Abi 2022

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fighting diseases, war, poverty Can be helpful, when it does what you want it to do Society benefits from Al (narrow) nowadays -> phones, face recognition => Al is part of our daily basis Disadvantages replaces humans -> leads to unemployment machines make mistakes and if they do it could end fatally strong Al could become mor intelligent as humans The overall cost is huge, only a few can afford it Unlikely to exhibit human emotions -> love, hate we seem to be more and more dependent on Al risk: development of Al progresses too rapidly, could get out of control The imitation game - Alan Turing was a British logician, mathematician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist Today he is considered to be one of the most influential theorists of early computer development and computer science During WWII, the British secret service engaged him on a delicate mission - He and his team were supposed to decipher the German Wehrmachts Enigma secret code - He made a breakthrough with his complex decryption machine - Turing becomes a celebrating star - his secret: he is homosexual - In 1952 this ,,offense" became the undoing of the former hero Important things that happened in the movie - Alan Turing being investigated on wrong assumptions - Alan is accused of being the soviet spy - at the beginning Alan is full of himself, socially distant and does not want to work with others - His coworkers do not believe in Alans plan to build a machine that can solve the Enigma Topics Homosexuality - close contact with Christopher - he associates good times with him - they have an emotional connection - he accepts him like he is technology increasing, because he wants to build the Turing machine- the Enigma - He needs money to fulfill his thinkings about this tries to explain it to others, but there's no understanding form others, because they cannot think like Turing Churchill believes in Turing, and gives him the allowance War - bombing, people / anxious people flee / piles of rubble / children wear gas masks Rights as a woman - not the same rights as men - women are underestimated Biotechnology - use of science and technology for living objects Pro Designer babies (parents can choose their future childrens character traits, and can determine the outward appearance) diseases could be stopped no heritable or other diseases - better physical conditions e.g. immune system flawless children Con Parents should and most will love their child anyway Uncertain whether diseases will ultimately develop High costs, not everybody can afford this More intelligent, less violent, good opportunities for creating ,,superhuman", attempt to play god a great long life, screen out personality flaws View that disabled persons are less worth living Treatment might be painful and clearly risky Cloning (copying ones DNA) process of producing genetically identical cells and organisms two commonly discussed types : 1. therapeutic cloning: aims to manipulate stem cells to develop into whole organs needed e.g. for transplants 2. Reproductive cloning: cloned embryo would be transplanted into an uterus for development and natural birth Used for synthetically grown organs, children for infertile parents, identical donations (savior sibling) Pro could save animals from dying / out / extinction could safe lives by clones eventual win against diseases synthetic organs can be produced GM-Food Genetically modified food Pro Con moral problems / potential mistakes. no individualism question of laws Savior siblings: child only born to donate organs - not a high living standard, not worth of having control over their own body Con benefits the environment could be used for the wrong reasons develop a plentiful, safe, healthy crop without using Not for protecting the environment or consumer so many chemicals safety but for profits promise of greater crop yields Unknown impact on humans health possibility of feeding millions of underfed and starving people farmers have to depend on large companies to get seed they need no need for pesticides or fertilizer cannot farm sustainable food quality can be improved -> healthier food waist of less food also help stopping world hunger / fair distribution Example: GM cows produce ,,human" milk - contains high quantities of key nutrients that can help to boost the immune system of babies Reduce the risk of infections - scientists insisted that it would be as safe to drink as milk from ordinary dairy cows Human-like-milk" would provide much higher nutritional content It contains the ,,just righ" proportions of protein need to have passed extensive safety testing - do we need this milk?? Cartoons Taking illustrations : pictures, photos, cartoons 1. take a good look at this illustration 2. Imagine describing it to someone who cannot see it 3. use at least four paragraphs 1. name the title, the artist, the date of its publication 2. briefly give an idea of what the illustration look like 3. say what you see = DESCRIPTION 4. Explain what it means = INTERPRET 5. Sum up briefly = CONCLUSION Useful phrases / prepositions - in the cartoon / picture / photo - on the right / left side / further to the right / left - left/right of/ at the top / bottom, in the middle / background / middle distance / foreground / behind, above, below, in front of, next to, between, under Describe actions someone is walking towards the caption says ...., the inscription on the sign says..... In the top corner on the left To the left of the centre On the left hand side Further to the left On the left In the bottom corner on the left At the top In the middle at the centre At the bottom In the top corner on the right To the right of the centre On the right hand side Further to the right On the right In the bottom corner on the right Tips: when you start a sentence with an adverbial place, continue with there is" or subject + verb - ,,At the bottom, there is a snake / in the background, the moon is rising" when you describe an action, always use the present progressive - She is raising her hand" STYLISTIC DEVICES . Accumulation Adnomination . Allegory . Alliteration Allusion (Anspielung) Analogy Anaphora Epiphora Antithesis Apostrophe Assonance Consonance Cataphora EXPLANATION + EXAMPLES · Listing of words and expressions with similar meaning . Repetition of words with the same root. The difference lies in one sound or letter. Effect: A euphony can be achieved > "Nobody loves no one." Representation of ideas through a certain form (character, event, etc.) Can convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, and imagery Animal Farm is about the Russian Revolution > Characters stands for working & upper classes, military forces, and political leaders . . . The repeated sound of the first consonant in a series of words; repetition of the same sounds of the same kind at the beginning of words/ in stressed syllables of a phrase >A lazy lying lion. Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers. Sally sells seashells by the seashore. Direct / indirect reference to sth. Or somebody the reader / listener is supposed to recognize and respond to Reference to a myth, character, literary work, work of art, etc.. "This place is like the garden of Eden" → allusion refers to the "garden of God" (i.e. paradise) Comparison of two things which are similar in several aspects. By comparing an object, situation or person to sth. familiar Word repetition at the beginnings of sentences in order to give emphasis to them "Come in, I say. Come in and eat with us." Word repetition at the end of sentences "And that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Emphasizing contrast between two things or fictional characters. > "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing; a confusion of the real with the ideal never goes unpunished." Directed speech to someone who is not present or to an object ➤ "Work on, my medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught." Repetition of vowels in order to create internal rhyming > "Hear the mellow wedding bells" Repetition of consonants Mentioning of the person or object further in the discourse . . ▪ Climax . Anti-climax Charactonym/ Speaking Name Ellipsis Euphemism Dysphemism Epigram . Hyperbole Litotes Hypophora Irony Merism . Metalepsis I met him yesterday, your boyfriend who was wearing the cool hat. If you want some, here's some cheese. After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks. Arranging text in such a manner that tension gradually ascends > He was a not bad listener, a good speaker and an amazing performer Tension descends Giving fictional characters names that describe them ➤ Scrooge, Snow White Word or phrase omission > I speak lots of languages, but only two (languages) Replacing offensive or combinations of words with lighter equivalents ➤Visually challenged (blind); meet one's maker (die) Replacing a neutral word with a harsher word Memorable and brief saying, usually satirical ➤ "For most of history, Anonymous was a woman" Exaggeration of the statement >If I've told you once, I've told you a thousand times Understatement Asking a question and answering it right away Are you going to leave now? I don't think so Verbal (Antiphrasis): > Using words to express sth. Different from their literal meaning for ironic effect "I'm so excited to burn the midnight oil and write my academic paper all week long" Situational: > Result differs from the expectation > Bruce Robertson, a character of Filth, is a policeman. Nonetheless, he does drugs, resorts to violence and abuse, and so on) Dramatic: ➤ Situation is understandable for the audience but not the fictional character/ actor > Audience sees that the fictional characters/actors will be killed now, though the characters don't expect it Describing people / objects by enumerating (Aufzählen) their traits (Eigenschaften) > Lock, stock, and barrel (gun); heart and soul (entirety) Referencing one thing through the means of another thing, which is related to the first one . . Onomatopoeia . Metaphor . Parallelism . Metonymy . . Parenthesis . Oxymoron Chiasmus Personification Pun/wordplay Rhetorical question Simile Synecdoche Symbol Tautology Zeugma (or syllepsis) . . "Stop judging people so strictly- you live in a glass house too" (people who live in glass houses should not throw stones) Comparing two different things that have some characteristics in common > "Love is clockworks and cold steel" Giving a thing another name that is associated with it > The heir to the crown was Richard (crown stands for authority) Imitating sounds in writing >Oink, ticktock, tweet tweet Combining contradictory traits ➤ Living dead; terribly good; real magic Arranging a sentence in such a manner that it has parallel structure > "Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn." An inverted parallelism > "To stop, too fearful, and too faint to go."; "My job is not to represent Washington to you but to represent you to Washington." Interrupting a sentence by inserting extra information enclosed in brackets, commas, or dashes. > Our family (my mother, sister, and grandfather) had a barbeque this past weekend. Attributing human characteristics to nonhumans ➤ Practically all animals in fairy tales act like human beings. They speak and have traits that are typical of people. May be understood in two different ways or which may be put into a different context to alter the meaning > The magician got so mad that he pulled his hair out (hair alludes to hare = Hase) Questioning without expecting the answer > Why not? Are you kidding me? Direct comparison > "Your heart is like an ocean, mysterious and dark." Generalization or specification based on a definite part/trait of the object ➤ He just got new wheels. (car) Word or phrase signifying sth. Concrete that stands not only for itself but also for a certain abstract idea ➤ A red rose is often a symbol of love Saying the same thing twice in different ways > first priority; I personally; repeat again Applying a word to a few other words in the sentence in order to give different meaning Give neither counsel nor salt till you are asked for it ADDING and- und as well as - ebenso gut wie besides - außerdem moreover - r - außerdem furthermore - außerdem in addition -in Ergänzung additionally - ergänzend not only... but - nicht nur... sondern also - auch another point is -ein anderer Punkt ist that - dass LINKING WORDS English accordingly - entsprechend likewise - ebenfalls RELATIVE CLAUSES who - wer whome - wen whose - wessen whoever - wer auch immer whomever - wen auch immer which - welches that - dieses what - was, welches whichever - welches a. immer whatever - was auch immer TIME after - danach before- davor since - seit when - als whenever - wann auch immer while - während until - bis as - wie as...as - wie...wie once - einmal then - dann CONTRASTING / CONCESSION but - aber however - wie auch immer although - obwohl though - obwohl even though - obwohl despite - trotz in spite of - trotz nevertheless - dennoch LINKING WORDS on the contrary - im Geg.Teil on the one hand... on the other hand whereas - wohingegen while - während but while - aber während in contrast - im Kontrast neither... nor - weder...noch either...or - entweder ...oder instead - stattdessen otherwise - ansonsten still - noch not only... but - nicht nur..aber unless - es sei denn English CONDITION if - wenn unless - es sei denn until - bis in case - im Fall provided that - unter der Voraussetzung, dass assuming that - vorausgesetzt, dass even if- selbst wenn as if- als ob as though - als ob how - wie EXPRESSING because - weil as - wie since - seit this is why - deshalb because of deshalb due to-wegen owing to - aufgrund von for this reason - aus diesem Grund for - für so that - so dass SO - SO so... therefore - dafür thus - daher that-so...dass consequently-folglich as a result - infolge hence - somit in order to - um zu NARRATION first (of all)- erstens at first - zuerst at the beginning - am Anfang in the beginning - zu Beginn then - dann next - nächste before - bevor after - danach afterwards - danac when - wenn while - während during - während n-bald soon - LINKING WORDS English prior to - vor until - bis since - seit consequently - folglich considering that - bedenkt, dass concerning - betreffend immediately - sofort finally - endlich meanwhile - währenddessen in the end - am Ende EXPRESSING to - zu so as to - damit in order that - damit so that - damit for - für I would say that - In my opinion - I think (that) - I believe (that) - personally -persönlich apparently - scheinbar of course - natürlich in fact -eigentlich for example - z.B for instance - z.B for one - für einen SUMMING UP / CONCLUSION all in all - alles in allem overall - insgesamt generally - im Allgemeinen in conclusion - abschließend on the whole - im Großen & Ganzen to sum up - zusammenfassend therefore - deshalb thus - also especially - besonders particularly-besonders naturally - natürlich exactly because above all - über allem whatever - whenever - too / enough - the more - umso mehr intriguingly-faszinierend apparently-offensichtlich obviously offensichtlich Harper Lee: to kill a Mockingbird plot summary - Scout Finch lives with her brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, in the sleepy Alabama town of Maycomb - Maycomb is suffering through the Great Depression, but Atticus is a prominent lawyer and the Finch family is reasonably well off - one summer, Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who lives in their neighborhood for the summer - the trio acts out stories together -Dill becomes fascinated with the spooky house on their street called the Radley Place - the house is owned by Mr. Nathan Radley, whose brother, Arthur (Boo), has lived there for years without going outside - Scout goes to school for the first time that fall and hates it - she and Jem find gifts apparently left for them in a knothole of a tree on the Radley property - Atticus puts a stop to their stories, urging the children to try to see life from another person's perspective before making judgments - on Dill's last night in Maycomb for the summer, the three sneak onto the Radley property, where Nathan shoots at them - Jem loses his pants during the escape - when he returns for them, he finds them mended and hung over the fence - the next winter, Jem and Scout find more presents in the tree, presumably left by the mysterious Boo - Nathan Radley eventually plugs the knothole with cement - thereafter, a fire breaks out in another neighbor's house, and during the fire someone slips a blanket on Scout's shoulders as she watches it - convinced that Boo did it, Jem tells Atticus about the mended pants and the presents - Maycomb is a racist white community, Atticus agrees to defend a black man named Tom Robinson = who has been accused of raping a white woman - due to Atticus's decision, Jem and Scout are subjected to abuse from other children - Calpurnia, the Finches' black cook, takes them to the local black church, where the warm community embraces them -Atticus's sister, Alexandra, comes to live with the Finches the next summer -Dill, who is supposed to live with his "new father" in another town, runs away and comes to Maycomb - Tom Robinson's trial begins, and when the accused man is placed in the local jail, a mob gathers to lynch him - Atticus faces the mob down the night before the trial - Jem and Scout, who have sneaked out of the house, soon join him - Scout recognizes one of the men, and her polite questioning about his son shames him into dispersing the mob - at the trial itself, the children sit in the "colored balcony" with the town's black citizens - Atticus provides clear evidence that the accusers, Mayella Ewell and her father, Bob, are lying = in fact, Mayella proposition Tom Robinson, was caught by her father, and then accused Tom of rape to cover her shame and guilt - Atticus provides impressive evidence that the marks on Mayella's face are from wounds that her father inflicted = upon discovering her with Tom, he called her a whore and beat her - despite the significant evidence pointing to Tom's innocence, the all-white jury convicts him - the innocent Tom later tries to escape from prison and is shot to death Bob Ewell feels that Atticus and the judge have made a fool out of him, and he vows revenge - he menaces Tom Robinson's widow, tries to break into the judge's house, and attacks Jem and Scout = they walk home from a Halloween party -Boo Radley saves the children and stabbed Ewell fatally during the struggle -Boo carries the wounded Jem back to Atticus's house, where the sheriff insists that Ewell tripped over a tree root & fell on his own knife - after this Boo has become a human being to Scout - with this realization, Scout embraces her father's advice to practice sympathy and understanding and demonstrates that her experiences with hatred and prejudice will not sully her faith in human goodness Harper Lee: to kill a Mockingbird differences between the novel and the film - a few persons were not mentioned in the film - like Aunt Alexandra or were not mentioned in detail like in the novel (Mrs. Dubose) - the fire was not mentioned either in the film - in both the leitmotif is mentioned to kill a mockingbird is a sin" - the hand is a symbol of power = left and right hand for the court from Tom Robinson = when Jem was on the Radleys porch there was also used a hand - the pocket watch is a symbol of family Jem will get it from his father = Boo has no one to give it, so he hands it to Jem and Scout Scout will get a pearl necklace from her mother when she's old enough = = Harper Lee: to kill a Mockingbird characters Atticus Finch - went to Montgomery to read law - his first two clients were the last two persons hanged in the Maycomb county jail - beginning of distaste for the practice of criminal law - during his first 5 years in Maycomb, he practiced economy more than anything - he invested earnings in his brothers education - because of finchs industry he was related by blood or marriage to nearly every family in the town - did not go to school, were teacher at home, but knew almost everything -Atticus defends the Radleys and tells Jem, Scout and Dill to stop making fun of them - Atticus Maxim in getting along with other people: „You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point fo view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. ( Chapter 3) Atticus thus encourages Scout to feel empathy. - Atticus defends the Radleys and tells Jem, Scout and Dill to stop making fun of them - Atticus Maxim in getting along with other people: „You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point fo view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. ( Chapter 3) Atticus thus encourages Scout to feel empathy. - if he wouldn't defend the negro he couldn't hold up his head in town, couldn't represent this county in the legislature and couldn't tell jem or scout not to do something again - was nearly 50 - much older than the parents of our school poraries - he wore glasses - was nearly blind on his left eye - his hobby is to sit in the living room and read - best checker-player in town - plays jews harp - he was the deadest shot in his time graying black hair -square-cut features Jack Finch - brother of Atticus - uncle of Scout & Jem -every Christmas he spends a week with us - was a head shorter than Atticus - baby of the family . Was younger than Alexandra -sharp nose and chin - has a cat, called one Aylmer (was a yellow beautiful cat, one of the women he could stand permanently) - he smells like a bottle of alcohol and something unpleasant sweet - he does not want any bad words out of the mouth of Scout Atticus Finch as a role model at the beginning of his career Atticus practiced economy and invested his earnings in his brothers education as a doctor - puts himself back always helped others (to achieve their dreams) - this could be a reason why he decides to become a lawyer - a widower, he raises his two children with the aid of the black housekeeper Calpurnia - housekeeper calpurnia is black - she takes them to black community, like church - this shows that they are different of Maycombs community - they are mostly racist - they stick to their own values - see the person - doesn't care about the color or cultural background his attitude towards the Radley family - he knows the pain that has gone on in this family - after catching his kids trying to peek inside the Radley house, he tells them that Boo has a right to his privacy - he need not ever come out if he does not want to - he has no illusions about the Radleys = they are simply people who have suffered - „you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view" /,,until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" Atticus dissuades Scout from quitting school - she's not allowed to read / write at school - she hates it there - they make a deal, Atticus will teach her how to read / write at home, if she dissuades quitting school Atticus's schooting of the rabid dog - the dog is dangerous to the community - Atticus is trying to protect the community - shocked his children because they thought he has not real talents to has anything about which o be proud - in their knowledge he had never touched a gun - he did not believe in fighting - mad dog = symbol for the evil that exists in Maycomb = racists attitude Atticus 's attitude towards Mrs Dubose - she has a morphine addiction - she's their neighbor - Jem has to read out to her - the kids are hating her -Atticus considers her as the bravest person, even though she's mean to him - never judge a book by its cover / you never really know what a person is ging through Atticus Finch as a role model Atticus's resolve to take on the defence of Tom Robinson in spite of the fact that his decision is unpopular with the white community - he doesn't care whether black / white - he just sees that a human being needs help / defence so he's trying to help them out = because its his determination Atticus is resolved to protect Tom Robinson from the lynch mob - Scout saved Atticus and Mr. Robinson from the mob - lynch mobs are not an uncommon sight - mob is a group of people - a group of men together don't think for themselves - a mob can bes stopped because they are human Atticus defends Tom Robinson - he accepts the job of defending him - he was appointed by Judge Taylor - he desires to set an example for his children as his defence attorney he examines Mayella Ewel taking great care to uncover the motives for her advances to Tom Robinson - her answers are showing that she's lying - she is afraid to answer the questions - she kind of gives in - doesn't tell the whole truth - she just lies for her father, who is abusing her - her motifs: breaks a social code, she has feelings for T.R, she abuses him and not the other way around - she does not have any friends / social contact - she would speak for attention - does not have a help at home, she is in a way a mother, helpless, Tom always helped her Atticus stays calm and composed when Bob Ewell insults him spitting in his face - he sticks to his values - doesn't let himself down to such a level - he's a very selfcomposed person Atticus is prepared to bend the law to protect Arthur Radley - his children walked home after a Halloween party - they were chased by Ewell - Boo helped them and he stabbed him -Boo gets the kids home - the sheriff insists that Ewell fell on