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Polyaddition und Polykondensation: Einfach erklärt für Kids

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Polyaddition und Polykondensation: Einfach erklärt für Kids
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Emi Seibold

@emiseibold_ff5f73

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489 Follower

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Polyaddition and polycondensation reactions in polymer chemistry, focusing on polyurethanes and other plastics. The summary covers reaction mechanisms, examples, and properties of different polymers.

Key points:
• Polyaddition involves combining monomers without eliminating small molecules
• Polycondensation releases small molecules like water during polymer formation
• Polyurethanes are formed by reacting diisocyanates with diols
• Mechanical and thermal properties depend on crosslinking density
• Examples include polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyamides

10.2.2021

1147

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

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Polymer Structure and Properties

This page discusses how polymer structure affects the properties of plastics, particularly duroplasts (thermosets).

As crosslinking in the polymer increases, the material becomes more rigid and stable. The crosslinks form between polymer chains, creating a three-dimensional network structure. This network is further stabilized by intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding.

The increased crosslinking density typically results in:

  1. Higher melting point
  2. Improved mechanical strength
  3. Better chemical resistance
  4. Reduced flexibility

Definition: Duroplasts are thermosetting polymers that form irreversible chemical bonds during curing, resulting in a rigid, three-dimensional network structure.

Highlight: The mechanical properties of duroplasts are significantly influenced by the degree of crosslinking in their structure.

Example: A highly crosslinked polyurethane may be rigid and heat-resistant, suitable for use in automotive parts, while a lightly crosslinked version might be flexible and used in foam cushions.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

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Types of Polymers and Their Structures

This page presents three different polymer structures and asks for identification of monomers and reaction types.

  1. Polyethylene: ...CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2... Monomer: Ethylene (CH2=CH2) Reaction type: Addition polymerization

  2. Polyacrylonitrile: ...CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2... | | | | CN CN CN CN Monomer: Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-CN) Reaction type: Addition polymerization

  3. Polyamide: ...NH-CH2-CH2-NH-CO-CH2-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-NH... Monomers: Diamine (H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2) and Dicarboxylic acid (HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH) Reaction type: Condensation polymerization

Vocabulary: Polykondensation - A polymerization reaction where monomers join together with the loss of small molecules like water.

Example: The formation of polyamide (nylon) is a classic example of polycondensation, where diamine and dicarboxylic acid monomers react, releasing water molecules.

Highlight: The structure of the polymer chain directly relates to its properties. Linear chains in polyethylene allow for flexibility, while the nitrile groups in polyacrylonitrile provide polarity and strength.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Öffnen

Polystyrene Synthesis and Polyurethane Formation

This page covers the synthesis of polystyrene and the formation of polyurethanes.

Polystyrene Synthesis:

  1. Initiation: A radical initiator (R-R) breaks into two radicals (R•)
  2. Propagation: The radical attacks the double bond of styrene, creating a new radical
  3. Chain growth: The process repeats, adding more styrene monomers
  4. Termination: Two radicals combine, ending the chain growth

General reaction: nCH2=CH(C6H5) → [-CH2-CH(C6H5)-]n

Polyurethane Formation: Reaction between 1,6-hexanediisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol: OCN-(CH2)6-NCO + HO-(CH2)4-OH → [-O-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO-O-(CH2)4-]n

This is a polyaddition reaction, as no small molecules are eliminated during the process.

Definition: Polyaddition is a polymer-forming reaction where monomers add together without the loss of small molecules.

Example: The formation of polyurethane foam used in mattresses and car seats is a common application of the polyaddition mechanism.

Highlight: The polyaddition reaction for forming polyurethanes allows for a wide range of mechanical properties by varying the diisocyanate and diol components.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

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Ecoflex Polymer and Effect of Monomer Composition

This page discusses the synthesis of Ecoflex, a biodegradable polymer used in food packaging, and how changing monomer composition affects polymer properties.

Ecoflex Synthesis: Monomers: (A) Adipic acid (hexanedioic acid): HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH (B) Terephthalic acid (benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid): HOOC-C6H4-COOH (C) 1,4-butanediol: HO-(CH2)4-OH

The polymerization occurs through polycondensation, forming ester linkages between the acid and alcohol groups, releasing water molecules.

Effect of Monomer Composition: Replacing some 1,4-butanediol with glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) in the reaction with adipic acid increases crosslinking in the resulting polymer. This change affects the mechanical and thermal properties:

  1. Higher melting point due to increased crosslinking
  2. Improved mechanical strength and stability
  3. Reduced flexibility
  4. Enhanced heat resistance

Vocabulary: Duroplaste verhalten bei erwärmung - The behavior of thermosets when heated, typically characterized by maintaining their shape due to crosslinking.

Example: Increasing the glycerol content in the Ecoflex formulation would create a more rigid, heat-resistant plastic suitable for durable food containers.

