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nations, traditions + cultures Ellis Island: over 12 mio. immigrants came to the US (1892-1952) with hope to live a better life→Ellis Island: entry station for immigrants new chances + world: immigrants hoped for a better life in the US (freedom, no slavery, work to success etc.) → Mexican boarder: focal point of human suffering, border fence to restrict movement of unlawful immigrants (1993) people → Marilyn Monroe: was + did everything she wanted; didn't care about how people see her, was perfect for being imperfect → Arnold Schwarzenegger has achieved a better life through hard work ("rags to riches") → Martin Luther King: wanted freedom and equality for all races; famous speech "I have a dream"→ against discrimination + oppression politics George Washington: founding father, 1st President of the US → Thomas Jefferson: founding father, main author of Declaration of Independence, one of the most influential state theorists → Abraham Lincoln: against slavery; "Emancipation Proclamation" Civil war →→ preserve the Union → J F. Kennedy: cold war: Supported South Vietnam, civil rights movement: signed bill so African Americans have civil rights → Trump wanted to build a wall to prevent illegal immigration, cancel Obama Health Care, doesn't want to do anything against climate change, "America first" Mayflower compact (1620) Set up by Pilgrim Fathers + "strangers" (workers) (wanted to be free as soon as they enter the country) →→democracy, justice, protection, common good, orderly society... Declaration of independence (1776): 13 British colonies in Northamerica proclaim their independence from GB + right to form their own souvereign confederation Constitution (1787) reflects influence of British parliamentary system + common laws; representative democracy; government by agreement of the governed Bill of Rights (1791): 10 Amendments which guarantee the citizens certain basic rights and a free + democratic society , Emancipation Proclamation (1862): abolition of slavery in those southern states that are part of the States of America in 1863 GALLE Death of a salesman Willy Loman: → husband + father → traveling sales man → insecure; suffers from depression + anxiety → daydreams → believes in the American Dream of easy success + wealth→ never achieves it → sees failures in his life → commits suicide Linda Loman: →wife + mother → Supports her husband → the "good housewife" → mediator between sons-husband → betrayed from Willy → seems to ignore reality Happy Loman: → youngest son from Willyt Linda, brother from Biff → employed → earns money→ owns apartment + car → successful →lots of affairs but lonely →wants to be known + popular → seeking for support + respect (from his family) → doesn't get it → unhappy → cooperative (tries to keep peace in the household) Biff Loman: → oldest son from Willy + Linda, brother from Happy → used to be a famous footballer in highschool failed with college → used to be Willy's favourite son →now works as a farmer disappointment for Willy →not happy or successful Ben: → Willy's older brother → very successful → owns a mine in Africa → he also uses unfair methods to reach his goal Charley: → neighbour from Willy → owns his own buisness Successful → helps Willy →has a successful son American dream in the drama → criticism of the American Dream can create a bad live, one should not exaggerate + act immorally → Ben: 'rags to riches', only one being successful + wealthy →through criminal acts →not morally, luck... Bernard: successful through hard work ↑↑↑↑ Happy: wealthy, womanizer, selfishness, greed, not morally →Biff: not hard working + rich + wealty but free and happ → Willy: obsessed (especially wealth and success), wants to be popular, not rich + happy + popular success Willy's vision: being popular + rich→not quality of work → suicide as a perverted vision of success: Willy thought many people Would come to his funeral happiness Willy tries to find happiness in someone else, pretends to be happy, failed because of unrealistic dreams + wanting to be popular →Biff: wanted to do what his father wanted him to do unhappy → Happy didn't get much attention from his parents, lonely unhappy Great Britain britishness → Symbols: food (tea+ fish n'chips), tower bridge, big ben... → mindset: polite, formal, helpful, fair...; striving for independence, loyalty + respect for monarchy + royal family → culture: literature (especially Shakespeare), old university, festivals... landmarks →Empire GB ruled over 1/4 of the world-GB influenced the occupied countries →→wealth, raw materials-rich (till WW1) commonwealth voluntary association of independent states →work together → promote world peace (since 1931) → Industrial Revolution: revolution of production of steel, cotton etc.; more factories + production political