to kill a mockingbird

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in his speech and questions these notions, such as the idea that "all Negroes are immoral beings." While even addressing these prejudices is taboo, Atticus does so respectfully, addressing not only individuals but the entire city. The speech logically attracted the audience. He first said that there was not enough evidence for the court to come to the trial, and pointed out: "New York State did not produce any evidence that Tom Robinson was charged with a crime." He went on to point out that there is evidence that Mayella Ewell was beaten by someone's left hand. And Tom Robinson is clearly right-handed. It is important to tell these true and logical facts at the beginning of the speech because it shows the loopholes in the jury's case and sowed the seeds of doubt from the beginning, because when the audience has doubts, it is easier to appeal to emotions. Atticus evokes the emotions of the audience by painting Mayella Ewell as a weak, beaten woman whose only drawback was kissing a darker-skinned man. He evokes sympathy for Mayella at first, but then changes it by saying that Mayella's act of risking Tom Robinson's life to conceal her own guilt is unforgivable. Then Atticus tries to transfer the audience's pity to Tom Robinson, who is the real victim in the courtroom. He summons so-called "witnesses" who thought the jury would believe them only because of the color of Robinson's skin. In this way, he refers to the emotions of the jury, saying that they are smarter than just judging skin color. It addresses the racist prejudices the jury may have had and tells them that they are better, making them feel guilty about the racism they may have felt. Atticus tells the jury that he is sure they will make the right decision, saying, "Now I am convinced that you gentlemen, without passion, will see through the evidence you have heard, make up your mind, and bring this man back to his family." It puts additional pressure on them to make their choice based on facts rather than a predetermined concept of race. He concludes his speech with a final emotional appeal, stirring up religion. Atticus says, "In the name of God, do your duty, Believe Tom Robinson." He tells the jury that they are working for God by making the right decision by referring to their religion, which is often a very effective appeal. Unfortunately, despite Atticus' excellent credibility and logical and emotional appeals, the Maycomb jury cannot reject their horrific racist views and find Tom Robinson guilty. Summary: Chapter 21 Calpurnia passes a note informing Atticus that his children are missing, but the newspaper publisher Braxton Underwood tells him that the children were in " On the colorful balcony. They meet downstairs and Atticus orderes them to go home. Alexandra is shocked to learn where they had gone. They came back after eating, and the jury made its verdict at around 11pm. The guilty verdict is pronounced. After talking with Mr. Gilmer, he packed up his briefcase and leaves, and everyone on the colored balcony, including Pastor Sykes, stood and applauded. Summary: Chapter 22 Atticus, Jem, Scout, and Dill return home feeling defeated. Jem is more devastated by the verdict and asks his father how the verdict was delivered, which he admits he doesn't understand. In the morning, Calpurnia finds plenty of food on the back stairs - a gift from Tom Robinson's supporters as gratitude for Atticus' support. Miss Stephanie instructs the children outside about the details of the case, but Miss Maudie calls her off and invites the children for cookies. It helps them understand how events in this case have moved the community forward, if only a little. When they leave the Maudie's house unconvinced, Miss Rachel informs them that Mr. Ewell met Atticus at the post office, spitting at him and threatening him. Summary: Chapter 23 Jem, Scout, Dill, and Alexandra are worried about Atticus after the ordeal with Mr. Ewell, but he assures them that everything is fine. Everyone is eagerly awaiting the appeal of Tom Robinson, who Atticus is confident has a good chance of winning. When Atticus claims that he allowed a relative of Walter Cunningham to serve on the jury, Scout remembers Walter and promises to invite him to lunch again once the school reopens. But Alexandra forbids her way of playing her with Walter because he is "trash" and can impart bad habits to her. Scout is upset by what her aunt says about Walter when Jem says that he is beginning to understand why Boo prefers to stay home.