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as such, it is blinding; it can overwhelm a person as powerfully as hate can Fate - during the Prologue there are several allusions to fate, including the reference to Romeo and Juliet as a pair of star-crossed lovers" the theme of ill-fated love frames the story of Romeo and Juliet from the beginning Violence - violence impregnates their world - violence is the reason their love is doomed to fail The Shakespearan Sonnets - - - Special language features Thou informal for you (subject form) Thee = you lobject form) Thy = your art = are 1 VA 14-line poem in iambic pentameter rhyme scheme abab cd cd efef gg three quatrains and one couplet the quatrains contain the same content while the couplet sums it up Often there is a volta/turn in the course of the argument after the second quatrain Second-person singular ending -st (canst, hast, dost) Third-person singular ending - th Contractions (leaving out letters and syllables) (→ for rhythmic proposes) tis (it is), th (the), o'er (over) etc. - Stylistic devices antithesis personification images Metaphor - Repetition - enumeration Imagery - light/dark Themes - Love and hate - Fate and free will youth and age - Masculinity and femininity - light and dark →a variety of oppositions - Juliet is presented in terms of light Light and dark are also used antithetically with one balanced against the other emphasizing the conflict in the play - birds are mentioned a lot as well as images of wings and flights alliteration -Rhetorical question - Religion parallelism comparison symbol - irony - puns = Words with a double meaning oxymoron = combines two contradictory terms Character Constellation CAPULETS Lord Capulet Lady Capulet JULIET confidante Nurse Tybalt Paris talkative STATE peaceful Prince Escales hot-headed aggressive justice ancient grudge antagonism (Act I) reconciliation (Act V) t LOVE MARRIAGE morality reconciliation - Friar Laurence CHURCH = hot-headed talkative peaceful MONTAGUES Lord Montague Lady Montague ROMEO confidants Mercutio Benvolio och vist CHARACTERS - and their role in the play ROMEO MONTAGUE young, popular but also impulsive and passionate - falls in love with Juliet JULIET CAPULET - childish and passive in the beginning - then strong and determined - falls in love with Romeo aswell FRIAR LAWRENCE - trustful and peacable father confessor of Romeo and Juliet played a decisive role in the tragic outcome - THE NURSE -nanny and confident of Juliet - I'm educated and simple, understanding CAPULET AND LADY CAPULET -parents of Juliet caught in the family conflict. TYBALT - cousin of Juliet, internalized the family conflict aggressive, underhand gets killed by Romeo BENVOLIO Romeo's condidant and advisor, loyal, helpful, compassionately MONTAGUE AND LADY MONTAGUE -parents of Romeo not that much characterized - mother dies of grief due to Romeo's banishment MERCUTIO - friend of Romeo and kinsmen of the Prince - intelligent, funny but also choleric - gets killed by Tybalt. PARIS - ruler of quarrel Verona, highest instance, wants to end family ACT ONE - the fierce family quarrel between the mighty Capulets and Montagues has lasted for generations a street battle between the servants of both families illustrates the hate between the families right at the start - - the ruler Prince Escalus tries to suppress the fight and threatens with death if they fight again - Romeo Montague suffers from an unfullfilled love for Rosaline - Paris begs Juliet's father for her hand - Romeo and young Montague men hear about the masked ball at the Capulet house and go there without ACT TWO-the Balcony scene Romeo and Juliet confess their love an invitation - at the ball Romeo and Juliet meet and love each other without knowing each other's identity they plan their secret wedding Romeo visits Friar Lawrence and tells him about his plans - Romeo meets the Nurse of Juliet and tells her about the secret wedding - but the Nurse tells Romeo that Paris wants to marry Juliet in the end of the Act, Romeo and Juliet marry each other secretly for ACT THREE -Romeo's friend Mercutio gets stabbed by Tybalt Juliet's cousin under Romeo's arm - Romeo then kills Tybalt in a duell out of anger, revenge and reverence - he is sent into exile by the Prince as a punishment if he comes back, he will be killed her dead cousin, but Romeo's banishment even more - Juliet mourns for each other - the lovers spend their wedding night secretly and then have to say goodbye - Juliet's parents who still know nothing about her marriage to Romeo put enormous pressure on Juliet to marry Paris ACT FOUR everyone is preparing for the wedding of Paris and Juliet - Juliet is alone with Friar Lawrence and begs him to help her she threatens to kill herself otherwise -Friar Lawrence gives her a poison that makes her look dead for nearly two - she should take it the night before the wedding days - in the meantime, Romeo should be involved into the plan and wait in the family tomb until Juliet wakes up again. - then they can go to Mantua and live together – Juliet takes the poison and the Nurse finds her on the wedding day "dead" in her bed after her family comes into the room, Friar Lawrence and Paris also arrive at the Capulets house -Friar Lawrence says Juliet must have died of grief for her deceases cousin Tybalt brought to the church - he orders Juliet to be ACT FIVE Romeo waits in Mantua for news from Verona - his servant Balthasar brings him the news of Juliet's death - however he does not receive Friar Lawrence's letter about the apparent death - Romeo is shocked and buys poison from a pharmacist because he wants to poison himself at Juliet's grave - -Friar Lawrence hears from the failed plan and decides to go to Juliet's crypt to hide her until Romeo recerives the second message and arrives - meanwhile Paris comes to the graveyard with flowers because he wants to cry all night at Juliet´s grave - Romeo and his servant also come there with a torch, axe and chisel to open Juliet's grave - Romeo passes a letter of farewell for his father to Balthasar and sends him away. - Paris meets Romeo and wants to arrest him, they are fighting and Romeo kills Paris without knowing who he is when he realizes, he takes his body to the tomb because Paris wants to be laid with Juliet - Romeo holds a farewell monologue and drinks the poison and sees Romeo dead next to her - - Juliet wakes up. she wants to take something from Romeos poison but there isn't enough so she stabs herself with his dagger the families are called to the grave (without Romeo's mother because she already died of grief due to the banishment) - -Romeo's father reads the farewell note - Prince Escalus reproaches the two families -The Capulets and Montagues reconcile and have golden statues erected for the other child Shakespeare's Relevance today STILL RELEVANT - his expressions are still used today / he gets quoted a lot - deep influence on the English language - his stories still come alive today because he covers many themes (political, social, philosophical ...) - he wrote about fundamental experiences of life (death, love, hate, greed, jealousy) →timeless themes - – his characters a real human beings and we can't understand them or even identify with them there are many interpretations for Shakespeare's plays Shakespeare's plays are often an inspiration for movies and TV series today. - influenced/inspired other authors NOT RELEVANT - Shakespeare is old-fashioned - complicated/old language - no one speaks like that anymore