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the "good guys") soldiers who commited the crimes were not punished b. the British Monarchy: Pro economic reason: tourist magnet royal family: role model → do lots of charity work traditional institutions monarch unifies the country unifies the Commonwealth representative role monarch could advise the government (politically unbased) 2. American Dream, Imigration in the US: a. the promised land: Con undemocratic institution (hereditary) represent idea of imperialism expensive (tax payers have to pay for it) not all members of the royal family act like role models (scandals) monarch has to much power which could be abused b. Manifest Destiny: "a god-given right" other people could do charity work outdated, useless institution castles would still be visited by tourists Bible: Canaan, promised by God to Abraham and his descendents a place where one expects to have a better life/ find great happiness "we are the chosen people, we have the right to expand to the west" the Puritans/Pilgrims believed they've been guided by God the Pilgrims identified themselves with ancient Hebrews "a peculiar people, marked and chosen by the finger God" George Washington: American Joshua who led his people to independence Manifest Destiny is an intangible ideology that created American History explains America's thirst for expansion/justify territorial growth and imperialism → the freedom and independence of a seemingly limitless land "nothing will stand in the way of progress, the progress of Manifest Destiny" 1. the virtue of the american people and their institutions 2. the mission to spread these institutions 3. the destiny under God to do this work c. Declaration of Independence: the American Dream the Constitution (1787/1789) supreme law of the United States ("we the people") guarantees a seperation of power The Bill of Rights (1789) contains ten amendments to the Constitution which describe the basic rights of the people d. the civil rights movement + the civil war (1861-1865) civil rights movement: an organised effort by black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law civil war fought between the North and the South → abolition of slavery e. Immigraton to the US: the U.S. was built by immigrants → begin a new life, escape hunger/poverty, political storms in Europe the U.S limits immigrations to 600.000 newcomers a year millions of people live illegally in the U.S. (estimated 12 million people) "the Dreamers": undocumented migrants who came to the U.S as children → have lived in the U.S. illegally ever since work often as fruit pickers → earn very low wages difficult to get residency → have to marry they do the jobs Americans don't want to do mostly economic reason causing immiration "melting pot": give up their language & culture, their way of life to become part of a unified monocultural nation "salad bowl": different cultures mix, but remain different (a multicultural and diverse America) f. the American Dream: i. economic dream: of success and prosperity ("from rags to riches") ii. social dream: of equality and opportunity for everybody political dream: of democracy and justice personal dream: of freedom, self-realisation and happiness (individuality) A.D. past: immaterial things/value;: liberty, life, happiness A.D. now: material things/aspects; money, career... opportunity of prosperity and success, upward social mobility iv. → achieved through hard work regardless of circumstances of birth or social class rooted in the Declaration of Independence → "all men are created equal" with the right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" → statue of liberty: signified new opportunities in life; first view of the U.S (iconic symbol of the A.D.) Example: have a white picket fence, a home, two (2.5) children, a dog, a spouse, a successful/stable career, financial security, owning a piece of land (later passing it down to the children) g. the American Nightmare: huge gap between rich and poor social immobility plight of American workers: low paid jobs, no pensions, no health insurance, no vacations low paid jobs even for college students → high student loans middle class in dept the A.D. has shifted to a material dream high unemployment rate the A.D is an idealized picture ("if you work hard, you can achieve your goals") e.g. vietnam war it's not to be realized by everyone (even if they have the ability and qualifications) depends on fortune and education the U.S is not a welfare state no melting pot: Americans favour idea of assimilation → negative approach towards immigrants Pro: h. Pro /Con American Dream: gives people hope, strength, motivation optimistic attitude to move along when one has lost everything/failed in life economy gets better, because more people work harder and better many examples (Bill Gates...) self-reliance: the role of the state is minimal 37% of the Americans (still) believe in the A.D. means different things to different people 3. African-American history Con: rare to become rich that easily can turn into a nightmare huge gap between rich and poor danger of poverty limited social mobility (the U.S has an aristocracy of sorts) not much financial help if needed if you're poore, it is seen as your own fault middle class decreases in size high quality schools are very expensive → high depts for tuition becomes increasingly harder to reach the A.D. is for rich whites only (?) leads to disaster, climate change and pollution (pursuit of material things) a. Black Panthers: founded 1966 (Huey Newton & Bobby Seale) organization with ideology of black nationalism and socialism important part of the civil rights movement use of violence as a public stance goals: equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights membership that exceeded 2000 people (at ot's peak) inspired many other activists b. Rights Acts: i. Pro: ii. iii. Civil Rights Act: 1964 ended segregation in public places banned employment discrimination first proposed by John F. Kennedy Voting Rights Act: 1965 Housing Rights Act: 1968 c. Malcolm X: prohibition of racial discrimination