his own knife - he is prepared to bend the law because he saved his children - Ewell has to pay for what he did = act of justice stories of initiation : Jem, Scout and Dill in „to Kill a Mockingbird" Initiation: the action of beginning something the action of admitting someone into a secret or obscure society or group, typically with a ritual - its all about them growing up - their confrontation with prejudices - they learn from that and society - they experience several things - e.g. Boo Radley (in the beginning an evil monster, the children learn to respect him as a human being throughout the plot) - Atticus moral education - stereotypes, racism and prejudice in Maycomb = from innocence to experience (referring to Jem, Scout & Dill) - Scout realizes that Boo needs her help, because he is week and shy -> she comes to fully understand the meaning of the phrase ,,its a sin to kill a mockingbird" - good and innocent people must be protected - novel displays a time period of three years = = Jem, Scout & Dill grow up physically and mentally (introduced with 6 years - ended with 9 years) - Scout has gone from a tomboy to a girl who solves problems with words (throughout the story she comes to a new understanding of the human nature) - remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird -> leitmotif, symbol of true goodness, purity: Boo, Tom Robinson = = Scout understands the image of the mockingbird : tells the sheriff that exposing Boo to the public would be like killing a mockingbird - conflict between ,,adult world" and childhood world" - social reality with many problems e.g. racism = rule-giver - imagination = Scout especially struggles with her entrance into „adult world" while trying to secure her individualism - coexistence of good and evil : the children are confronted with the coexistence of good (personified by Atticus, Calpurnia, Sheriff Tate) and evil (Bob Ewell, the prejudiced community) - for the first time they have to realize that good and evil exist side by side and that the good does not always win Harper Lee: to kill a Mockingbird characters Scout (Jean Louise) Finch - she could not behave as well as jem - mother died, when she was only two years old (sudden heart attack) - school started in a week - Miss Caroline Fisher hauled her to the front of the room and patted the palm of my handy with a ruler, then made me tad in the corner => method of sealing oral contracts - she wrote a letter in class to Dill because he was bored - had do finish dinner in the kitchen, because she does not want to eat with a Cunningham at the table - she and Jem raced each other up the sidewalk to meet Atticus coming home from work - if she concedes the necessity of going to school, Atticus will go on reading every night - she does not believe that twelve years of unrelieved boredom was exactly what the state had in mind for me - one afternoon, something caught her eye in such a way that she needs to take a deep breath - found a piece of chewing gum in a tree - jem and scout found two scrubbed and polished pennies - dill told her that she is going to die in three days - was hit by Uncle Jack - he went to Mrs dubose with jem for reading Jem (Jeremy Atticus) Finch -nearly 13 he got his arm badly broken - never being able to play football again -his left arm was shorter than his right arm - he and Scout raced each other up the sidewalk to meet Atticus coming home from work -jem and scout found two scrubbed and polished pennies - he was allowed to sit on the adults table on Christmas dinner - he was football crazy - after his 12 th birthday he went to town - he read to Mrs dubose - he is just to be mister jem now - soft brown hair - brown eyes - oval face -snug-fitting ears Mrs. Dubose - lived alone with a negro girl in constant attendance (Jessie) - spent most of the time in bed or in the wheelchair - old, ill lady -she died - had her own views about things - was morphine-addict Harper Lee: to kill a Mockingbird characters Calpurnia - cook - she was all angles and bones - she was near-sighted - she quieted - her hand was wide as a bed slat - she had been with us since Jem was born - when mr Radley was dying she told: there goes the meanest man ever god blew breath into" - when she's furious, her grammar became erratic - when she's in tranquillity, her grammar was as good as anybody's in Maycomb - she had more education than most colored folks - told scout that she missed her - she - gave her a surprise - she kissed scout - always does lemonade in the summer break - toke the children into nigga church - zeebo is her eldest son (garbage collector) Dill - he can read - from Meridian, Mississippi - was spending the Summe with his aunt Miss Rachel - his mother worked for a photographer - he wore blue linen shorts, buttoned to his shirt - his hair was snowy white and stuck to his head like duck-fluff - blue eyes - laugh was sudden - cowlick in the Centre of his forehead - he has not got a dad - the Radley Place fascinated him - left in early September, to return to Meridian - dill returned in summer - had met his father - he was the president of L&N Railroad - he can smell somebody and can tell if they are gonna die - he wont come in summer - he had a new father, a lawyer, much younger than Atticus, pleasant face - he hid himself under scouts bed - he stayed there for one week - his parents did not give him any attention (dad + stepmom) Harper Lee: to kill a characters Mockingbird Boo (Arthur) Radley - when he was in his teens he became acquainted with some of the Cunninghams - the formed a gang - he was in with the wrong crowd - they were disturbing the peace, assault and battery, and using abusive and profane language in the presence and hearing of female - he was not send to the state industrial school, because his fathers word was a bond, like he would care for him and it would not happen ever again - he was not seen again for 15 years - he drove scissors into his fathers leg - there he was 33 years old - he was locked in the court-house basement - his father chained him to the bed most of the time - is about six feet tall - dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch - his hands were blood-stained - long jagged scar that ran across his face - teeth were yellow or rotten - his eyes popped and he drooled ost of the time Tom Robinson - is defended by Atticus - lives in that little settlement beyond town dump - member of calpurnias church - he is clean-living folks - raper of Ewells daughter Bob & Mayella Ewell - Burris Ewell - has a Crootie in his hair - he does not have a first name, they just call him Burris at home - he cannot spell - he should go home and take a bath - his neck was dark grey, backs of his hands were rusty, fingernails were black deep into the quick - he told the teacher that she wont send him home - the Ewells come first day and then leave - ain't got a mother, and their paws right contentious - he's a mean and a hard-down one - liable to start something - they were people but lived like animals - they can go to school any time they want to, if they show any symptom of wanting education - Thesauren members of an exclusive society made up of Ewells - Bob Ewell was permitted to hunt and trap out of season - he spends his relief checks on green whisky his children have a way of crying from hunger pains George Orwell: Shooting an elephant plot summary - is a narrative essay about Orwell's time as a police officer for the British Raj in colonial Burma - it delves into an inner conflict that Orwell experiences in his role of representing the British Empire and upholding the law - beginning of the essay Orwell explains that he is opposed to the British colonial project in Burma = he's on the side of the Burmese people, who he feels are oppressed by colonial rule - as a police officer he sees the brutalities of the imperial project up close and first hand =he resents the British presence in the country. - he faces challenges as a police officer representing British imperial power - the people of Burma hate the empire too, and thus they hate Orwell, for he is the face of the empire - they harass and mock him and seek opportunities to laugh at him - Orwell's entire focus becomes about avoiding the ridicule of the Burmese - Orwell learns that an elephant has broken its chain and it is undergoing a bout of "must" (a hormonal disorder that causes elephants to become uncontrollably violent) - the elephant is rampaging through a bazaar, wreaking havoc = Orwell sets out with a small rifle to see what's happening = he has no intention of killing the elephant - the elephant has made a mess = has trampled grass huts and turned over a garbage disposal van and it has killed a man - Orwell sends for an elephant rifle, though he still has no intention of killing the elephant = he merely wants to defend himself - he's led down to the paddy fields where he sees the giant elephant peacefully grazing = he instantly feels that it would be wrong to kill it - behind him he sees the people watching - the crowd is massive! - he feels their eyes on him, and their great expectations of his role - they expect him to uphold the performance of power that he is meant to represent as an officer of the British Empire - all white men in the colonized world are beholden to the people whom they colonize = If he falters, he will let down the guise of power, but most of all, he will create an opportunity for the people to laugh - he fires at the elephant's brain, but the elephant doesn't die - a disturbing change comes over it and merely seems to age - he fires again and this time brings it slowly to its knees =he fires again and it comes back up, dramatically rising on hind legs and lifting its trunk before thundering to the earth - still however, it remains alive - he proceeds to unload bullet after bullet into the elephant's heart, but it won't die - the people have swarmed in to steal the meat - he learns later that it took half an hour for the elephant to die - discussion among the other police officers about whether or not he did the right thing older ones think he did / younger ones feel that it's a shame to shoot an elephant for killing a Burmese collie = George Orwell: Shooting an elephant characters in the story The Narrator - narrator does not have a name => it's obvious that the narrator is based on Orwell himself - resentment the Burmese feel toward the British - describes being tripped in front of a large crowd - frequently the butt of jokes - he is disillusioned with the Empire at the time this event takes place and has decided he wants out of the Burmese police force - he is morally opposed to all of the oppression he witnesses - he doesn't particularly feel sympathy for the Burmese to confront the mad elephant t - t has been terrorizing his town - he is painfully aware of the fact that the crowd is watching his every move - he kills the elephant, he admits, "to avoid looking a fool" The Burmese - the narrator depicts the Burmese in a negative light - they laugh at him in the streets and trip him during football games and impede his work as a police officer for the British Empire - Buddhist monks are the worst of them and seem to do nothing but stand on street corners and jeer at the English and, presumably, foreigners -Their anger is justified, and stems directly from the oppressive imperial rule that the British have imposed upon Burma - the Burmese hate the British because they want to be independent from the Empire - the narrator hates the Burmese because he is part of the Empire (if not exactly an imperialist) - The Burmese's ill-treatment of the English is as much about resistance as it is about entertainment: - they enjoy seeing the narrator fail, it seems they would like nothing more than to watch him get trampled by the elephant - as the narrator prepares to shoot the elephant, it is almost as if they are watching a show => this characterizes the crowd as a group of onlookers who are more interested in the spectacle of the shooting than in the lives of those involved The Elephant - it is "no more dangerous than a cow" - even though the animal has undoubtedly caused havoc in the area it is still a formidable, perhaps even regal, animal who seems to want nothing more than to be left alone to eat grass - is owned by a local Indian man who failed to properly corral it - when the narrator shoots the elephant, he is acting in the role of a British imperialist oppressing the people, here symbolized by the elephant - first shot doesn't kill the animal, however = the elephant stands up, trumpeting one last time before falling to the ground - then he takes a rifle and shoots the elephant several times in the throat, but the elephant, refuses to die - the Burmese stripped the meat