system current constitutional monarchy. House of lords (make laws) House of Commons (review laws), Queen: oath to the nation (going to be Queen till she dies); people can identify with her; Stability, unity, tradition, responsibility, representative function → monarchy: pro: touristic aspect→successful, money; tradition forms culture →well known; raise lots of money for charities con monarchs are born into it may be not appropriate, financial aspects →expensive; they don't really involve themselves to charities; don't have a political power anymore Queen Elisabeth I Prince Philipp Royal family: Camilla Charles + Diana (crisis) Anne Andrew Edward Kate William Harry Megan UK and GB Great Britain: England + Scotland + Wales United Kingdom: Great Britain + Northern Ireland documents → Magna Carta (1215) : royal charter of rights (King John) Lliberty law + democracy → just English nobility benefited from it Brexit When? Saturday, February 1st 2020 (process since 2017) → Who? GB with a public vote of 52% wanting to leave the EU → Why? GB felt left out; autonomy + commercial agreements are easier without EU; large sum paid into EU-household →Con aspects: less export to EU; import is more expensive; → visa for travelling; increasing unemployment Immigration: big problem →wanting to keep British identity Society multicultural: many immigrants + mixed society (mostly Indian, Pakistani, Pole) religion: multireligious (Muslims, Hindu, Buddhist, Anglican-Christian, Sikhs) → immigration numbers increase; anti-immigrant movements adapting (keeping previous identity), assimilation (fully adjust /no previous identity), integration (overcome clash of cultures-part of British society Social classes. lower class→→working class (unskilled workers) → middle class →→ Upper class → Aristocrats (royals /title...) wide varity, new perspectives, more tolerant + open-minded but also religous conflicts, cultural differences, discrimination, racism, prejudices, unequality... East is East → conflict of generations + cultures → interreligious marriage (catholic + muslim) → father as the leader of the family (beats his wife + children; wants them to follow strict Pakistani Muslim ways) → children don't want arranged marriages etc. → British → Subculture: deviant culture of the subgroup of a society |88 88 00 00 0000 ||||| || || Nigeria different times → precolonial times (16th-18th century): dominated by West African kingdoms /empires; large diversity (ethnic groups, changes, food); slave trade; rivalries between kingdoms → colonial times (19th-20th century): British colony (has control + christian believe and English language is spread); slave trade abolished in 1807; Fulani people started war against Hausa (beginning of 19th century); Muslim north + Christian South colonialism: having control over less powerful countries to increase own power by using their resources influence on habits + control → postcolonialism countries had to adapt-cultural interactions → questioning identity-tension + discrimination →neocolonial times (since 1960): necolonialism: influence of independent countries →globalization, imperialism; loss of independence, capitalism, economic domination... history independence: October 1st 1960-full independence from Britain; 1963-federal republic; → civil war (1967-1970): 1966-Military regime took power → people were oppressed t experienced violence (north)→ca. 1 mio people died + aid was banned + region was in enforced isolation → modern Africa: big market; quote "Giant of Africa" - largest economy + population problems → Boko Haram: radical Islamic group- kidnapping, killing, political disturbance; 2003-first attack; 2014- kidnapping 276 teenage girls → Corruption: 2012- lost over 400 billion $ to corruption; 2021-154th of the 180 countries listed; depriving the resources it needs to develop disparities modern, education, rich, advantage, industrial ↑ traditional, no good education, poor, disadvantage, nature Society → multiethnic,-cultural, - lingual country growing population: 200 million inhabitants → Christian-Muslims: biggest religions spread in Nigeria (sooner Muslim north+ Christian south) → Igbo culture southeastern Nigeria; free-thinkers, fair & honest, tradition: buisness + agriculture; Christians with African flair; women: strong, independent, men: advisory not authoric Yoruba culture: southwestern (Lagos); traditional gods, Islam, christians; men: authoritarian in families →Hausa culture northern, large cities + territory + population; small villages (farms + lands); Islamic rulers, dominated by Britain; women: second-class, men: more than one wife geography → Lagos: biggest city of Nigeria; growing into being a megacity → Nigerdelta: polluted by oil→destroyed natural resources (can't fish there) economy oil: biggest oil-producer of Africa; Nigeria depends on oil