in voting most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever approved in the country, according to the U.S Department of justice provides nationwide protection of voting rights 4. Studying abroad: a. Gap Year: prohibition of discrimination concerning the sale, rental and fiancing of housing passed quickly by the house of representative after Martin Luther King died stands as the final great legislative achievement of the civil rights era expressed the anger and frustration of African Americans during the civil rights movement fought for black identity, integrity and independence challenged Martin Luther Kings "strategy of non violence" gain new experience (helpful for future) time for personal reflection → get more mature/independent/ self-confident change to live a life break from studying (motivated to study again later) time to think: uni/future improve CV earn some money learn a language / get to know a new culture meet new people you're young, adventurous, want to see the world (do it now!) → freetime, no duties, still support from parents have fun Con: expensive feel lonely / homesick "loose" one year different when you come back → culture shock loose friendships could be boring/ uninteresting people could be unfriendly Pro: b. studying abroad: make new contacts → connections across the globe learn a new language/ get to know a new culture → prevent misconceptions/clichés stay in the country to work there no tuition fees get a better degree no entrance restrictions broaden your horizon personal development (need to adapt) better universities enhance your career prospects "built bridges of understanding" shaping the future of your country (shared challenges) conquer challenges shared (habit of cooperation) memorable experiences, lasting bounds Employers: soft-skills: creative problem solving, adaptility (are developed while studying abroad) 5. The English language: a. development: 5th century: early form of English was brought to Britain by the Angles and Saxons 15th century: modern English emerged; mixture of Norman French and Old English 17th century: as a result of the British Empire, th elanguage spread around the world 20/21th century: America has helped to make English today's global language today: native speakers: around 380 million second language speakers: between 150 and 300 million learning English: about 100 million to 1 billion b. reasons for the spread of the English language: due to the british Empire language of shared popular culture (music, movies, sports..) language of technologies (connecting us together) very easy to learn (very neutral): easy grammar rules English is associated with freedom politically correct c. qualities and advantages of the English language: easy to attain fluency no class distinction easy grammatical declensions; no different verb conjugations, neutral language (no genders...). no tonal nuances no mayor power, systematically censoring English content on the internet makes more of the world's population multilingual English is the language people turn to when communicating and doing commerce across borders d. the decline of other languages: decline of French as an international language: obstacles in learning Mandarin as a foreign language: too hard to attain fluency, difficult characters, 6. Modern World: a. Generation Y/ the Millennials: → Baby Boomers: born between 1945 - early 1960s ("Me Generation") → Generation X: born between 1960s 1980s ("Me Me Generation") → Generation Y: born between 1980s 2000s ("Me Me Me Generation") →Generation Z: born between 2000-2015 the generation who was born between the early 1980s and 2000s stereotypes: too much self-esteem/self-confidence seem to be arrogant/overconfident "no real experience" reality: more liberal, more tolerant, less racist, value honestly environmental aware demand work-life-balance know about technology settle down later, because they know they'll work for a long time looking for experience, not money Pro: b. Technologies: gives us access to more information it saves time to use them gives us more mobility options communicate more efficiently make things cheaper inspires us to become innovators lets us manage things better develop better learning techniques let's us focus on ability instead of disability c. Homo Deus: Con: ii. creates dependences need laws to protect individueál freedoms reduces human effort data security sometimes it's hard to understand technology creates a social disconnect problem with disconnecting from work it's easier to copy or plagiarize information can be addictive creation of a massive new unworking class 47% of U.S jobs are at high risk of getting taken over by computer algorithms within the next twenty years by 2033 many new professions are likely to appear → will require much more creativity and flexibility → it is unclear if people will be able to reinvent themselves 7. Brave New World/Utopia&Dystopia a. Definitions: i. the job market will change; most of the things we are learning in schools right now will be irrelevant traditional model of a period of learning and a period of working will change a üeroid of onstant learning (but: many humans are unable to do so) Utopia: is derived from the Greek word for "no-place" and "good-place". It describes a perfect, ideal society. Utopias are imaginary societies in a distant place or the future. Dystopia: are anti-utopias, i.e. pessimistic visions of the future. It defines an imagined state that is not desired. 