Highlight: The mechanical properties and thermal behavior of polymers can be fine-tuned by adjusting the ratio of difunctional to trifunctional monomers in the polymerization reaction.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Öffnen

Polyaddition Reaction Mechanism

This page covers the polyaddition mechanism for forming polyurethanes. The reaction involves combining 1,6-hexanediisocyanate with 1,4-butanediol.

In this polyaddition process, no small molecules are eliminated. Instead, the monomers are simply linked together. Specifically, the hydrogen atom from the alcohol group bonds to the nitrogen atom of the isocyanate group, while the oxygen atom bonds to the carbon.

The resulting polymer contains urethane linkages (-NH-COO-) connecting the monomer units. This forms a linear polyurethane chain.

Example: The reaction between 1,6-hexanediisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol to form polyurethane: OCN-(CH2)6-NCO + HO-(CH2)4-OH → [-O-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO-O-(CH2)4-]n

Highlight: Polyaddition is characterized by the linking of monomers without elimination of small molecules, in contrast to polycondensation reactions.

Vocabulary: Polyurethane - A polymer containing urethane linkages, formed by reacting diisocyanates with diols or polyols.

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Polyaddition und Polykondensation: Einfach erklärt für Kids

user profile picture

Emi Seibold

@emiseibold_ff5f73

·

489 Follower

Follow

Polyaddition and polycondensation reactions in polymer chemistry, focusing on polyurethanes and other plastics. The summary covers reaction mechanisms, examples, and properties of different polymers.

Key points:
• Polyaddition involves combining monomers without eliminating small molecules
• Polycondensation releases small molecules like water during polymer formation
• Polyurethanes are formed by reacting diisocyanates with diols
• Mechanical and thermal properties depend on crosslinking density
• Examples include polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyamides

10.2.2021

1147

 

11/12

 

Chemie

58

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Melde dich an, um den Inhalt freizuschalten. Es ist kostenlos!

Zugriff auf alle Dokumente

Verbessere deine Noten

Werde Teil der Community

Mit der Anmeldung akzeptierst du die Nutzungsbedingungen und die Datenschutzrichtlinie

Polymer Structure and Properties

This page discusses how polymer structure affects the properties of plastics, particularly duroplasts (thermosets).

As crosslinking in the polymer increases, the material becomes more rigid and stable. The crosslinks form between polymer chains, creating a three-dimensional network structure. This network is further stabilized by intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding.

The increased crosslinking density typically results in:

  1. Higher melting point
  2. Improved mechanical strength
  3. Better chemical resistance
  4. Reduced flexibility

Definition: Duroplasts are thermosetting polymers that form irreversible chemical bonds during curing, resulting in a rigid, three-dimensional network structure.

Highlight: The mechanical properties of duroplasts are significantly influenced by the degree of crosslinking in their structure.

Example: A highly crosslinked polyurethane may be rigid and heat-resistant, suitable for use in automotive parts, while a lightly crosslinked version might be flexible and used in foam cushions.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Melde dich an, um den Inhalt freizuschalten. Es ist kostenlos!

Zugriff auf alle Dokumente

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Werde Teil der Community

Mit der Anmeldung akzeptierst du die Nutzungsbedingungen und die Datenschutzrichtlinie

Types of Polymers and Their Structures

This page presents three different polymer structures and asks for identification of monomers and reaction types.

  1. Polyethylene: ...CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2... Monomer: Ethylene (CH2=CH2) Reaction type: Addition polymerization

  2. Polyacrylonitrile: ...CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2... | | | | CN CN CN CN Monomer: Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-CN) Reaction type: Addition polymerization

  3. Polyamide: ...NH-CH2-CH2-NH-CO-CH2-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CH2-NH... Monomers: Diamine (H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2) and Dicarboxylic acid (HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH) Reaction type: Condensation polymerization

Vocabulary: Polykondensation - A polymerization reaction where monomers join together with the loss of small molecules like water.

Example: The formation of polyamide (nylon) is a classic example of polycondensation, where diamine and dicarboxylic acid monomers react, releasing water molecules.

Highlight: The structure of the polymer chain directly relates to its properties. Linear chains in polyethylene allow for flexibility, while the nitrile groups in polyacrylonitrile provide polarity and strength.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Melde dich an, um den Inhalt freizuschalten. Es ist kostenlos!

Zugriff auf alle Dokumente

Verbessere deine Noten

Werde Teil der Community

Mit der Anmeldung akzeptierst du die Nutzungsbedingungen und die Datenschutzrichtlinie

Polystyrene Synthesis and Polyurethane Formation

This page covers the synthesis of polystyrene and the formation of polyurethanes.