industry (mostly used to pay off debts), can't refine the oil themselves (don't have infrastructure for it); many areas are polluted by oil role of English → colonial power enforces e.g. language → cultural Self-understanding + identity is lost → communication to become more international ➜ different forms of English (living product) (e.g. Pidgin) indirectrule → integrating existing political systems + social systems into the government shortstories Things fall apart, the day independence came; civil peace → violence against women + how they are treated betrayed or having more than one woman →social concepts → gender conflicts: men as the dominant + controlling one → corruption → violence + its normality (how Nigerians deal with it) →history: independence day after civil war /////// !))))))) Visions of the future The Circle → What? Community of humans which are working on being transparent to the world. Being real is the most important thing. They don't want to have spreading lies in the world and want to increase the number of good people by watching them. → How? "Soul search" + "true you" finding people + posting platform → why? being transparent creating reality don't spred lies bringing people together being a real community increase number of good people less criminal activities having information finding missed or searched people → Con. no privacy + freedom doing something just because you're being watched utopia & dystopia → utopia: imagined place /state of things where everything is perfect → Society in the BNW is stable and 'perfected' → dystopia: imagined place/state of things → suffering or injustice → Society is blinded to the reality because of e g. drug 'Soma' → control →no free will and individuality; propaganda (no freedom of speech); genetic engeneering causes missuse of science sciene fiction scientific / technological advances effects on life; prediction of believable future developments from current trends → fantasy: magic / supernatural elements; clear distinction between good + evil; setting far beyond today's society + technology Brave New World State's motto: "Community, identity and stability" propaganda → history: forbidden; not taught to cause no self-teaching, no going back; better control, better economics religion: forbidden; "Ford" is god (Fordism) to cause no deviding; progress as a goal media: disrespectful; no privacy; seperation into castes; distract; manipulative misuse of science → hypnopedia: sleep teaching →state's ideas are imprinted on the minds → no critism or free thinking conditioning: growing up with instinctive hate (Freud) → no rebellion, no free thinking (hating books, nature), consumption → genetic engeneering: predestination (cloning /Bokanovsky process)→ predetermine function + life; loss of individuality → Soma: take break from society, calm people down from rebellion; being happy Society → caste system: devision of labour; no intimidate contact outside of own caste; Epsilons →Deltas-Gammas-Betas → Alphas → control of development, multi-sexual affairs; no family life Characters → Bernard Marx Alpha male; unorthodox beliefs; inferior physical structure → fails to fit in + aloner ↑↑↑↑↑↑ → Lenina Crowne. Beta; attractive; object of desire; attracted to Bernard; has many sexual affairs; likes crowds Mustapha Mond. Alpha male; World Controller, exiles people for unorthodox beliefs; has a collection of forbidden literature director. Alpha male; threatening figure; has power; secretly vulnerable (because he is a father) John/Linda live outside (Reservation); unable to fit in / Beta; has a baby with director; very conditioned ; Soma addict → Helmholtz Watson: Alpha lecturer; discontent with BNW→wants to write something more meaningful visions of the future ↑↑↑ T↑ Science study of phenomena + theory technology applied Science → solve problems + improve life sustainability for balance between present + future generational needs (e.g.: renewable energy, recycling ...) → internet revolutionized global economy + communication + connection but also: loss of privacy, espionage... → society is affected; people can build/create others like they want to, develop gene therapies to cure diseasest other processes (natural things are interfered); create gene-modified food to stop starvation, manipulative people can create a world they want to have Shakespeare biography 1564 †1616 (time of Queen Elizabeth I) → English dramaist + poet →wife. Anne Hathaway → daughters: Susanna, Judith → wrote tragedies more often after the death of his son Hamnet (1596) → father: member of council theatre →globe theatre significant role in Shakespeare's life → theatres offered performances everyday →no lights or special effects →→ nature → women were played by men challenges benefits benefits → huge influence on English language (created over 2000 words) → timeless