but..., this idea can be countered by the fact that d) Sachverhalte betonen as a matter of fact, ... - at any rate, - undoubtedly, ... - it is evident that... c) Schlussfolgern - taking everything into account,.../ consideration,... - - after having balanced the pros and cons, (I come to the conclusion that...) All in all... to sum up.. ● All in all, the author uses (…..) · in order to convince the audience of (...). To underline his intention he uses a lot of (...)