off the elephant's body and left nothing but the bones Hanif Kureishi: My Son the Fanatic plot summary - is about problems between Parvez, who is a Pakistani immigrant in England and his son Ali -Ali's behaviour has changed = Parvez supposes that something is going wrong with his son - when he is together with his two closest friends, he talks with them about his problems with his son = conclusion that Ali is taking drugs - Parvez is a taxi driver and often drives Bettina around, who is a prostitute - their relationship to each other is very good he also talks with her about his son - she advises him to watch his son more critically and to search for clues for his addiction - Parvez observes his son very strictly but he cannot find any kind of hint about his son's addiction - what Parvez finds out is that his son is growing a beard and that he gives his belongings away to charity shops - Parvez notices that his son prays five times a day - he decides to go out with his son to talk with Ali about these things - they are in a restaurant, Parvez drinks too much alcohol so they begin to quarrel -Ali criticises his father because of breaking to many rules of the Koran and wants him to change his life - he wants to give up his studies in accounting - Parvez wants his son to get out of his house - Bettina can convince him of trying to identify with his son so that Parvez endures his son's criticism; he is even growing a beard to please his son - he tries to talk to his son to tell him his attitudes of life - Ali still despises his father because he does not stick to the Koran - Parvez drives around Bettina with his taxi they meet Ali on the street and they stop and take him with them because Bettina wants to talk with him - but when she tells him that his father loves him, Ali only gets angry and begins to insult Bettina so that she leaves the car - Parvez is very angry about his son = he begins to drink when they arrive at home - he finally goes into his son's room to hit his son who neither covers himself nor retaliates characters Parvez - Pakistani immigrant in England - grew up in Lahore & has been a taxi-driver for twenty years - Parvez was taught the Koran in Lahore -> his relationship to the Koran is very bad = indifference to the Koran at his young age: His maulvi had to attach a string to the ceiling and to tie it to Parvez' hair to stop him from falling asleep while he was studying the Koran - in England his attitude to the Koran has not changed - When he is told by his son that he is breaking the rules of the Koran, Parvez shrugs or answers "For instance?" - he loves crispy bacon and avoids all religions - he likes Bettina very much => He could talk to her about things he'd be never able to discuss with his own wife" - has his problems with alcohol => "he went more often to the whisky bottle, even when he was at work." - even when he knows that he gets drunk he cannot stop himself from drinking Ali - son of Parvez - is going to give up his studies in accounting to work in prison - His behaviour has changed => has givin up sports, is getting tidier and is outgrowing his teenage attitudes - he parts from his English girlfriend and throws his possessions out - His behaviour results from his Islamic religion, which makes him stick to the Koran => he prays five times a day and goes to the mosque - has a very close relationship to Islam => "The law of Islam would rule the world, the skin of the infidel world would burn off again and again: the Jews and Christers would be routed", which makes him even think of going to war: "My people have taken enough. If the persecution doesn't stop, there will be jihad." - His Islamic religion lets him also become arrogant which becomes clear in his behaviour to Bettina => she asks him something he only replies: "Who are you to ask me these questions?" Hanif Kureishi My Son the Fanatic : relationship between Parvez and his son Ali - relationship between Parvez and Ali is bad and they do not understand each other - reason for this is Ali's development to a Muslim, which Parvez does not notice - Parvez notices that his son's behaviour has changed, but Parvez is not able to bring up the subject of Ali's unusual behaviour - this behaviour results from Ali's religion - Parvez does not only have problems to understand his son, he also misunderstands his son by interpreting his behaviour as being addicted to drugs - even Parvez does not understand his son anymore he loves Ali anyway => works long hours for Ali and yearns for the time when they were "brothers" - Parvez decides to go out with his son => he wants to restore his old relationship with his son, but refuses to accompany his father clear that he does not like his father anymore - So Parvez has to insist on his opinion that no appointment could be more important than that of a son with his father - when they are together in the restaurant the religious aspect why they do not understand each other becomes clear => Ali does not accept his father's way of life, because he does not stick to the Koran so that he even hates his father for this - Parvez suffers from his son's intolerance towards him => Parvez even cries and tries everything to please his son so that they will be "brothers" again => But Ali does not seem to notice his father anymore => Even when Parvez is growing a beard to please his son, Ali does not seem to notice it - Parvez feels that he has lost his son - In my opinion it also shows that they have "lost" each other "Parvez stumbled and fell in the road, scraping his hands and ripping his trousers -> The boy didn't even offer him his hand.” - Another situation, which shows that they are really apart from each other, is when Parvez and Bettina drive around with the taxi. They meet Ali and take him with them In this situation it even seems that Bettina has a closer relationship to Parvez than Ali has because he gets into the back seat, where passengers normally sit, while Bettina sits in the front, beside Parvez. - it is not only the religious aspect which makes Parvez and Ali understand each other so badly = generation conflict = often have different attitudes towards life - Parvez wants his son to make "the best" of his life but this life is for sure not the life Ali wants - Parvez thinks he has lived a decent life, Ali does not think so because in his opinion his father has broken countless rules of the Koran - Parvez thinks that they have to fit in in England, Ali thinks that Parvez is "too implicated" in Western civilisation - Because of this generation conflict and their bad situation resulting from Ali's religious behaviour the situation escalates - Parvez who feels that he has lost his son loses his temper and hits the boy - the story ends at this point, you can figure out that by this act Parvez and Ali have "lost" each other forever Hanif Kureishi My Son the Fanatic : relationship between Parvez and his son Ali - relationship between Parvez and Ali is bad and they do not understand each other - reason for this is Ali's development to a Muslim, which Parvez does not notice - Parvez notices that his son's behaviour has changed, but Parvez is not able to bring up the subject of Ali's unusual behaviour - this behaviour results from Ali's religion - Parvez does not only have problems to understand his son, he also misunderstands his son by interpreting his behaviour as being addicted to drugs - even Parvez does not understand his son anymore he loves Ali anyway => works long hours for Ali and yearns for the time when they were "brothers" - Parvez decides to go out with his son => he wants to restore his old relationship with his son, but refuses to accompany his father clear that he does not like his father anymore - So Parvez has to insist on his opinion that no appointment could be more important than that of a son with his father - when they are together in the restaurant the religious aspect why they do not understand each other becomes clear => Ali does not accept his father's way of life, because he does not stick to the Koran so that he even hates his father for this - Parvez suffers from his son's intolerance towards him => Parvez even cries and tries everything to please his son so that they will be "brothers" again => But Ali does not seem to notice his father anymore => Even when Parvez is growing a beard to please his son, Ali does not seem to notice it - Parvez feels that he has lost his son - In my opinion it also shows that they have "lost" each other "Parvez stumbled and fell in the road, scraping his hands and ripping his trousers -> The boy didn't even offer him his hand.” - Another situation, which shows that they are really apart from each other, is when Parvez and Bettina drive around with the taxi. They meet Ali and take him with them In this situation it even seems that Bettina has a closer relationship to Parvez than Ali has because he gets into the back seat, where passengers normally sit, while Bettina sits in the front, beside Parvez. - it is not only the religious aspect which makes Parvez and Ali understand each other so badly = generation conflict = often have different attitudes towards life - Parvez wants his son to make "the best" of his life but this life is for sure not the life Ali wants - Parvez thinks he has lived a decent life, Ali does not think so because in his opinion his father has broken countless rules of the Koran - Parvez thinks that they have to fit in in England, Ali thinks that Parvez is "too implicated" in Western civilisation - Because of this generation conflict and their bad situation resulting from Ali's religious behaviour the situation escalates - Parvez who feels that he has lost his son loses his temper and hits the boy - the story ends at this point, you can figure out that by this act Parvez and Ali have "lost" each other forever Zadie Smith: The Embassy of Cambodia plot summary - story focuses on Fatou, a refugee from the Ivory Coast who is telling her story - she is working as a maid for a family in northwest London - every Monday she slips out from the home and uses the family's guest passes to gets swimming at a nice club - she becomes fascinated by the Cambodian Embassy, which occupies a suburban villa in Willesden - she feels relatively free when she reads about a Sudanese "slave" in another rich London home - on the other hand, just like the girl in the newspaper, she had not seen her passport with her own eyes since she arrived at the Derawals', and she had been told from the start that her wages were to be retained by the Derawals to pay for the food, water and heat she would require during her stay, as well as to cover the rent for the room she slept in - Fatou doesn't leave the house often, but she does spend Sunday mornings with one of her friends from church, Andrew Okonkwo, from Nigeria - they talk about such things as whether Africans are born to suffer - he's a doctoral student, smart, yet he's friendly - Fatou and Andrew are reaching for answers to questions that sometimes test the limits of their knowledge - Fatou saved one children's life on which she has to look up to = this situation changed everything - Mrs Derawal decided to throw her out, because they do not need a nanny but a housecleaner - when Fatou has to leave the house she firstly called Andrew who has a solution - after the call she went swimming one last time and then waited for hours at the bus stop hearing the shuttle cock and seeing buses come and leave characters Fatou - a refugee from the Ivory Coast - worked in a Hotel, was raped there by a Russian guest - was able to come to Italy / London, because she can read a little Italien and speak English - is live-in maid - is passionate about swimming and the badminton - gets baptized - saves the life of one children of the family for which she is working for - has a good relationship with Andrew - she is smart, clever, creative Andrew - a student - wears glasses - the only friend of Fatou - spends a lot of time with her, especially on Sundays - he is already in church and baptized they two have nice and political discussions - invites her and pays for her - attentive, because he does researches for her Zadie Smith: The Embassy of Cambodia characters Family Derawal - they are immigrants thereself - behave bad to Fatou - does not appreciate the saving of her daughter - does not want to make a big deal out of it -the dismisses her after that, because they need a housecleaner, not a nanny Fatous dad - helped her to get a better future/helped her to flee - docile not come with her - did not hear anything afterwards from him Zadie Smith: The Embassy of Cambodia point out several things: The cipher of the badminton game - takes place in the garden of the Embassy - hard / more aggressive