"Shooting an Elephant": A Literary Exploration of Imperialism

George Orwell's essay "Shooting an Elephant" provides a powerful literary perspective on the complexities and contradictions of British imperialism in Burma (now Myanmar). Set during the period of British imperial rule in India, the story explores themes of authority, oppression, and the moral dilemmas faced by those caught in the machinery of colonialism.

Setting and Atmosphere:

• Location: Burma (Myanmar), part of British India in the early 20th century
• Environment: Described as soggy, with mud, paddy fields, and poverty evident in the local huts
• Social climate: Marked by open tension and hostility between the British and the Burmese

Highlight: The story's setting vividly illustrates the stark contrasts between the colonizers and the colonized, emphasizing the oppressive nature of imperial rule.

Key Characters:

1. The narrator: A British police officer in Burma, conflicted about his role
2. The Burmese villagers: Oppressed subjects of British rule
3. The elephant: A symbol of imperial power and the story's central conflict

Central Themes:

1. Imperialism and its effects on both the colonizer and the colonized
2. The burden of authority and expectations placed on those in power
3. The conflict between personal morality and public duty
4. The destructive nature of colonial pride and the need to maintain face

Vocabulary: Imperialism in this context refers to the policy of extending a country's power through colonization and the exertion of political and economic control over other territories.

Plot Summary:

1. The narrator is informed of an elephant in musth (a state of heightened aggression) causing havoc in the town.
2. He finds a man killed by the elephant, increasing the pressure to act.
3. Upon locating the elephant, now calm and grazing peacefully, the narrator faces a moral dilemma.
4. Despite his reluctance, he feels compelled to shoot the elephant to meet the expectations of the Burmese crowd.

Quote: "I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys."

This quote encapsulates the story's central theme, highlighting how the system of imperialism traps both the oppressor and the oppressed in roles that diminish their humanity.

Significance: "Shooting an Elephant" serves as a powerful critique of British colonialism and imperialism. Through the narrator's internal conflict, Orwell illustrates the psychological toll of maintaining colonial power and the ways in which the system corrupts those who enforce it.

Example: The narrator's decision to shoot the elephant, despite believing it unnecessary, exemplifies how imperial systems often force individuals to act against their better judgment to maintain authority.

The story continues to be relevant today, offering insights into the lasting impacts of colonialism and the moral complexities faced by those in positions of power in unjust systems.

Mahatma Gandhi: Champion of Indian Independence

Mahatma Gandhi emerged as the primary leader of India's non-violent independence movement against British rule, becoming one of the most influential figures in the country's history. His philosophy of non-violent resistance, known as "Satyagraha," had a profound impact not only on the Indian independence movement but also on civil rights movements worldwide.

Quote: "Be the change you wish to see in the world." - Mahatma Gandhi

Biographical Overview:

• Born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India
• Came from a respected merchant class family (Bania caste)
• Married at the age of 13, as was customary at the time
• Studied law in London, becoming a barrister

Highlight: Gandhi's early experiences in South Africa, where he fought for the rights of the Indian community, shaped his future role as a political activist.

Key Achievements:

1. Instrumental in forming the Indian National Congress
2. Led numerous protests, demonstrations, and strikes against British rule
3. Organized the famous Salt March in 1930 to protest the British monopoly on salt
4. Advocated for reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims

Vocabulary: Satyagraha is a form of non-violent resistance or civil disobedience developed by Gandhi, literally meaning "holding onto truth."

Gandhi's approach to activism was deeply rooted in Hindu and Christian ethics, emphasizing non-violence, civil disobedience, and moral courage. His methods included:

• Fasting as a form of protest
• Encouraging the boycott of British goods
• Promoting Indian-made products (Swadeshi movement)

Despite facing multiple arrests and imprisonments, Gandhi remained committed to his principles of non-violence and civil disobedience.

Example: The Quit India Movement of 1942, launched by Gandhi, demanded an end to British rule in India and played a crucial role in the country's path to independence.

Tragically, Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, by a Hindu fanatic who opposed his vision of a secular, unified India. However, his legacy continues to inspire movements for civil rights and freedom around the world.

Highlight: Gandhi is often referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in India, and his birthday is celebrated as a national holiday.

Gandhi's life and work brought global attention to the Indian independence movement, increasing pressure on the British Empire and ultimately contributing to India's freedom in 1947. His philosophy of non-violence and his tireless efforts for social justice have earned him a place among the most revered figures in world history.