Immigration Zusammenfassung

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century: colonial immigration (mainly British settlers), Puritans (English Protestants, not content with the Church of England), 1st African Americans forcefully shipped to colonies as slaves (until 19th century) Mid 19th up to the early 20th century: biggest waves of voluntarily immigration, central and western Europe, gold in California → many Chinese, Jews who escaped religious persecution First official federal immigration on Ellis Island, statue of liberty After WW1: attitudes changed, immigration quotas and laws severely restricted Civil rights movements race-based quotas were abolished, Asian and Latin Americas Peak was in in earlier countries, USA remains country of immigration Due to higher restrictions, number of illegal immigrants has increased More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, followed by India, Mexico and the Philippines. . Trump promotes a "zero tolerance policy" towards illegal immigration, plan to build Wall at the US- Mexican border By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years Immigration policies in the US: •. Until the end of the 19th century, there were no restrictions on immigration to the States - settlers were encouraged to come From the 20th century onwards, various laws and policies were introduced to control immigration - it became clear that the open door policy was not sustainable, Today, there are different ways of getting a greed card: through family already living in the States, through marriage to a US citizen, or through your employment. • There are around 11 million undocumented, or illegal, immigrants in the US, over half of which come from Mexico. 1 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/ 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement 1 Pauline/Freia Refugees Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. - more than any other country. In 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. citizenship · Most immigrants are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized. • In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. having lived in the U.S. for five years. • In 2019, about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. . • However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. . Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders. Ellis island and Angel island They were immigration regulation points. • 1892 was used to manage the increasing number of immigrants Health check, registration, legal interview • Some had to stay on the island for months • 2% were deported The settling in (challenges for refugees) • Speaking and learning English to get a job, make friends or navigate every day life, speaking English is crucial in the U.S. many take ESL classes but finding the time to do so is not easy. • Raising children and helping them succeed in school raising children in an unfamiliar culture. children ,,americanize" and learn English faster than parents. this can lead to generational conflicts or cultural disparity. in school, parents often see their children struggling to keep up or being bullied and discriminated due to cultural differences. parents also don't have the education or language to help their children. • Securing work exploitation on the housing market Living Nearly half (45%) of the nation's immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. • Accessing services • Transportation • Cultural barriers Unauthorized immigrants are almost a quarter of U.S. foreign-born population Foreign-born population estimates, 2017 2 Januar 2021 Unauthorized immigrants 10.5 million (23%) Temporary lawful residents 2.2 million (5%) U.S. Note: Figures for the total and subgroups differ from published U.S. Census Bureau totals because census data have been augmented and adjusted to account for undercount of the population. All numbers are rounded. Unauthorized immigrants include some with temporary protection from deportation under Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Temporary Protected Status (TPS), as well as pending asylum cases Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data. PEW RESEARCH CENTER Mexica Educational attainment among U.S. Immigrants, 2018 %mong those pe 25 and older Europe Other North America Made Ea Lawful permanent residents 12.3 million (27%) Sub-Sanica Lawful immigrants 35.2 million (77%) most refugees take whatever job possible in the beginning. but finding one and slowly moving up the ladder is incredibly difficult. refugees and immigrants who were educated and had good jobs back home, find it frustrating that they can't obtain the same jobs here. Employers often prefer experience inside the US and certificates from other countries often don't count that much. • Securing housing Naturalized citizens 20.7 million (45%) PEW RESEARCH CENTER include those with a high school diploma or sequent such as GED c de Cast of Community Survey Pauline/Freia Statue of Liberty • Stands for liberty, democracy and a welcoming country. Was a gift from France. Completed In 1884 and transported in small peaces. Put up in 1886 The crown with the seven spikes stands for the continents