8. Nigeria: a. Facts: HDI: 136th out of 162 countries 57,1% of the population /15 years and older) can't read and write 80% of Nigerians live in villages overcrowded cities and extensive urbanisation have led to the spread of slums in suburbs of larger cities (sanitary problems, fatal diseases...) ca. 95 million Nigerians live in extreme poverty → BUT; Nigeria has more millionaires and billionaires than any other African country largest population in Africa oil production: 90% of the country's gross earnings (provides more than 300.000 jobs) b. Nigerian Pidgin: ii. Pidgin = mixture of two languages (always a simplified language with limited vocabulary) English is Nigeria's official language, but the language spoken by most Nigeriasn is Nigerian Pidgin Nlgeian Pidgin; mixture of English and a local language; was developed to enable trade with the Europeans and is now spoken by around 50 million Nigerians c. Pre-Colonial Life: i. Pre-colonial Life: variety of tribes and empires, each with its own traditions, religious beliefs, language.... farming, cattle-breeding and trade were main pillars of the economy until the 1400s slave trade strated in 15th century → led to large settlements at the ports (e.g. Lagos) over a period of 3 centuries, more than 3.5 million slaves were shipped from Nigerias to other countries Nigeria during the colonial era: 1861-1963 annexation of Lagos as a British colony in 1861 1906 Britain gained control over the whole territory the British hoped to consolidate their power by establishing a territory stretching from the arid Sahel to the Atlantic coast 1. october 1960: Nigeria gaines back it's independence → became a federal republic with a new constitution iii. iv. Impact of British Rule: Impact on Nigeria: western education introduction of English language adoption of Christianity currency (worldwide accepted) infrastructure improved economic development new democratic constitution modern borders set by Britain divided tribal territories loss of culture, native structures and values suppression of indigenous people different parts of society forced into one country ethnic tensions: the Biafra War: Impact on Britain: profitable trade raw materials free navigation on the Niger ethnic tensions between south ("Igbo") and north ("Fulani" and "Hausa") (→ and the "Yoruba" in the west) led to a massacre of thousand of Igbo people in the north Igbo regions broke away from Nigeria; called themselves "Republic of Biafra" (1967) civil war 1970: Biafra was reintegrated into Nigeria d. Present-day Problems in Nigeria: religious conflicts: Boko Haram; radical Islamic group, which has been involved in around 30.000 killings in the last decade terrorism: kidnapping for ransom, carrying out attacks, coordinating armed assaults, assasinations, use of improved explosive devices, bombings, arsons, bribes.... obstacles to getting girls in school: child marriage, poverty / child labour, geographie (girls are dicouraged, esp. in science classes) realities for women in Nigeria: typical mindset: women are worth less, they can't do what men can do child marriage, domestic violence, divorce women ought to be married and have children (they are judged by that, not by their intellect) bill for gender equality was rejected by parliament (reason: "bill is against Nigerian culture") women in film industry: courage to speak out against gender inequality oil production in the Niger Delta: massive environmental damage robbed local farmers and fishers of their livelihoods: formed the "Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People" (MOSOP) to fight the oil companies nine leaders of the movement were executed (1995) it radicalized many activists (they use military force to drive the oil companies away) corruption: bribes are mostly paid to the police (even in parliamentary proceedings) Lagos slums: state power is used to suppress the poor being rich being in power; being poor being suppressed ten thousands of slum dwellers have been chased of theirs land (police using tear gas..... → to built luxury estates) Health & HIV Nutrition e. measures for problems in Nigeria; i. Poverty: ii. iii. iv. V. vi. donate money setting up companies in Nigeria (INCs) education; building schools in poor areas government should create jobs microcredits investments in health care system education: abolishment of child labour girls-only schools richer people should pay more fees corruption: change their mind-sets (at an early age; teaching new values) higher wages Commonwealth of Nations pollution / hygiene: introduce laws / sanitary programms lack of human rights: religious freedom eliminate terror groups/ international communities must intervene awareness campaigns/ allowing protests UNICEF in Nigeria: challenges: high mortality rate high HIV rate high children death rate lack of immunization malnutrition causes 45% of all deaths (children) high rate of stunted children children suffer from severe malnutrition (20% are treated) solutions: support primary health care educate women to make informed decisions routine immunization and polio transition mother and child health & nutrition strengthening health + community systems integrating malnutrition in primary health care Water, sanitation & hygiene Education Child protection Social policy Emergencies Communication for development poor access to clean water and sanitation → causes high morbidity and mortality rate only 25% of the population has access to improved drinking water sources 10 million children out of school gender, geography and poverty are main factors 60% of children experience violence child marriage (23 million girls) genital mutilation only 30% birth registration gender inequality, socioeconomic differences, geographic inequalities everyone should have the right to survival, growth, development and participation civil conflicts in north-east (humanitarian crisis) 1.7 million people diabled; 20.000 killed routine immunization and polio transition end to violence against children basic education mother and child health & nutrition end open defecation strengthening community led sanitation programmes supporting efforts to eradicate defecation construct household latrines/sanitation support government to overcome systemic barriers improve school quality (more teachers are needed) strengthening child protection systems (legal reforms; social welfare) supporting legal reforms ensuring that public finance is effective treatments of malnourished children (e.g through mobile teams) providing psychological support providing support in emergencies polio communication consultants change social norms; partnerships with religious/traditional leaders radio clubs: encouraging to go to school platforms; social media programms