player, soft player - player one superior, player two in minority / weaker one - Fatou observes the game five or ten minutes before she goes in to swim - it is first mentioned in the second chapter - Fatou is the first player / the skilled and peace loving one = she keeps the game going - the aggressive or even potentially disruptive player may represent anyone in the story hostile to the protagonist like some members of the Derawal family / even mainstream society the cipher of the Embassy of Cambodia - mission or a duty especially taken by an agent - residents of Willesden find it surprising = its unique in its own way - passing the embassy not think genocide": Cambodia had a genocide by the communist's =1975-1978, genocide of the group of the educated people coped - is not very grand - is surrounded by a red brick wall - kind of unremarkable location - located in the suburbs and not in the city center - surroundings of the embassy can be described as a ethnic location = there are people from different nations the ambiguity of the chapter headings 0-1/0-2/0-3 - you need to reach 21 points to win in Badminton - Fatou seems to loose what is unusual? => she seems to be always the server -> symbolized is treated unjustly main stream society vs. African migrant - she is originally from the Ivory Coast - worked in a hotel, where she was raped - she started with her father, and he helped her to flee / immigrate to Europe for a brighter future - migration route = her travel Water - its a passion of Fatou - she manages her feelings there Zadie Smith: The Embassy of Cambodia point out several things: Fatou = migrant - she is a migrant - compares herself to a slave - notices similarities but many differences - she's a maid for a Pakistani family Friendship with Andrew - he's a friend from church - started a year ago - they started a theological conversation which continued until not - they spend Sunday mornings with coffee - they talk about things as whether Africans are born to suffer (key question) - the question of gods justice (theodicy) - he's a doctoral student, smart, friendly - they trust each other - Andrew is impressed, because she's not like other girls - their relationship changed - Andrew starts making advances, he takes every chance he could get body contact with Fatou function of religion - Fatou continues to turn to religion - becoming catholic does not make you a new person for good - mass baptism in the pool of the hotel - she felt this baptism was for her and it kept her safe - asks the question of gods justice: are we Africans born to suffer - catholic does not make you a new person for good - she had hopes, but they did not come true gender equality - its not such a big topic - comparison with Andrew & Fatou = they're both the same, no one has a benefit over the other - precarious - can be a factor, but in a deeper conflict - hotel: white man vs Fatou (racism as a deeper conflict) - its mor of society and class - coping with migrants - there are greater conflicts than gender equality Q1.1 The USA - the formation of a nation 1607 American Colonial Period 1773 flourishing colonies Puritans Mayflower First settlement in Northamerica Bill of Rights . Constitution of 1789 did not guarantee any rights 1765 F -> 1791 Bill of Rights was added Consists of the first 10 amendments → rising taxes-> American Revolution 1783 Boston Tea Party 16th of December 1775 + 19th of April "No taxation without representation Values of American Democracy 1. liberty 2. justice 3. equality American Revolutionary War the right to petition the government 2. Protects the right to keep and bear arms 3rd of April Peace treaty of Paris 1776 + Declaration of Independence 4th of July 1787 Constitutional Convention → Introduction of the Constitution ->Power to rule is shared ->Elections of the representatives Principles of American democracy Based on: 1. individual rights to life, liberty. property, and the pursuit of happiness 2. the public common good 3. justice 4. equality of opportunity 5. diversity 6. truth 7. patriotism Principles of the US Constitution Seven basic principles: 1. popular sovereignity 2. limited government 3. separation of powers 4. checks and balances 5. federalism 6. republicanism 7. individual rights Bill of Rights (15th December 1791) 1. Protects freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and 3. Restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes 4. Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause 5. Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy 6. Protects the right to a speedy public trial by jury, to notification of criminal accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel 7. Provides for the right to a jury trial in civil lawsuits 8. Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment 9. States that rights not enumerated in the Constitution are retained by the people 10. States that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated, or enumerated, to it through the Constitution, and that all other powers are reserved to the States. 1790 1791 Frontier -> amendments 11 to 15 added Bill of Rights 5th of December First ten additional articles for the constitution ->Basic rights that can not be taken away >> Protects the rights of citizens Pass legislation Appripriate money Confirm executive appointments Ratify treaties Overrule presidential vetoes Impeach the president Executive powers Propose legislation Veto legislation Negotiate treaties Appoint judges Grant pardons to persons convicted in courts of law 1890 Legislative powers 1983 27th Amendment got ratified Create courts and judgeships Approve presidential appointments of federal judges Impeach judges Propose constitutional amendments to make judicial decisions of unconstitutionality obsolete ↑ judicial powers Declare legislation unconstitutional Declare executive actions unconstitutional American colonisation & immigration 1607 British settlers founded Georgetown, Virginia 1429 Columbus discovered the world 16th century European immigration began 1815-1915 period of classical immigration 1st wave 1815-1860 2nd wave 1860-1880 Germany, Ireland, Britain, Scandinavia 3rd wave = 1880-1900 4th wave = 1900-1915 from Southern & Eastern Europe Until 1900 numbers of Native Americans were decimated 1890 Westward movement ended settlement of the west had been completed 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act 1620 They founded the colony of Plymouth 1619-1808 half a million black people were brought to the south as slaves 1776 The 13 colonies declared their independence 1790-1850 Pioneers pushed the boarder from the appalachians to and beyond the Mississippi River 1924 national origins act = end mass immigration + Today Still newcomers/ immigrants many illegal immigrants from Mexico 1980 new arrivals from Asia, Latin America Black Slavery and Segregation How it began... - first black Africans were brought to North-America in 1619 - they were welcomed as source of free Labour - they officially were not slaves but black servants and their offspring were indentured for life, whereas white servants worked only as long as was necessary to pay for their passage from Europe to America => all in all black servants = slaves .. and at the end of 17th century all North American colonies practiced slavery - Declaration of Independence (1776) that all men are created equal" did not mean to include black slaves, they were not considered to be men in the same way whites were -1857 US Supreme Court ruled that blacks could not be American citizens and had no rights - This decision, Dred Scott Decision" caused a storm of protest, as many Americans joined the abolitionist movement to do away with slavery -Civil War Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed all slaves in the rebellious states of the Confederacy The three Amendments which were established => The thirteenth Amendment (1867) abolished slavery forever => The fourteenth Amendment (1868) made blacks citizens => The fifteenth Amendment (1870) declared that no citizen could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color BUT -southern whites still found ways to discriminate black people - were terrorized by the KuKluxklan (secret society of white supremacists) - Southern states had the Jim CrowLaws" which legalized forms of discrimination -Supreme Court ruled in (1896),separate but equal" facilities for the races were legal and segregation of races became the order of the day JIM CROW AN END NOW! COLORED WAITING ROOM PRIVATE PROPERTY NO PARKING Driving through Tering Around DE MARCH NOW DON'T BE A CLOWN WOMEN OUSLY FAN JOBS FOR ALL NOW! SAYS BEFORE BEFORE A SLAVE ED NUE UAW SAYS WE END C ARCH SEGREGATED S FOR AL RULES CENT PA IN OW! PUBLIC SCHOOLS OUR GR HAND DEMAN VOTING COACH COMPANY 45 OCT 6 WE WON'T GO EQUALITY Ⓒ THE TIME IS NOW The Civil Rights Movement Situation changed after President Truman ordered equal treatment and opportunity in the military. - 1954 the supreme court decided that the rule of desegregation were unconstitutional there were Organisations which helped blacks fight their legal battles - Dr. Martin Luther King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference organised demonstrations or boycotts => consequences: violent reactions from the police - What has changed ? - Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 - Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Racial discrimination was outlawed in voting, education, employment, housing and all public accommodations Supreme Court: - upholding of an anti-discriminatory interpretation of the Constitution - promoted integration - policies that gave preferential treatment to minorities The Womens Movement for Equal rights the black civil rights movement inspired women they demanded better employment, career opportunities and equal pay for equal work Successes =>The Equal Pay Act (1963) => Civil Rights Act 1964 included women in employment opportunity provisions by prohibiting discrimination based on sex in all terms, conditions, privileges in employment What has not yet been achieved Equal Rights Amendment What is BLM? In general, the Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network. An international activist movement, originaling in the Afro-American community, that campaigns against violence toward black people. It has helped many people to stand up for themselves and others why was there a new global boom for blm? Since the protests in Ferguson, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of several other African Americans in police operations or in police custody, including George Floyd whose death got a global boom through this movement. The policeman knelt on his head while he was yelling, I CANNOT BREATH". BLACK LIVES MATTER How it began The movement began in 2013 with #BlackLivesMatter on social media, after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of black teen Trayvon Martin. how did it become known? The Movement has spread across the country and gained national attention through demonstrations that followed the deaths of two African Americans in 2014: Michael Brown, who rioted in Ferguson, Missouri, and Eric Garner in New York City. What is BLM doing? Black Lives Matter regularly organizes protests against the killing of blacks by police officers and on broader issues such as racial profiling, police violence and racism. Living in the American society Migration - is a society of immigrants - people around the world came to America to pursue the American Dream - or to escape terrible situations (war, poverty, persecution) - America is an ethnically and racially diverse country - without he mixture of religions, races and cultures it wouldn't be the nation that it is today melting pot all different nations are melt into one thing - they need to adapt the American culture Chinese AMERICAN Texican Russian American Dream = realization of personal fulfillment - represents the idea of equality, freedom and that anybody can achieve anything - with a strong will and hard work anybody can be successful = can go from ,,rags to riches" freedom from heavy taxation economic freedom religious freedom African American American Nightmare - the American Dream does not come true for all - racism & racial segregation - suffering due to prejudice and discrimination - no classless society - reality: workers have no chance of rising up in their social mobility - no secure future (poverty, failure) - inequality -gap between rich and poor = not the same access to health care / good education pull factors - main reasons for the immigration / American Dream freedom of movement political freedom 17.5% equal opportunity and higher standard of living are equally granted - totally undetermined by their