Polystyrene Synthesis:

  1. Initiation: A radical initiator (R-R) breaks into two radicals (R•)
  2. Propagation: The radical attacks the double bond of styrene, creating a new radical
  3. Chain growth: The process repeats, adding more styrene monomers
  4. Termination: Two radicals combine, ending the chain growth

General reaction: nCH2=CH(C6H5) → [-CH2-CH(C6H5)-]n

Polyurethane Formation: Reaction between 1,6-hexanediisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol: OCN-(CH2)6-NCO + HO-(CH2)4-OH → [-O-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO-O-(CH2)4-]n

This is a polyaddition reaction, as no small molecules are eliminated during the process.

Definition: Polyaddition is a polymer-forming reaction where monomers add together without the loss of small molecules.

Example: The formation of polyurethane foam used in mattresses and car seats is a common application of the polyaddition mechanism.

Highlight: The polyaddition reaction for forming polyurethanes allows for a wide range of mechanical properties by varying the diisocyanate and diol components.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Melde dich an, um den Inhalt freizuschalten. Es ist kostenlos!

Zugriff auf alle Dokumente

Verbessere deine Noten

Werde Teil der Community

Mit der Anmeldung akzeptierst du die Nutzungsbedingungen und die Datenschutzrichtlinie

Ecoflex Polymer and Effect of Monomer Composition

This page discusses the synthesis of Ecoflex, a biodegradable polymer used in food packaging, and how changing monomer composition affects polymer properties.

Ecoflex Synthesis: Monomers: (A) Adipic acid (hexanedioic acid): HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH (B) Terephthalic acid (benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid): HOOC-C6H4-COOH (C) 1,4-butanediol: HO-(CH2)4-OH

The polymerization occurs through polycondensation, forming ester linkages between the acid and alcohol groups, releasing water molecules.

Effect of Monomer Composition: Replacing some 1,4-butanediol with glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) in the reaction with adipic acid increases crosslinking in the resulting polymer. This change affects the mechanical and thermal properties:

  1. Higher melting point due to increased crosslinking
  2. Improved mechanical strength and stability
  3. Reduced flexibility
  4. Enhanced heat resistance

Vocabulary: Duroplaste verhalten bei erwärmung - The behavior of thermosets when heated, typically characterized by maintaining their shape due to crosslinking.

Example: Increasing the glycerol content in the Ecoflex formulation would create a more rigid, heat-resistant plastic suitable for durable food containers.

Highlight: The mechanical properties and thermal behavior of polymers can be fine-tuned by adjusting the ratio of difunctional to trifunctional monomers in the polymerization reaction.

O HH 1 IN=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C = N₁ +₁ III HHH HHH H-Ō. t-j-± H 1.6 - Hexandiisocyanat + 1,4 Butandiol H H H H 61 /11 I-U-± (CH₂) 4-3- H ۰c-c-c-c

Melde dich an, um den Inhalt freizuschalten. Es ist kostenlos!

Zugriff auf alle Dokumente

Verbessere deine Noten

Werde Teil der Community

Mit der Anmeldung akzeptierst du die Nutzungsbedingungen und die Datenschutzrichtlinie

Polyaddition Reaction Mechanism

This page covers the polyaddition mechanism for forming polyurethanes. The reaction involves combining 1,6-hexanediisocyanate with 1,4-butanediol.

In this polyaddition process, no small molecules are eliminated. Instead, the monomers are simply linked together. Specifically, the hydrogen atom from the alcohol group bonds to the nitrogen atom of the isocyanate group, while the oxygen atom bonds to the carbon.

The resulting polymer contains urethane linkages (-NH-COO-) connecting the monomer units. This forms a linear polyurethane chain.

Example: The reaction between 1,6-hexanediisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol to form polyurethane: OCN-(CH2)6-NCO + HO-(CH2)4-OH → [-O-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO-O-(CH2)4-]n

Highlight: Polyaddition is characterized by the linking of monomers without elimination of small molecules, in contrast to polycondensation reactions.

Vocabulary: Polyurethane - A polymer containing urethane linkages, formed by reacting diisocyanates with diols or polyols.

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Knowunity ist die #1 unter den Bildungs-Apps in fünf europäischen Ländern

Knowunity wurde bei Apple als "Featured Story" ausgezeichnet und hat die App-Store-Charts in der Kategorie Bildung in Deutschland, Italien, Polen, der Schweiz und dem Vereinigten Königreich regelmäßig angeführt. Werde noch heute Mitglied bei Knowunity und hilf Millionen von Schüler:innen auf der ganzen Welt.

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Knowunity ist die #1 unter den Bildungs-Apps in fünf europäischen Ländern

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Schüler:innen lieben Knowunity

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iOS User

Ich liebe diese App so sehr, ich benutze sie auch täglich. Ich empfehle Knowunity jedem!! Ich bin damit von einer 4 auf eine 1 gekommen :D

Philipp, iOS User

Die App ist sehr einfach und gut gestaltet. Bis jetzt habe ich immer alles gefunden, was ich gesucht habe :D

Lena, iOS Userin

Ich liebe diese App ❤️, ich benutze sie eigentlich immer, wenn ich lerne.