topics like love, religion, death... → plays + sonnets have impact on people (e.g.emotional) → learning something about history → everyone knows him (world literature + famous quotes) → real characters (easy to identify with) Challenges → language is hard to understand → outdated world picture → plots are often hard to follow → plays were made to be performed not read → 'modern' reader needs special knowledge language → many wordplays (puns) → new made up words (neologism) → modifying words by changing its function → changing "you" into "thou" + "thee" + "thy" (more familiar + less polite) → dramatic effects through language → emotionally charged words Elizabethan Age-world picture → great chain of being: set from god for everything in the universe; living + lifeless have a rightful place in the nature, rank according to usefulness + power; the higher the more responsibility elements: fire + air: rising; water + earth: centre of the universe men: combination of the four elements →witches + magicians: good and bad witches; unexplainable things are blamed on them; obvious targets; old + poor+ single women + unprotected → consequences of man's disobedience punishment by god by sending disorder, illness, death, destruction into sublunar world → cosmic disorder: created by opposing constellation of stars; by animals or among stars →→ defining natures order → universe: Earth is centre of universe + sorrounded by moon, sun, stars; 12 Zodiacs: group of fixed stars; Zodiacs influence the life of inferior beings; Zodiacs are named after animals with certain characteristics; sorrounded by cosmos + ordered universal world; heaven: god, angels, souls of blessed angels: messengers to god, mens guardians, regulate spheres sonnets plays → made 39 plays + 150 sonnets → types of plays: tragedies, comedies, histories →written to be performed not read Sonnets 14 lines → 3 quatrains + 1 couplet iambic pantameter (imitates human heartbeat) (5-hebiger Jambus) topics love, nature, hate, jealousy, rejection, not being perfect... Macbeth context: Macbeth kills the sovereign (Duncan) which is chosen by god → devine purpose is broken → causes chaos (Act 2.4) → topics: guilt (blood as a symbol); ambition; hallucinations; fate and free will; loyality vs. betrayal; love (Lady Macbeth + Macbeth); cruelty + masculinity; corrupting nature; witches motives: femininity + masculinity; darkness + light; blood (e g. bloody dagger); dagger (before killing Duncan); sleep (voices scream that Macbeth should never sleep again; Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking); chaos /cosmic disorder (Elizabethan world picture); mistrust → major conflicts: struggle within Macbeth between his ambition vs. his sense of right + wrong; struggle between murderous evil (Lady Macbeth + Macbeth) + best interest of nation (Malcolm + Macduff) Globalization history-Thomas Friedman Globalization 1.0 (4492-1800): world shrank from large to medium global integration of countries (mainly western); open trade after discovery of America; How much muscle, horsepower, windpower, steampower does the country have in order to fit into globalization? → Globalization 2.0 (1800-2000): world shrank from medium to small globalized companies as a driving force (multinational companies; falling communication costs; birth of global economy /market Where / How does my country fit into the global economy? Globalization 3.0 (2000-now): world shrank from small to tiny new power for the individuals; focus on the individual ; new actors on stage (e.g.China); How do I fit into globalization? communication → English as a global language more people can communicate with eachother → technology: fast communication + exchange of information →interactions between countries increased (people, goods, cultural things...) Americanisation/Westernisation Americanisation action of making a thing American in character or nationality → Westernisation societies adopting western culture in industry, technology, lifestyle, food etc. (e.g. love marriages, individuality, freedom; place of women in society) climate Paris agreement: international agreement (2016) by representatives from 196 countries; "global average temperature will not increase by more than 2°C above pre-industrial times temperature" →COP-26: climate conference: 26th "conference of the parties" (Oct 31,2021- Nov 12,2021); promises between countries; 200 countries were asked to cut emissions (reduce coal burning) by 2030 by 45% →goal: reach 0 in 2050 →1.5°C (→if not risks of extreme catastrophes + 3°C warmer world by 2100); "inefficient" subsidies (for oil + coal) should be abolished → Leonardo DiCaprio: climate ambassador of the UN + famous celebrity speech: changes have to be done to save the world + human beings → Trump- stepped out of the climate conference opinion positive consequences: → world economy → impact of technology → diversity → enrichment → integration → education → fast communication + exchange of information → more people can be reached (e.g.music, cultural influence....) negative consequences: → languages at danger of extinction →loss of uniqueness of local culture, identity, exclusion →large tech platforms + market loss of cultural diversity → monopoly → danger of fake news (manipulation) → everyone accepting behavior from other countries fast fashion definition cheap, trendy clothing which samples expensive clothings and brings them quickly to the Stores to meet new trends → modern slavery? workers have to work 14-16 hours a day under bad conditions; child labour is common; people in poor countries depend on the job outsourced → India developing country (poverty) → Security: insecure car/train rides ill ➜ health farmes become very →Todd tries to teach the workers to become more international | American (e.g. smalltalk) →→Work is relocated to poorer countries so that as much profit as possible is made → different culture (e.g. holi-festival; cows) → Todd adapts to Indian culture (e.g. clothing; eating...) World of work Second Bill of Rights first BoR against government power for more freedom + safety → economic Bill of Rights (true individual can only exist with economic security + independence) Rights: 1. useful + remunerative job 2.earn enough money every 3 farmer can raise + sell his products 4 every buisnessman can trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition 5. decent home 6. adequate medical care 7. adequate protection 8. good education goal: new bases of security + prosperity + happiness + well-being for everyone role of education → easier to spend time in another country (school/university) → getting personal insights into other cultures + educational systems → improving language skills → personal development →e.g. becoming more independent → improving career opportunities → possess job skills → broadening one's horizon skills & competences changes first second revolution (ca. 1750-1850): inventions that changed the world (eg.factories, mines, machines, faster transport) new economic opportunities; transforming society to an industrial one; improved many lives but also many people lost their jobs; nation became wealthy-workers poor created new work: mostly dirty, dangerous, badly paid mental health was badly influenced → third revolution (since late 20th century): inventions + economic disruption : computing, information, communication → digitalization : mass job creation; automation better, smarter, cheaper; technology: health benefits, opportunities, replacement; innovation: higher education opportunities; Work: flexible, more accessible, faster, cleaner, chances ⇒ creates gaps in society, competition between robots/technology + Workers guaranteed income → guarantee everyone a basic income no matter what job → pro-opportunity for unskilled; helps fighting inequality; guarantees good conditions; safety net : fight injustice in different countries; prevent poverty because of job lose (technological developement) → con: inflation? taxes?; feeling of injustice; lack of skilled workers?; motivation; finance of this project? many people would stop working → different skills for every job are needed ↳ professional IT-skills, general t expert knowledge, foreign language... ↳methodical analytical + structural thinking, strategic skills, learning... Social: cooperate, communicate, teamwork, empathy, mediating... individual self-improvement + -reflection, flexibility, responsibility, fitness... English as a global language general information: 400 million people speak English as their 1. language 350 million people speak English as their 2. language → English as.....the official language of many countries ..the language of science, politics, culture, buisness etc. ...a global language (most widely learned + most powerful nations speak it the lingua franca: language of communication for people who don't share the same first language changing language: English is adapting to other languages →new "languages" through combining words + languages (e.g. in the internet) can help with an expanding communication + reaching global costumers → positive aspects: English borrows words from other languages • being able to communicate is more important than grammatical correctness English has become "The Skill" if you want to work in a global buisness • English is everywhere → communicating is easier; connecting • English is easy to learn negative aspects: smaller languages become extinct • often English words are being made up • change of a language means the loss of an individual culture • many people misuse words + don't make grammatically correct sentences • disadvantage for native speakers → only speak one language fluently ADA