current level of wealth, class or heritage - hope to find political and religious freedom, justice, social equality, cheep land, better economic opportunities Hispanics 13.3% full employment for everyone salad bowl - newcomers keep their own basic beliefs and ways of life - need not to adapt the American culture - diversity no class distinctions Asians 5.4% all are equal before the law 1,2% others high wages White population 62.4% no censorship food in abundance Manifestation of individualism Definition of individualism - political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual - individual as the basic unit of society - society as a collection of individuals - interests / goals of the interest should have priority over the collective - values: self-reliance, freedom, independence, competition, individual achievement - politics : liberalism (Europe), libertarianism (USA), anarchism... - opposite to collectivism : prioritizing of the group over the self = socialism, communism American Dream -rooted in the Declaration of Independence ,,all men are created equal" with the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" - everyone is on their own to achieve their dream - high probability of failure - those who do not have the ambition will get left behind origins - counterpart to the old / feudal European order - monarchy vs. democracy - European immigrants came to the USA - were stuck in feudal class systems = no upward mobility - US offered an alternative to the servant life in Europe ,all men are created equal" - US made individual achievements possible (although not for all) arguments for and against an individualistic society pros Encouragement of hard work -> benefits society Secures personal freedom / prevents dictatorship Independence Chance to rewrite your destiny is in your own hands Achieving happiness by doing what you want rather than what society or your social group wants cons Little to no social support networks Too much freedom -> feeling of disorientation Individualistic goals can contradict the collective goals Chance of becoming lonely Competitive aspect creates a lot of pressure Manifestation of individualism concepts of life . ● . Living in the city Easy mobility -> public transport More job opportunities -> higher salaries Lots of leisure activities = High cost of living Noise Bad neighbourhood connection availability of jobs and therefore economic success in cities - urbanization supports the feeling of loneliness . . • Calm . · Fewer people -> good neighbourhood connection Better and healthier environment city life and individualism - living in the city promotes individualism - achievement of self-realization / American Dream almost only possible in cities Living in the country Cheaper cost of living Fewer places to work although there are many people, we know few of them - competitiveness increases = more professional and financial pressure Lack of leisure activities Ayad Akthar, Disgraced - a play about ambitious South Asian attorney, Amir Kapoor, who is confronted with his identity - life's a successful life in the US but is ashamed of his struct Muslim upbringing and his ethnic identity - prevents him from being happy - terrified of people discrimination against him - changes his last name from Abdullah to Kapoor in order to be perceived as Hindu - is asked by his nephew to help a Muslim cleric who has been charged with allegedly funding a terrorist organization gets pressured by his wife Emily into helping him because he is a Muslim as well does not accept his Muslim identity and his faith because of an incident in childhood - later appears a picture in a newspaper of Amir and the Imam = worries about how he will be perceived at his law firm who thinks he is Hindu - Isaac, an art curator who is interested in presenting Eniliys art, and his wife Jory arrive for a dinner party - the conversation escalates as the topic of Islam is brought up and Amir gets emotional because of the background check on him by his firm = - moreover, he finds out that Emily cheated on him with Isaac and that Jory was promoted to partner instead of him - he gets out of control and beats Emily - in the end, the suppression of his identity costs him his marriage, his friends and his job Amir Kapoor as an individualistic character Independence -> wants to be independent from the rules of the Quran Self-actualization by imitating someone he is not -> fails Loneliness in his struggle with his heritage -> no ethnic community to discuss his issues Amir Kapoor Has a lone wolf mentality Lives in New York City (Achieved) the American Dream-> "From rags to riches" Works hard Ayad Akthar, Disgraced content scene 1 - Emily wants to draw his husband Amir - she wants to do a copy of the Velazquez portrait - they have a kind of argument - they talk about the racial incident of the last night - Amir cannot defend Imam Fareed = he is a corporate lawyer and not familiar with the Patriot Act = does not want to be associated with analleged terrorist -Amir wants to be promoted to partner at his law firm (Jewish-law firm) - he has to work hard -Amir has a Pakistanee background he is a Muslim, he tries to show that Islam is not only about beauty and beautiful traditions scene 2 possible conflicts - Isaac/ Emily: whether a white woman has the right to use Islamic forms - Isaac/ Emily: importance of Islam for the western cultures - Emily/ public : Emily's opinion against the publics opinion concerning orientalist * conflict because white women are not highly respected by parts of the Islamic culture - Emily uses part of the Islamic culture even though she is not a part of it - she might be using it for her own purposes - when your using Islamic art you are getting rid of the ego / artists self- first mentioned in the Renaissance in the western art culture scene 3 - there is a conflict build up between Amir and his law firm - they found out that he's from Pakistan and not from India - they also found out that he has changed his last name - they found out that he was lying to them and this will affect the work relationship and destroy the trust side effect: he will not get called partner = - this affects his relationship with Emily - maybe he will get fired - affects their sex life exhibition - Amir has an instinct that makes him react like a Muslim - inherited by his parents in childhood (in his DNA) - it can not be rooted out only rationally -> amir tries to show Isaac that other (religious) people have internal conflicts like he has - the conflict between emily and amir about recent social problems like gun laws, terrorism, racial profiling and discrimination Ayad Akthar, Disgraced the art conflict - amir does not like that emily uses the Islamic tradition in her paintings = it is unusual and he is personal affected by it - Isaac names his exhibition impossible heroes" = refers to a movement of young artists who support that art becomes sacred again - „,that never happened in the Islamic traditions. It is still more connected to a wider, less personal perspective" => emily wants to achieve something bigger in her art than the individual = that's why she likes the Islamic art - Amir thinks that you cannot understand the Islamic way of life by looking at paintings = they do not matter in the Quran - Isaac implies that Amir has not been integrated into society yet Ayad Akhtar, Disgraced characters Amir Kapoor - is a Muslim-American lawyer - is married to Emily, a white artist, who uses Islamic culture - Amir seems like the 'perfect' immigrant who has assimilated to Western culture, he harbors darker thoughts, specifically in support of the September 11 attacks, which cause friction between his wife and friends Emily - Amir's wife and a artist who uses Islamic art as a basis for her work - she is shown to be supportive of Amir's legal case in representing the Imaam whom she believes has been wrongly persecuted - she has also engaged in an affair in the past = highlighting the marriage may not be as perfect as shown Isaac Emily's art dealer who she has also had an affair with - he is Jewish and takes offense at Amir's admission of support for the terror attack - despite being married himself, he still tries to have a relationship with Emily the two get caught. = Abe - Abe is Amir's nephew, also of South Asian origin - he is in his early 20s - Abe was born with the name Hussein Malik - decided to change his name to Abe Jensen =in order to better assimilate into American culture Jory -Jory is African-American and Amir's colleague and friend - they are two of a very small number of ethnic minorities at the law firm - she is very successful and always candid in her conversations with Amir -Jory is married to Isaac recent political and social developments - America is a country of diversity of ethnicities, of religions and citizenships - idea of an American = independent / individualistic human being - typical American lifestyle includes: strong individualism, a desire for freedom, pursuit of happiness, connection to ideals, improving life through hard work and talent -major reasons why America is so famous for immigration and cultural diversity reaming question : how is the social reality - society faces many societal problems = social inequality, dissatisfaction, increasing xenophobia problems mainly root from socioeconomic difference - America faces a divided society / different cluster with different beliefs / values tension and the increasing wish for unification of the nation - situation increasing gap between rich and poor only a few people have the opportunities the American Dream promises - middle class disappears - under class find itself in a vicious cycle they can't outbreak for generation - consequence: fear, hopelessness and frustration in huge part of society but where does the hate towards immigrants come from? - the USA has a long history of immigration - biggest groups of immigrants : Hispanics, African Americans, Asian Americans 83 % with the immigration in the last decades came new problems 1. illegal immigration 2. fear of criminality, loss of domestic jobs 3. missing assimilation - melting pot / salad bowl A poll from 2019 proves that 83% believe that the political, ethnic and social division. increased. While only 15% do not agree and 2% are unsure whether the division got worse political event - Donald Trump wins the election and becomes the 45th president of the USA - he uses these disadvantaged groups because they were receptive to his promises to make America great again - with him comes the hope for the middle / under class to unification and fulfillment of their American Dream - Trump recognizes the problems and offers a simple solution to all problems - support of punitive tariffs - rewarding domestic workers - building a boarder wall to curb illegal immigration - support of the gun lobby Donald John Trump represents the political tendency to refocus on national politics. He stands for uprising (right-wing)- populism. Provably, he uses fake-statements to manipulate his electorates. He creates enemies: democrats, Muslims and immigrants. recent political and social developments immigrants become easy enemies for Trumps conspiracy theories - peak of his manipulation = riot on capitol as expression of patriotism - he calls the people to arms to attack the capitol after he lost the election - he did not accept his loss and stated it as electoral fraud - the attack on the capitol was an attack on the democracy political event - Trump did not achieve many of his goals and did not get re-elected in 2020 - Joe Biden is the 46th president ,,If you don't fight like hell you're not going to have a country anymore." -D.T. - he made clear he wants to do many things differently than Trump did - he wants to support the Affordable Care Act for health care - he wants to change the current immigration policies and fight the structural racism digression - the values of the American Dream as a danger to society - self-responsibility and individualism are aspects of the American Dream - American state propagates that everyone has to protect his/her own family with weapons as the means of protection - not only the loose gun-laws are an immense danger - another example: thesis concerns health care based on social solidarity - like Obama care - this concept is reluctant to the idea of self-responsibility and one of the reason why it failed visions and nightmares Vietnam war (1954-75) roots of the Vietnam war - Vietnam had been under French colonial rule - between 1945-1954 the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France - peace conference in Geneva followed = in which Vietnam was divided in an anti-communist south and a communist north start of the war - security forces of the