Englisch LK Abitur

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facilities -> housing, medical care... civil rights movement - mainly during 1950s & 1960s - black Americans tried to gain equal rights under the law Rosa Parks - refused to give her seat to a white man in Alabama - led to a bus boycott that lasted more than a year Martin Luther King - spoke at events & non-violent protests - organized boycott of the public transport system - speech "I have a dream" - won the Nobel Peace Prize institutionalized racism today - from of racism that is embedded in laws & regulations - discrimination in many areas such as criminal justice, employment ... 3 1.6 Abitur 2023- Englisch LK police brutality - illegal use of force against civilians - 1 in ever 1,000 black men can be expect to be killed by the police - Breonna Taylor: shot 8 times when officers raided her apartment - George Floyd: killed by police officer who kneeled on his neck for seven minutes Black Lives Matter - revived in May 2020 - initiated by several incidents where black people were killed by white officers - aim: raise awareness about police brutality income & wealth - racial wealth gap - black American are more likely to live in poverty Covid-19 pandemic - black people in the US have been hit much harder - chance that a black person dies of Covid is three times higher than for white people US-politics - two party system - Republicans vs. Democrats - one of them won every election since the 15th century Donald Trump & his presidency - served as a republican president from 2017 to 2021 - showed authoritarian tendencies controversies during his presidency - didn't give a speech after George Floyd's death - authoritarian answers to demonstrations & riots after George Floyd was killed - repeatedly exacerbated conflicts with his rhetoric - no other developed country has been hit as hard by the pandemic as the USA - intentionally used racist sentences 4 2. Globalization 2.1 2.2 2.3 Definition of Globalization - connection of regional economies -> global network - based on communication, transport & trade - process by which the world is constantly becoming more unified - increasing internationalization Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - markets, financial systems, technology & industries characteristics - rise in world trade - growing mobility -> tourism - international communication - multinational corporations - liberal capital flow Dimensions economic dimension. - increased international trade & capital flow - rapid spread of technology - movement of labor socio-cultural dimension - transmission of ideas & values across borders - increased mobility - reduction of jobs -> outsourcing environmental dimension - regulations regarding protection made internationally - increased consumption of resources - more frequent & longer transportation of goods - population growth -> limited access to resources Eras of Globalization -> Thomas L. Friedman Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800) - beginning of globalization - shrank the world from large size to medium size - Columbus started to trade Globalization 2.0 (1800-2000) - interrupted by Great Depression & World War I. & II. - shrank the world from size medium to size small - dynamic force: multinational companies - powered by falling transportation & telecommunication costs 5 2.4 2.5 Globalization 3.0 (2000-present) - shrank the world from size small to size tiny - dynamic force: power of individuals to compete globally -"global village" - more opportunities to work with other individuals Abitur 2023- Englisch LK Global player - companies & corporations with worldwide presence - powerful influence on national economies, international relations & politics Nike - production done offshore/ in other countries - seek for the cheapest production platform - outsourcing of all footwear production - about 16,000 employees in management -450,000 - 500,000 employees work in factories producing for Nike Nestlé - Swiss multinational corporation -> found in 1866 - largest food company in the world Nestlé waters - largest provider of bottled water in the US - tend to seek out to weak areas & places that are already struggling - bottle water in areas that already have water shortages - doesn't pay much for the water - slavery & child labor - prevent worker unions - deforestation Chances & challenges people, culture & lifestyle chances - moving & travelling more freely - increased cultural awareness activism more effective bringing help to where it's needed - sharing of knowledge traditions & values can be shared network of products chances - increased access to essential products - global market secures jobs access to cheaper material - support of poor communities 6 challenges - westernization - cultural diversity might be in danger - adoption of unsustainable lifestyle - illegal work-immigration challenges - unfair distribution of goods - economies become more vulnerable - horrendous working conditions tax evasion & stagnating wages 2.6 2.7 Climate Conference Glasgow climate adaption Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - negotiations on financial compensation - support for less developed countries - some countries increase their climate finance climate neutrality - India announced climate neutrality by 2070 - third largest emitter deforestation - 2030: end of global deforestation methane-emission - "Global methane pledge" underlined by 100 countries - largest emitter didn't sign coal exit - 2030s: exit by most of the countries - some planned no exit combustion vehicle exit - 30 countries declared exit before 2040 - Germany not among them 8 Facts about Globalization Globalization... 