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which are also supported by a certain language. After stating your hypothesis, you start analyzing the aspects mentioned. In the given example you'd start with communicative strategies followed by language. Possible operators: To analyze/examine (describe and explain aspects and/or features of the text) To characterize (describe and examine the way in which a character is presented, his or her development (..)) To explain (explain and define in detail) To illustrate (use examples to explain or make something clear) To interpret (make the meaning clear) To compare (point out similarities and differences) Dos and Don´ts: ! Do give proof from the text ! Do quote from the text ! Do use the simple present ! Do separate the different aspects in your analysis (choice of words, rhetorical devices, etc.) ! Do think of paragraphs ! Do not give your own opinion ! Do not use short forms ! BE CAREFUL NOT TO FOCUS ON CONTENT TOO MUCH. IF YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO ANALYZE LANGUAGE BE PRECISE WITH ITS CLASSIFICATION! Identify what and how the reader is told about an issue Identify style, tone, register and stylistic devices AND SHOW WHAT EFFECT AND FUNCTION THEY HAVE Language: Style: dramatic? clear? precise? expressing doubt/certainty? Tone: emotional? neutral? serious? humorous? sarcastic? reproachful? warm-hearted? Register: colloquial or formal? slang? everyday English? poetic? Communicative strategies: e.g., direct address "you", use of inclusive pronouns "we", "our", use of examples, figures, statistics, rhetorical questions Syntax: complex or simple syntax/sentences Effect on reader: The choice of words gives the text its (..) The style of language suggests that (..) The (..) tone shows/underlines/tried to evoke feelings like (..) in the reader By using complex sentences and formal words the author shows that he/she is serious/that the text is aimed at an intellectual readership The use of informal English could show that the author addresses young people (..) Due to the use of simple syntax the author wants his/her text to be easily understood By using personal pronouns such as "we", "our" the author shows that he/she does not regard himself/herself as superior to the readers but as one of them/ creates a feeling of unity/ closeness By using statistics, the author wants to show that he/she is a professional writer/ wants to back up his/her opinion Do not forget to include quotes to demonstrate the correctness and accuracy of your work When Referring: e.g. The writer draws the reader's attention to the benefits of volunteering (1.15). Integrate the quotation: e.g. Clinton is determined to establish “an environment of lifelong learning” (1.54), which means that (..) Full quotation: e.g. Clinton starts with the most important point: “First, to help every child begin school healthy and ready to learn.” (.42) Note the abbreviations: One page or line: p.5/1.5 More pages or lines: pp. 2-5/II. 2-5 The following page(s), line(s): f./ff. (e.g. pp. 5f. or II. 10ff.) How to write a letter to the editor Pre-writing: Read the article and skim it for its gist (general understanding). Find out about the author`s attitude and his/her most important arguments and note them down - What's the purpose of your letter? Do you want to inform, criticize, or support? Choose appropriate arguments (depending on the purpose of your letter) to support your view While-writing: In a letter to the editor, you generally follow the conventions of formal letter writing (introduction, main body, conclusion). You include a greeting (you can use "Dear Sir or Madame" NOT "Dear Editor”), the date, the address of the recipient as well as your return address. Make sure not to use colloquial language as this is inappropriate in this context In the introductory paragraph, state which article (or editorial, news event etc.) you are referring to. In the next paragraphs, focus on only one major point (of criticism). Do not lose yourself in detail but keep your writing to the essentials State your points neutrally and clearly (e.g. May I draw your attention to.../ The author fails to mention...) I am concerned about...) but by no means attack the author(s) personally. You can include a personal perspective though Write a concluding sentence in which you summarize your criticism and make your point finally clear Sign your letter to the editor and add your place of residence. This bit of information might be interesting for the reader Example: Letter to the editor The Editor Canadian Times Dear Sir or Madam, 42 Maple Avenue Edmonton, T5A 0A1 Alberta, Canada On 16 December 2015 your newspaper published an article about a notable environmental activist, Dan Cooper. In your article, Mr. Cooper is portrayed as a selfish and corrupt person. I want to bring it to your kind attention that this is not true. 20 December 2016 I have known Dan Cooper since our school days, and I can tell you that he is an honest person who deeply cares for the environment and Canadian wildlife. Even as a student, he used to engage in environmental projects, and therefore he decided to become an environmental activist. If money was his priority, he could have taken a job with a multinational company, but he decided to work for the "Environmental Youth Alliance” (EYA). I am sure his growing popularity has not gone down well with some politicians and they are the ones spreading these false stories. A respected newspaper like yours should have checked twice before buying these rumors. Yours faithfully, Linda Ascott I am requesting you republish this article with all inaccuracies corrected. I think the least you should do is to publish a public apology to Mr. Cooper. (Linda Ascott, Edmonton)