south, with training and equipment form the American military, arrested many communists / executed them - by 1958 the Viet cong had begun to fight back with attacks on government officials of the south - the US sent military advisors to support the souths government - by 1963 south Vietnamese troops lost the fertile to units of Viet Cong fighters operation rolling thunder - the war escalated in 1965 - the same month American combat troops enter Vietnam for the first time end of the war - from 1968-1973 efforts were made to end the conflict through diplomacy - in 1973, an agreement was reached - in 1975, south Vietnam surrendered to the north and Vietnam was reunited consequences - 58.000 deaths and 350.000 casualties (US) - between one and two million deaths (Vietnamese) September 11 attacks what happened? - Hijackers turned commercial airlines into missiles and attacked key symbols of American economic / military might affected places - World Trade Centers north tower, World Trade Centers south tower, the Pentagon, 80 miles of Pittsburgh Civilian casualties - more than 3000 innocent civilians perished as a result of these acts of terror the US response - George W.Bush organized an international coalition against Al-Qaida - by 2011 they located Osama bin Laden, the founder, killed him - to prevent further attacks = the department of homeland security was created visions and nightmares September 11 attacks effects on the economy - the twin towers = heart of New Yorks financial district => stock markets suffered record loses - many people lost their jobs ground zero memorial - September 11th is now a National day of Service and Remembrance - memorial has been built on the former twin towers property with the names of the victims Iraq Wars (2003-2011) cause of the war - the US felt vulnerable after the attacks of 9/11 - Iraq continued to manufacture weapons of mass destruction - Iraq supported various terrorist groups, including Al-Qaida major events of the war - March 03: bush announces the start of the war - they attempt to kill Saddam Hussein (president of Iraq) - April 03: his rule collapses in a matter of hours -> Iraqis greet the American troops cheerfully - August 03: a suicide bomber drives a cement mixer full of explosives into the side of the UN compound - blows it up - December 03: Saddam Hussein is located and arrested - December 06: Saddam Hussein is hanged - January 07: Bush deploys 30.000 additional troops to quell violence and restore security - November 08: agreement with the US = US combat forces will be completely out of Iraq by December 2011 - August 11: the first month without an American military death since the US invaded the country - December 11: US forces declared a formal end to their operations in Iraq The English speaking world ATLANTISCHER NORTHERN IRELAND VS REPUBLIC OF IRELAND OZEAN Connacht POLITICS Munster => Ulster Ulster country of reference: Ireland Keltische See Head of State elected by the public for7 years NATIONALISTS REPUBLICANS Nationalists want Northern Ireland to be independent from the United Kingdom and join the Republic of Ireland - some of them are also called Republicans (as they want Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland) - mostly Irish Catholics appointsthe Taoiseach (Head of Government) Leinster Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Deputy Prime Minister (Tanaiste) Cabinet between 7 and 15 members Irische See The President (Uachtarán) Executive (Government) Northern Ireland - province of the UK, consists of 6 of the 9 Ulster counties - capital : Belfast - main religion : Protestant 53% / catholic 44% - languages: English, Irish, Ulster Scots Republic of Ireland - independent republic, historically divided into 4 provinces = Leinster, Munster, Connacht, Ulster - capital : Dublin - main religions : catholic 86.8% / Protestant 3% - languages: English, Irish (Gaelic) UNIONISTS & LOYALISTS Unionists want to remain part of the United Kingdom; some of them are also called Loyalists (as they are loyal to the British crown) - mostly Protestants (former colonizers from England & Scotland) Judiciary IRELAND'S POLITICAL SYSTEM Legislative (Parliament, Oireachtas) Supreme Court High Court Judges are appointedby the president for life House of Representatives (Dáil Éireann) Senate (Seanad Éirenn) members: Chief Justice plus 7 other judges chief legislative power 160 members limited power 60 members The English speaking world => country of reference: Ireland TIMELINE NORTHERN IRELAND CONFLICT 12th century => Ireland was ruled by a system of small kingdoms Irish fought for their independence = both countries were catholic, conflict was related to power, than religion 1603-1660 > Plantation of Ulster 1690 => Battle of Boyne 1801 > Act of Union - Home Rule"- limited self government 1916 => Easter Rising - Irish Republicans rebel 1921 > Partition of Ireland into Republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland Anglo-Irish War (1919-1921) 1949 => country left the Commonwealth, became fully independent as the Republic of Ireland 14.08.1969 => Deployment of British troops to avoid a acidic war 1972 => Bloody Sunday - 13 Catholics are killed by British troops during a protest in march = end of Home rule" 1973 => Ireland becomes a member of the EU 1985 => Anglo-Irish Accord -> government is given a consultative role during the 1990s => efforts to solve the problem in Northern Ireland in peace talks 1998=> Good Friday Agreement - between Britain, Ireland, conflicting parties in Northern Ireland 12/1999 => creation of Northern Ireland Assembly 09/2001 > after attacks 9/11 = IRA promises to decommission its weapons 2010 => British government apologizes for army's actions on Bloody Sunday June/July 2011 => riots in Belfast 2016 => 01.01.2021 => UK's official departure from the EU 2021 => agreement between UK/EU -> Northern Ireland remains in the single market /customs union majority in Northern Ireland vote to remain in the EU SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS - long under English / British rule, many had tolerate their homes to make a new start -> USA, England... - great famine 1840s => Ireland lost half its population - turning point 1920s = Ireland gained independence + 1970s = joined the EU - migrants from other countries arrived & transforming the islands demographic & cultural landscape - Ireland, which had been an exporter o labour, now became a receiver ECONOMY AND WAVES OF EMIGRATION - was of emigration / immigration = reflection of the country's economic struggles - 19th century Irelands population began to grow, as a result of the industrial revolution - Irelands population increased - Great famine - many died of starvation - it took decades to change from a closed and rural society to. An urban, Tourist.centered land - great boost in 1973-> joining he EEC, later the EU - to describe the boom years of the late 1990s => "Celtic tiger" - a second boom in 2004 -tides turned again = financial crisis in 2008 - many were again forced to leave the county - the COVID-19 pandemic affected the labour market SOCIETY - wealth never distributed - during the global boom, the gap between rich and poor was reduced - has developed high income growth and a fall in inequality - wealth is still highly concentrated - makes it a country with the world fifth-highest concentration of ultra- wealthy residents William Shakespeare: Othello setting time: late sixteenth century, during the wars between Venice and Turkey stetig place: Venice in Act I, the island of Cyprus thereafter plot overview: Othello and Desdemona marry and attempt to build a life together, despite their differences in age, race and experience. But their marriage is sabotaged by the envious lago, who convinces Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful. different sections of the plot Exposition - Act 1: Othello justifies himself in front of the Venetian senate and Brabantio for marrying Desdemona in secret, therefore introducing the main conflict of the play. Rising action : - lago tells the audience of his scheme, arranges for cassio to lose his positions as lieutenant, and gradually insinuates to Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful. Climax : - occurs at the end of Act III; scene III, when Othello kneels with lago and vows not to change course until he has achieved bloody revenge. Falling action : - lago places Desdemonas handkerchief in Cassios room and later arranges a conversation with Cassio, which Othello watches and sees as proof" that Cassio and Desdemona have slept together. - lago unsuccessfully attempts to kill Cassio, and Othello smother Desdemona with a pillow. - Emilia exposes lagos deceptions, Othello kills himself, and lago is taken away to be tortured. Characters Othello - Protagonist of the play - highly respected general of the army of Venice - originated from North America - married to Desdemona (without her fathers permission) -sensitive about his age, his life as a soldier and his status as a cultural and racial outsider - eloquent (speeches), intelligent, skill in communicating with the Venetian elite, experienced, courageous Othello's transformation over the course of the play Through Iago's influence Violent, insecure (age, race, Desdemona), jealous, naive, self-destructive, bad- tempered, revengeful, frustrated & desperate, emotionally vulnerable, disrespectful, distrusting At beginning Noble & gentle, charismatic, confident, calm, trustworthy, moral (punishes Cassio because of fight), honourable, rational, succesful, reasonable, chivalrous, responsible- minded, reliable Othello's speeches At the beginning: • Long and flowing • Uses complex sentences & courteous language to convey intelligence • A lot of commas and semicolons → Suggests that he is talking slowly, calmly and carefully Poetically • Carefully-spoken words At the end: • Language is more metaphorical ● Loses control over words as he does over himself epileptic William Shakespeare: Othello Characters lago - villain of the play - 28 year old military veteran from Venice married to Emilia - uses people for his own purposes - feels superior, egoistic, self-seeking, good observer, evil, clever, manipulating, rational, cold-hearted, deceitful, treacherous, sneaky, dishonest, envious, mistrusting, ruthless - disrespects and insults women, sees them only a functional housewives, mothers, sexual objects, thinks they are property of men - makes people see what he wants them to see, thereby makes them not suspects what is obviously suspicious - obsessed with control, power over other -> lets this desire take over his whole life Desdemona - daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio - secretly married to Othello - young and beautiful - caring, loving, intelligent, inexperienced, innocent, sensitive, faithful, loyal, honest, direct, believes in the good in people - towards Othello : blinded by love, passive, naive -> does not prevent her death & does not struggle when he kills her => victim of her virtue? - does not seem like an independent woman - really trusts when she should not trust someone - always loyal and faithfully even though othello does not treat her right Cassio one of Othellos soldiers - highly educated but young and inexperienced in battle -young, good-looking reputation is very important for him - gentle, charming, charismatic, handsome, smooth talker, gets drunk very quickly - sees women either a shore (Bianca) or virgins (Desdemona, respectfully) - teases Bianca with promises of marriage but laughs at her behind her back Roderigo - jealous suitor of Desdemona -young, rich, foolish (gives lago all of his money so that he will help him win Desdemona) - naive, useless, no will of his won, obedient Emilia - lagos wife, Desdemonas servant - deeply attached and loyal to her mistress - afraid of her husband, intimidated by him William Shakespeare: Othello Characters Bianca prostitute - in love with Cassio, but he does not treat her the way she deserves it - sympathic, direct Symbols = handkerchief - symbolizes love of Othello and Desdemona - for Desdemona: love, Othello as her husband, marriage - for Othello : proof for Desdemonas faithfulness / unfaithfulness - for lago: perfect evidence for Desdemonas unfaithfulness in his scheme Elizabethan England - - an introduction to the Golden Age (1558-1603) The Elizabethan age - the reign of Elizabethan I (1558-1603) - was a time of great change, affecting the sciences as well as technology, trade and the view of society and religion - the humanism of the Renaissance and the discovery of the American continent together with the new heliocentric world view put the medieval order into question - there was a deeply felt sense of loss about the demise of the old