1. ...makes unhappy 2. ...breeds insecurities 3. ...wastes natural resources 4. ...accelerates climate change 5. ...destroys livelihoods 6. ...increases conflicts 7. ...is built on hand-outs to big businesses 8. ...is based on false accounting 7 3. Studying and Working in a Globalized World 3.1 Pro/ contra 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 advantages easier to travel around the world - companies can easily work together - worldwide partnerships - more jobs available - cheaper ex- & import - intercultural exchange working from home enables more flexibility Important skills - time management - flexibility - spontaneity - patience Lingua franca - spoken in business, politics, technology & medicine - has proven that it works well as global language - about 400 Mio. people learn English as if it is their native language - relatively easy to learn -> depends on mother-tongue - being open minded - general knowledge - speaking English - hard work - critical thinking -team-player Abitur 2023- Englisch LK Studying abroad advantages Volunteer travel - incredible experience multiculturalism expansion of language skills - personal development good impression by applying for a job advantages - working with locals - learn about country & culture - seeing places beyond tourist attractions positive impact on project - practical experience disadvantages - insecurity for unskilled workers exploitation of workers in low wage countries - technology is very expensive borders btw. life & work become blurry - smaller companies unable to compete - more environmental damage - more difficult to build a career 8 disadvantages alone in a different country expensive & privileged. - hard to fit into a new culture - dangers: illness, violence disadvantages - wrong reasons -> money, vacation - hard to find the right organization - organization might spend your money on wrong purposes 4. Great Britain 4.1 4.2 4.3 Abitur 2023- Englisch LK Britishness - Great Britain = England, Scotland, Wales - United Kingdom = England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland - British Isles = UK, Republic of Ireland concepts of national identity 1) national identity as a person's sense of belonging - shaped by language & traditions - not an inborn trait -> can change in the course of one's life 2) based on the idea of having ancestries belonging to the same racial group - outdated & problematic concept British identity/values - nations, fluidity, flexibility - democracy, belief in freedom, equality, tolerance Multiculturalism Theories Melting Pot Theory - assumes immigrant groups will "melt together" - abandoning their individual culture - immigrants become fully assimilated to the country - criticism: reducing diversity, causing people to lose their traditions Salad Bowl Theory - more liberal theory - assumes people coexist in society but keep their individual culture - culture don't "melt" together - criticism: can encourage a society to have prejudices & racist tendencies British Empire - started by overpowering the Spanish Amada -> 1588 - came world's number one sea power - increasing number of colonies - 1/5 of the globe under British rule The Commonwealth - response to movement for independence of British colonies - adapted a policy of self-governance & eventually independence - contains 53 countries - decided to keep close tie with Britain & form of the Commonwealth - democracy, rule of law, human rights, common language - members maintain ties of friendship & acknowledge the British monarch 9 4.4 4.5 British monarchy constitutional monarchy - parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy - monarch is head of state, but power is limited+ - provides stability & a national focus - royal family just have a representative function role of the monarch - dissolves & opens parliament - performs ceremonials & official duties - represents Britain to the rest of the world - provides national identity - encourages public & voluntary services pro/ contra pro - national identity -> symbol of Britain - royal family does a lot of charity work - other head of state would cost money as well Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - less power than a classic monarchy backstop against to strong parliament House of Lords Political system parliament (legislative) - made up of the House of Lords, the House of commons & the monarch - agreement of all three is required to pass a law etc. House of Commons - 736 members - not voted by the people - discuss bills that were passed by the House of