political and religious order that has given each being its due position in the universe as well as in society Society in Elizabethan England Queen Elizabeth I - benamse the Virgin Queen and Good Queen Bess (1533-1603) -queen of England (1558-1603) during a period, often called the Elizabethan Age - when England asserted itself vigorously as a major European power in politics, commerce, and the arts - her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions - she has blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic selfdisplay inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies - the adulation bestowed upon her both in her lifetime and in the ensuing centuries was not all together a spontaneous effusion => it was a result of carefully crafted, brilliantly executed campaign in which the queen fashioned herself as the symbol of the nations destiny: - this political symbolism, common to monarchies, and more substance than usual, for the queen was by no means a mere figurehead => she did not wield the absolute power - she tenaciously upheld her authority to make critical decisions and to set the central policies of both state & church Society was class-based Social Classes: There are six social classes. Monarch Nobility Knights Gentry Merchant Yeomanry Laborers Monarch: a person who reigns over a kingdom or empire Nobility: the body of persons forming the noble class in a country or state (aristocracy) Knights: a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state Gentry: upper or ruling class, a class whose members are entitled to bear a coat of arms though not of noble rank especially Merchant: a person or company involved in wholesale trade Yeomanry: a British volunteer cavalry force created from yeomen in 1761 as a home defense force and reorganized in 1907 as part of the territorial force. Laborers: a person doing unskilled manual work for wages Elizabethan England - an introduction to the Golden Age (1558-1603) Poverty - extreme growth and urbanization led to poverty - in 1569 the state implemented a welfare system / the national poor law to help poor (one-third of the population) - and incapacitated people to survive - the poor had few prospects of ever being rich Education - including writing, reading, languages and manners = mainly reserved for wealthy families and their sons, who could afford the attendance fees - different types of school - education at home Literature William Shakespeare -byname Bard of Avon or Swan of Avon (1564-1616) - English poet, dramatist, a no actor - often called the English national poet and considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time Cities in Elizabethan England London was the capital - principal courts - ships were built in London - its population grew - total population of England / Wales rose City stinks - cities were crowded, noisy, stinking - horses excreted urine & dung, which clogged the streets - pigs, dogs roamed free adding their contribution - on market days, cattle and sheep dropped their dung -> they were slaughtered and unsaleable remains were often just thrown into the Thames - few public lavatories, the most people made use of a convenient corner Meeting places - taverns selling beer and ale were popular meeting places - there you could catch up the latest news and scandals, get word of possible job opportunities -inns were a step up to the social hierarchy - there was a comfortable accommodation provided for travelers and their servants and horses Elizabethan England - an introduction to the Golden Age (1558-1603) Shopping -shops usually doubled as workshops - rule = the customer should be able to see what he was buying - few food shops, mostly markets - London beige had been a prime retail location for centuries The built environment - most houses were timber framed -> because fire was an ever-present risk -> due to that thatch as a roofing material was forbidden in cities - characteristic of Elizabethan buildings was the overhanging jetty -> which jutted out from the main frame, so that the upper stories of houses on opposite sides of a street might almost touch - land in London was hot property -> some of the more major cities were London, Birmingham, Manchester, Oxford, Leeds, Liverpool Q3.3 Gender issues culture and gender - now and then: changing ideals of beauty (Shakespeare's sonnets), gender constructions in advertising -> CULTURE AND GENDER - NOW AND THEN gender: social and cultural construct; often based on labels of masculinity and femininity; gender identity is a personal, internal perception of oneself that might not match the sex (man, woman, non- binary -> e.g. third gender, more than one gender, no gender, gender-fluid) sex: biological definition; category as male, female or intersex gender roles: a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's sex gender roles & issues in literature: -> the woman as lover John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667) summary of the excerpt: temptation of Adam and Eve relationship considered as complementary but not equal, as their sex not equal seemed" Adam's looks express ,,contemplation", courage and absolute rule" Eve's looks express ,sweet attractive Grace" and subjection, but required with gentle way" ,,He for God only, she for God in him" -> the man lives for God, and the woman lives for the man -> men and women have a connection to God through a male mediator -> the woman gives the man strength for God in him -> the creation of man and woman Genesis 1 women and men are created as equals „then" Genesis 2 women are created as a help for men; purpose to serve men -> women are inferior to men consequence of interpretation: roles of women and men caused inferiority of the women for centuries until nowadays -> upcoming questioning whether the Bible intends these roles / whether creation is about identity and not gender and misinterpreted roles Bible criticism: the Bible has to be seen in the historical context -> Genesis 2 is older than Genesis 1 it affects the two accounts of creation importance of women: the man is supposed to be loyal towards the woman -> understanding of marriage (,,and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh") - -> definition of love Plato, The Symposium - Aristophanes' definition of Eros (1795) in primal times people had doubled bodies -> there were three sexes: the all male, the all female, and the "androgynous," who was half male, half female Zeus decided to cripple them by chopping them in half, in effect separating the two bodies (because these creatures tried to scale the heights of Olympus and planned to set upon the gods) ever since that time, people run around saying they are looking for their other half because they are really trying to recover their primal nature the women who were separated from women run after their own kind, thus creating lesbians the men split from other men also run after their own kind and love being embraced by other men those that come from original androgynous beings are the men and women that engage in heterosexual love -> explanation of homosexual and heterosexual love 1 roles traditionally assigned to women: woman as mother - woman as lover - woman as sister roles traditionally assigned to men: ,,men's role in societies have always been that of protector and provider" gender roles in the historical and social context: differences in family structures have always influenced gender roles throughout history persistence of (historic) gender roles in today's society even though the societal / economic standards etc. (for which they were created) have changed nowadays -> gender roles depend on the persistence of gender roles / cultural norms despite historical change gender pay gap (in Germany, 2018): - main contributor: undervaluation of female work e.g. work-life-balance, the issue of women in leadership (glass ceiling), sectoral segregation, overrepresentation of women in low-paying sectors -> gender pay gap goes beyond discrimination glass ceiling: the pervasive resistance to the efforts of women and minorities to reach the top ranks of management in major corporations -> „invisible barriers" Earnings differences between men and women 2018 Gross hourly earnings 21.70 EUR ,,the lady of the house, taking care of the family, being focused on children and their happiness" 4.37 EUR also: 17.33 EUR Bo Reasons for differences 0.12 EUR Educational level and work experience 1.34 EUR Occupation and economic branch 0.27 EUR Other factors 1.28 EUR Unexplained residual (adjusted gender pay gap) „now 0.43 EUR Working hours 0.92 EUR Leadership and qualification requirements Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis), 2020 women earn 20% less than men per hour (2018) -> 18% (2020): 71% of the earnings gap is due to structural factors, meaning for instance that women work more often in low-paid branches and occupations and reach less often executive positions 29% of the earnings gap is due to discrimination: adjusted gender pay gap: when the wage gap is evaluated for men and women employed in the same number of hours, with the same qualifications and in the same kinds of jobs, the gap narrowed to 6% (since 2014) -> maximum extent of wage discrimination ! women are more likely to work part-time or reduced hours, often because they still bear the brunt of childcare and housekeeping responsibilities 2 -> CHANGING IDEALS OF BEAUTY (SHAKESPEARE'S SONNETS) "sonnet CXXX" (1609) A Shakespearean sonnet is a fourteen-line poem. Each line usually contains ten syllables. The sonnet has three quatrains (each of four lines) and a couplet: the first four lines (rhyming ABAB), the next four lines (rhyming CDCD), the next four lines (rhyming EFEF), a couplet (two lines) to finish (rhyming GG). The poetic meter is an iambic pentameter. the lyrical doesn't praise her beauty, yet admits to external flaws about her -> the ideal image of a woman: - eyes like the sun cheeks like roses white / pale skin red lips perfume-like smell - soft voice and walk - beautiful hair contrast: - the poem ends with a personal, self-confident testimony of love, which is honest and unique - in spite of everything, the poet clings to his love for his mistress - ideals of beauty and worship are rejected - love becomes worldly, complex and problematic ->"And yet by heaven I think my love as rare, As any she belied with false compare" some of Shakespeare's sonnets show the strong influence of the Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374) e.g. analysis of one sonnet about love questions love and its impact in a condition of uncertainty & ambivalence seeks for the definition of love - stylistic devices: e.g. antithesis, parallelism, alliteration, repetition, ... Romeo and Juliet (1,5): - the conversation between Romeo and Juliet is an extended Christian metaphor using this metaphor, Romeo ingeniously manages to convince Juliet to let him kiss her... but the metaphor holds many further functions: -> the religious overtones of the conversation clearly imply that their love can be described only through the vocabulary of religion, that pure association with God - in this way, their love becomes associated with the purity and passion of the divine 3 GENDER IN ADVERTISING Gender advertisement refers to the images in advertising that depict stereotypical gender roles and displays. Gender displays are used heavily in advertising in order to establish the role of one gender in relation with the other. Advertisers focus on gender relationships, because people define themselves by gender, and gender can be "communicated at a glance". masculinity in advertising - alert and conscious of surroundings - standing upright eyes open and looking around - bodies are controlled - mean expression on face gripping things tightly with hands hands in pockets - serious physically active Van Heusen show him it's a woman's world Van Heusen THIS IS AN AD FOR MEN. femininity in advertising - touching self - caressing an object lying on the floor sitting on a bed or chair eyes closed not alert - confused - vulnerable - body contorted - dressed like a child holding an object or a man for support sexy and sexually available seductive - playful - careless IT'LL BLOW YOUR MIND AWAY 6 ↑ t MARINER MARINER outcomes: media and body image are closely related the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image -> popular media has major influence there are campaigns that have worked to change the way in which women are perceived for the better -> e.g. these campaigns aim to reclaim the saying "like a girl" the body and particularly here the female body - is always controlled by social norms and the commodification of the body through industries such as fashion and beauty that exhibit femininity 4