Commons - underline government acts in the name of the monarch - criticism: undemocratic - 650 members (from all four countries) - elected for five years - control the government & the finances the monarch contra - expensive & economically not useful - unfair money distribution - not actually involved in politics not elected -> undemocratic - may not be good for the image abroad government (executive) Prime Minister - has to give the royal assent before a bill is passed - ceremonial role - center of power -> extremely dominant position - leader of the government - monarchs private adviser & keeps the king informed 10 4.6 4.7 supreme court (judiciary) - final court for civil & criminal matters - cases of the greatest public & constitutional importance - 12 members (4 female & 8 male justices) Abitur 2023- Englisch LK political parties the Conservative Party - "Tories" - center-right -> conservatism - Eurosceptic position - criticism of multiculturalism the Labor Party "Wighs" - left to center-left-> democratic-socialistic - redistribution of wealth - support multiculturalism Brexit outcome - in the transition period the UK has stayed in the EU single market - UK-EU trade is now governed by the WTO-rules - UK is no longer part of the customs union & single market - trade agreement allow zero traffic & quotas - free movement btw UK & EU has ended - UK will corporate EU on law enforcement & criminal justice matter pro/contra pro - better control of immigration - preserving British values & culture trade deals with China & India - increase trade with Commonwealth countries too many laws passed down from Brussels - independence from EU - acting independently - revitalization of the role as global player - contribute more money than they received - less unemployment - more security -> checking borders Midlands North - poor, disadvantaged, deprived - Labor-Party - health conditions worse in the North - northern accent as indication of backwardness 11 contra - workforce is needed - immigration makes society diverse - loss of the trade benefits with EU partners - most imports and exports come from and go to EU - majority of laws still passed from Westminster - much stronger negotiation-position in the EU - special status of the UK within the EU economic benefits fewer job opportunities global player will leave the UK - travelling/studying abroad becomes more difficult - uncertainty about future South - rich, advantaged, privileged - Tories - higher house prices - higher average earnings Abitur 2023- Englisch LK 12 5. Shakespeare 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Elizabethan era 1558-1603 - took place during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. - set an end to religious extremism by passing the Act of Supremacy & the Act of Uniformity - peacefully established the Protestant belief in England flourishing economy -> "golden age" William Shakespeare private life - *23rd of April, 1564 - 23rd of April 1616 - married Anna Hathaway - three children professional life - work consist about 38 plays, 154 sonnets & several poems - became famous around 1592 the Chamberlain's man - he formed it with a group of actors -> 1594 - built their own theatre -> the Globe Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - company was awarded by King James I. - made Shakespeare a wealthy man the Globe theatre opened in 1599 -> destroyed by fire in 1613 - 24-sided polygon surrounding an open yard could accommodate up to 2,500 people Shakespeare's language Elizabethan English - sound is more important than the formal structure - limited vocabulary - Shakespeare invented 1,500 new words - Shakespeare used a lot of imagery, metaphors, insults & wordplays Shakespeare's expressions - whence - thou - thy - verb + 'st - verb + 'th -> -> -> from where you your you ... verb he/she/it ... verb Sonnets - 14-line poem - describes often dilemmas -> solved in the final lines - mirrored Elizabethan view on the world - originated in Italy but adapted to English culture in the 16th century 13 8.8 typical metaphors: Abitur 2023- Englisch LK nature > birds, flowers - the stage -> world as a theatre - sea - conflict & war Shakespeare's central topics: - love - poetry - time Romeo & Juliet 1) - Montagues & Capulets have a fight in the city of Verona - prince cannot cope with constant fighting -> next person who breaks the peace will be killed 2) Romeo & his friends crash a Capulet's party - Romeo meets Juliet -> falls in love with her instantly - both shocked to discover that their families are rivals Friar Laurence marries them 3) - Romeo, Benvolio & Mercutio celebrate his marriage they get into a fight with Juliet's cousin Tybalt - Tybalt kills Mercutio -> Romeo kills Tybalt out of revenge prince banishes Romeo 4) Romeo & Juliet are heartbroken 5) Capulet decides Juliet should marry Paris -> she refuses Juliet and Friar Laurence come up with a plan 6) - Juliet fakes her death -> waits in a tomb to run away with Romeo - Romeo doesn't receive the message and thinks Juliet is actually dead 7) - Romeo poisons himself to be with Juliet - Juliet wakes up to discover that the plan didn't work out she kills herself 8) - the two families vow to never fight each other again 14 6. Nigeria 6.1 6.2 General Information 206.1 mio. citizen - largest population in Africa - 7th most populated country - western coast of Africa - multi-ethnic country -> 520 spoken languages - Lagos: biggest city (15 Mio. people) - largest economy in Africa -> export market History Pre-colonial era - first populated ~5000 B.C.E. -many different ethnic groups Colonial era (18th century- 1976) - British colony - slave ports around Lagos -> slave trade - tension between Fulani and Hausa - economy under control of "Britain's Royal Niger Company" - division between Muslim north and Christian south - legislative council ruled the country - Nigeria became a federation Post-colonial era Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - Oct. 1st 1960 - 1966 - 2003 - independence from Britain establishes as federal Republic 1975-2000 - military regime takes power - leads to civil war ("Biafran war") - one million people die - first period of Nigerian democracy - civil administration regained power - military coup ended democracy -> new head of state - EU imposed sanctions on Nigeria (1995) - regime adopted a democratic program - end of military rule in 1999 - since 2009 - suspension from Commonwealth for three years - first legislative election - 2010-2015 - Boko Haram leads a campaign of violence (north-east) - President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan - economic boom - corruption; neglect of education, health etc. - suicide bombings and kidnapping - election of opposite candidate Muhammadu Buhari 15 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Current situation - violence caused by Boko Haram - frequent suicide bombings - minority groups feel exploited by foreign oil-companies violence between different ethnics Ethnic Groups - multi ethnic nation -> more than 250 groups - three large ethnic groups - Hausa (north) - Igbo (south-east) - Yoruba (south-west) -> 68% of population - common language, shared religion, values and traditions Economy Oil industry Abitur 2023- Englisch LK Nollywood - oil discovered in 1956 - country depends on oil - 75% of export Shell provides 70% of oil production - bad working conditions - negative effect on environment Poverty growing film industry - 3rd biggest worldwide - enables many well-paid jobs - ca. 2000 films per year - authentic presentation of Africa less material than other film industries Lagos - largest city in Nigeria - former capital - extreme social and economic contrast - "city of optimists and opportunities" - work hard to be successful Problems of Nigeria Wealth-gap - uneven distribution of resources - few people benefit and become wealthy - gap is growing - poverty rate has risen (27% -69%) - 67% below poverty line - most houses without toilets, electricity etc. 16 6.7 Education - poor educational infrastructure - pollution - low support for teachers - different languages makes school-system difficult - not enough investments Child labor - 31% work to support their families - poverty is a major factor - low income for hard work Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - boys tend to earn more Crime and Violence - ethno-religious rivalries - domestic violence (1/3 women) - high crime-rate - police brutality Boko Haram - Islamist terror-group -> Northern Nigeria - rejects western education - school attacks - murder on Christians - kidnapped almost 300 women in 2014 Potentials of Nigeria - strong economy - youth is optimistic - politically and socially committed - diverse and multicultural country 17 7. Utopia/ Dystopia - 1984 7.1 7.2 7.3 Utopia -> vision of a perfect world Dystopia -> vision of a future, that shows negative and terrible outcomes - war, violence - surveillance - no freedom of speech - poverty, hunger - destroyed nature - pollution - dystopian elements - people live in peace and harmony - no hunger, no war, no oppression - human rights and freedom - technology affects live positively 7.3.1 7.3.2 Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - negative vision of the future based on status today dystopian elements 1984 -> April 1984 in Oceania, one of three totalitarian states Characters Winston why? -making people aware and reflect on society preventing that vision from becoming true -> criticism on society as it is Dystopian Elements in 1984 - brainwashing, propaganda, surveillance -no privacy and intimacy allowed - no free will, own thoughts and memories - death sentence for misbehavior - altering of history to the advantage of the government - constant war, totalitarian state - torture (Room 101) - unfair division of goods - class system - founded on hatred (- Big Brother = Stalin) - protagonist, main character - 39 years old - member of the Party (Ministry of Truth) - health issues (unhealthy lifestyle) - dislikes BB and the Party in the beginning - develops from rebel to supporter of BB (torture) - writes a diary -> central aspect of his resistance - pessimistic, depressed, lonely, brave, angry, weak 18 Relationships Julia - dislikes her in the beginning - they start a love affair - after being tortured they feel nothing for each other anymore Julia Abitur 2023- Englisch LK O'Brien - thinks he can trust him (connection to The Brotherhood) opens up to him about his rebelliousness - gets betrayed and tortured by O'Brien - dark hair - 26 years old Winston's lover - member of the Party (Fiction Department) - her rebellion: small, personal, for own enjoyment - not against the system particularly "if you follow the small rules, you can break the big ones" - pragmatic, optimistic, intuitive, realistic, enjoys sex O'Brien - member of the Inner Party (Ministry of Truth) - gains Winston's trust - from friend to traitor - watches Winstons for seven years - pretends to be a member of The Brotherhood - seen as a father figure Big Brother - leader/ dictator - never appears physically, still omnipresent - frightening appearance - antagonist: Goldstein 7.3.3 System of Oceania 19 7.3.4 Elements of 1984 The Parties Slogans - "War is peace" - "Freedom is slavery" - "Ignorance is Strength" TwoMinutes Hates daily ritual to get people mad at the common enemy (-> Goldstein) - enforce loyalty towards the Party - indoctrination - propaganda-mechanism Function of wars - -distracting people - being thankful for the Party -> they save their lives - war is the worst and everyday problems aren't that bad - people didn't even realize that the enemy has been changed Abitur 2023- Englisch LK Newspeak - used in politics, media and often also in society - language of unfreedom - reducing of words leads to lack of expression of thoughts and opinions Altering History - Ministry of Truth changes history however they want -> rewrite articles etc. - manipulate the people into thinking that BB is superior - destroying evidence that is against the Party - people depend on the Party as they have no evidence against them Thought crime - rebellious thoughts against the regime - party wants to control people's thoughts Thought police - part of the government - force you to admit your thoughts -> torture - arrest you when you behave suspicious (talking while sleeping) Spies - indoctrination of children - children are told that loyalty towards the party is more important than family - children often report their parents Proles - lowest social standing 20 Sex Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - don't belong to the Party - Winston is convinced that the only hope lies within them - "normal" life - 85% of population only for procreation of the party - prostitution not allowed but tolerated - Party suppresses sex on purpose (anti sex league -> indoctrination). - enjoyment = rebellion Psychological manipulation - Thought Police monitor people all the time - non-stop surveillance via telescreens - thought crime/ face crime - vaporizing of people -> constant fear of misbehaving - children spy on their parents -altering of history - deliberate use of fear Room 101 - place where you are confronted with your worst fear - in the Ministry of Love - torture - final destruction/ last step of "training" Winston's fear: rats Glass-paperweight - Symbol for Winstons and Julias relationship - Glass -> fragile - crashes in the end -> like their relationship - tiny fragment in the middle -> ,,how small it all was " 21 8. Science and Technology - Towards a better world? 8.1 8.2 8.3 Abitur 2023- Englisch LK Cyborgs - people who have technology integrated into their bodies - no universal agreement on what makes a human a cyborg - enhances physiological functioning Pros walking with bionic limbs when you wouldn't be able otherwise - better chances of surviving certain heart conditions - improves mood, lower rates of depression - improves living standard. Genetic engineering Pros babies grow into ethically better children. - would be less likely to harm others or themselves genes have significant influence on personality -> chance to modify them - designing children leads to a more intelligent and less violent society - turning off genes that are responsible for becoming a psychopath etc. would be voluntary Artificial intelligence Pros robots could make human life more comfortable increase of productivity - Al might understand issues our brain isn't capable of - medical breakthrough could safe us - rational decision making Cons - implantable devices are expensive - body might react negatively to implantation - medical risks involved -> surgery - you might lose the characteristics that makes you human 22 - cyborgs can be used as weapons -> implantation of weapons Cons - is it ethically, right? - might create new diseases or genetic defects - no evolution in distant future - most people will have the same hereditary material - no diversity - too many and too deep manipulation - can be used for bad purposes -> Ethical issue: Where does technology end and humanity start? Cons - machines can become autonomous - unpredictable consequences incorrect handling can be dangerous - humans should control robots - there should be strict borders to Al - loss of jobs due to robots - Al suppresses our intelligence 1. Comprehension -> task no.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Summary -> "Summarize what happened in Vanuatu und why..." Introduction - text type (e.g., article) - title - author - date of publication - main topic Main part - short but comprehensive - paragraphs - using own words Conclusion State Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - 1-2 sentences highlighting the key aspects - Outline -> "Outline the author's view on social media." - same structure as a summary - guided summary - focus on certain aspects only Other tasks Describe Point out IMPORTANT! - no questions and references -> "Describe the measures taken by the oil company to obtain the villager's land." - accurate description of a person or a situation objective language no own opinion - simple present 23 -> "Point out what Amy and Archie are each occupied with." - find and explain the aspects mentioned in the task -> "State why the author claims that Shakespeare does not belong in the classroom." - present the essential aspects of a situation briefly and precisely 2. Analysis -> task no.2 Fictional texts: 2.1 2.2 Scene Analysis Ask questions develop a question to ask about the chosen scene - example: Is Romeo & Juliet about love or hate? Collect evidence - important lines or word choice - expression - effect on character/ scene Construct a hypothesis - turn your question into a sentence that can be discussed Introduction - introduce the scene - point out your hypothesis Body paragraphs Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - one paragraph per argument multiple evidence - discussion of effect Conclusion - discuss your hypothesis - proven or disproven? Characterization Introduction - Transition ("Therefore the character xy needs closer attention") Hypothesis - "It's the author's aim to present xy as a ... character Analysis - outward appearance - character traits - behavior - mood - language/ use of words - thoughts. - actions - relationship to others - round/ flat character Conclusion - refer to the aim and if the author achieved what you thought he would in the text 24 2.3 Non-fictional Texts -> e.g., newspaper-article, speech, report, factual text Introduction - Transition ("To come to a better understanding of the main aim/ the situation, one needs to focus on structure and content/ stylistic devices/ use of language") Hypothesis - "It's the author's main aim to... Analysis - structure and content - line of argument - Register (language) Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - general structure of the text argumentative structure - informal/formal - choice of words Conclusion - poetic - slang/ Everyday English -style/ tone - connotations - literal meaning of the words - negative/ positive function of a words - rhetorical devices - matter of fact, elegant etc. - humorous, serious, aggressive - reference to introduction - hypothesis proven/disproven? 25 3. Evaluation 3.1 3.2 Comment/ Discussion - stating own opinion based on evidence - thinking of three arguments before writing - Discussion: two arguments per side introduction - introducing with an interesting topic (quote, question...) - sometimes one can use the task's sentence main-part Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - begin with the weakest argument & conclude with the strongest - Discussion: Hourglass - one paragraph per argument conclusion - reference to introductory sentence -> framework ! in a discussion both sides have to be mentioned ! Re-creation of text 26 4. Mediation - not a translation! - source text -> target text Abitur 2023- Englisch LK - what information is necessary? - which genre should the target text belong to? (Email, article ...) - who is the addressee? - which style of language should be used? - is there a cultural background? 27 5. Stylistic Devices Abitur 2023- Englisch LK 28 Abitur 2023- Englisch LK 29 6. Linking Words Hinzufügen Moreover/ Furthermore Likewise Similarly Additionally, Gegensätze Despite of Nevertheless Whereas Anyhow/ Anyway However, In any case Bezug nehmen Regarding to Referring to Considering Although Erläuterungen In other words, For instance, Frankly speaking In this case Thus Gründe therefore For this reason, Because of Due to the fact As Zusammenfasssend Consequently/ as a consequence Accordingly, The final point is Taking everything into consideration Abitur 2023- Englisch LK 30 darüber hinaus ebenso ähnlich zusätzlich trotz trotzdem wobei dennoch jedoch jedenfalls in Bezug auf Bezugnahme auf bedenken, dass obwohl anders gesagt beispielsweise offen gesagt in diesem Fall daher deshalb darum wegen weil folglich demzufolge schlussendlich abwägend 7. Narrative Perspective first-person narrator (-> I, me, my) - individual point of view - limited to the persons feelings & knowledge - describing something that is happening to the character Abitur 2023- Englisch LK second-person narrator (-> you, your) - told from the reader's point of view third-person narrator (-> they, them, he/she/it) - omniscient - narrator knows thoughts and feelings of all characters limited - sticks closely to one character shows their surroundings & feelings - objective - perspective of a total outsider 31