and the oceans. She holds the constitution and a flame. She is 46m high. • On the pedestal on which she is standing is a poem engraved. It was written by Emma Lazarus in 1883 and is called ,,the new colossus". She was raised in a jewish family and was an activist. She helped jewish activists and wrote the poem for the statue of liberty. To her, everybody should be welcomed into her country. . Melting Pot: The new colossus By Emma Lazarus Salad Bowl: Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Metaphor, which is often used to describe the American society in which millions of immigrants from all over the world are formed into a harmonious whole through the common experience of living in the USA However, in recent years the concept of the melting pot, which propagates cultural assimilation, has come under criticism with other metaphors like a mosaic, or a salad bowl being preferred Metaphor that is employed to describe the USA's multicultural society It may be preferable to the traditional melting pot concept, because in a salad bowl, the original ingredients remain visible while they combine and make a successful whole Thereby, the traditional melting pot's image of "forced assimilation" is avoided Instead, different ethnic groups are encouraged to keep their distinct backgrounds, because these are all necessary to make up the whole of the USA's society 3 U.S. immigrants are seen more as a strength than a burden to the country % who say immigrants today... Burden country by taking jobs, housing, health care 63 31 Januar 2021 1994 2000 2006 Note: Don't know responses not shown. Source: Phone surveys of U.S. adults conducted 1994-2019. PEW RESEARCH CENTER Strengthen country through hard work, talents. 66 2012 24 2019 Pauline/Freia ICE: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from the cross-border crime and illegal immigration that threaten national security and public safety3 Criticism: Many start to stand up against the inhumane treatment people suffer from ICE methods, especially since the Trump administration. The Occupy ICE movement began on June 17, 2018. They were protesting outside of ICE buildings to stop the Trump Administration's ICE policies. More and more people joined, it spread to different cities and other organizations joined. On August 1, 2019, a month-long peaceful protest event was started outside the San Francisco ICE office, where protesters beat drums and demanded that family separation at the border be stopped. A report was published, revealing that 1,224 sexual abuse complaints while in immigration custody were filed between January 2010 and June 2017. Contrary to ICE's claims, only 2% of these complaints were investigated. As part of the 2018 Trump administration's zero tolerance policy, nearly 3,000[62] minors were separated from their parents, or the adults accompanying them, while trying to illegally cross the U.S.-Mexico border and placed in detention camps. These camps have recently been compared to prisons and concentration camps. Often the deportation of children and their parents are separated by years or detained children have also been given up for adoption. In a series of court cases, foster families were successfully able to gain full custody of migrant children that they were housing without notifying their parents. From 2012 to early 2018, ICE wrongfully arrested and detained 1,488 U.S. citizens, including many who spent months or years in immigration detention. In 2019, a U.S. citizen that was detained stated that he lost 26 pounds from the horrendous conditions that the detention center offered Sanctuary cities are cities that limit their cooperation with ICE. When a person is arrested, his or her information is placed into a federal database that ICE can access. In a non-sanctuary city, ICE can ask the police to hold the illegal immigrant until they can pick him or her up. However, sanctuary cities believe this is unconstitutional and view being an illegal immigrant as not a crime but a civil violation. Mexico, China and India are among top birthplaces for immigrants in the U.S. Top five countries of birth for immigrants in the U.S. in 2018, in millions Mexico China 2.9 India 2.6 Philippines 2.0 El Salvador 1.4 11.2 Share among all immigrants 25% 6 6 4 3 Note: China includes Macau, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mongolia Source: Pew Research Center tabulations of 2018 American Community Survey (PUMS). PEW RESEARCH CENTER U.S. deportations of immigrants slightly up in 2018 In thousands, by fiscal year and criminal status 189 116 165 92 73 73 211 241 281 127 148 154 182 319 217 360 391 382 386 417 435 414 260 212 197 217 237 247 333 340 193 204 Januar 2021 295 174 337 Total 188 Noncriminal ¯¯ 84 92 92 98 102 105 132 170 189 200 199 168 140 136 121 149 Criminal 2001 02 03 04 105 106 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2018 Note: Criminal status is based on prior criminal conviction. Data refers to removals by U.S. Department of Homeland Security Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security publications. Data for 2001-2004: "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010. Data for 2005-20 05-2014: "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2014." Data for 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 from "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics for each respective year. PEW RESEARCH CENTER 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement Pauline/Freia Ecological reasons • Bad air quality • earthquakes • Severe flooding Crop failure • Drought • Famine (Hungersnot) Consequences of global warming Push factors Economic reasons • Unemployment . Lack of career opportunities . Poor infrastructure • Bad working conditions . Lack of services Political reasons • War • Insecurity • Gang warfare • Criminality • Persecution (religious political) • Sexual identity • Dictatorship • Lack of freedom • Despotism Personal reasons • Marriage • Family reunion • Adventurism • Interest for culture/language Push factors: War Poverty Unemployment Lack of security and service High crime rate Crop failure Flood and drought - famines Ecological reasons • Beautiful landscape • Better air • Water supply • Modern infrastructure Economical/social reasons . Better educational opportunities • Employment • Better working conditions • Career opportunities • Pension/accomodation Pull factors • Social security/ insurance • Generous social benefits Higher standard of living • holidays Political reasons Safety stability . . • Rule of law • Democratic institutions • Freedom of speech • Proper treatment of refugees • Higher standard of security • Personal freedom Personal reasons • marriage • Relationship • Love of culture/country • Size of population 5 Januar 2021 Pull fastors: Political security Greater wealth / affluence Chance of employment More secure atmosphere and better services Less crime More fertile land and better food supply Lower risk from natural hazards Pauline/Freia Pro immigration Immigration makes economy stronger immigrants bring new experiences ans connections to the community. They start businesses, earn money and pay taxes. It brings a more diversified perspective it allows an exchange of cultures and allows for knowledge of other countries and wisdom to be shared. Immigration helps to create a global market. A lot of money is exchanged and immigrants who learn good skills can take them home to their country to improve its status. More people can share the American dream Immigration promotes lower levels of crime. Although especially illegal immigrants are often said to be responsible for increased crime, in reality immigrants are 69% less likely to be imprisoned when compared to native citizens. It encourages entrepreneurism. Immigrants are often highly educated, well-trained, creative and energetic. They are also very productive, which helps create new jobs and drive innovation. Immigrants work hard. Most want to stay and settle down and give their children a better future. The first-generation often take jobs, no one else wants to do. They are willing to work hard in order to become successful and give their children a better future. It raises the GDP. Immigration provides a total annual value to the economy of up to $72 billion each year. Cultural renewal Immigrants bring their culture with them which adds to the diversity of culture within a country. Contra immigration Over-population. The wealthiest nations on earth. tend to be the most popular places for immigration. That means there can be over-population issues in the wealthiest countries, while there might be under-population in the origin countries. It encourages disease-transmission. Januar 2021 Immigration can create wage disparities. They might be willing to take jobs on a much more lower wage than non-immigrants. If there are enough people willing to work for lower wages, this could create a wage rage to the bottom. (This can be prevented by minimum wage, of course.) It creates stressors to educational and health resources. Many immigrants contribute to their communities in the long run. There is, however, a financial burden to the communities during the. Settling in process. There is no guarantee, that the families will stay in the community so there might be investments made who never pay back. 6 Immigration leads to brain drain. The developing country might loose its best brains to the developed nation they flee to. If the talented and skilled people are taken away from a poor country, that makes it even worse. Clustering and parallel communities. Immigrants tend to move to places where there are pople from their homeland. This is called chain migration. It creates parallel communities and leads to integration problems concerning language, ethnicity and race. There is then too much separation from the mainstream of society. Diversity is not something that everyone wants. Bringing new cultures and ethnicities into an established community can sometimes create fear or negative reactions. That can lead to higher levels of discrimination Immigration can split up families. It can result in human rights violations. Immigration, or the desire to become a migrant can put some people in difficult situations. The development of people trafficking might offer new opportunities that seem positive at first, then turn negative for the individual. These movements can even facilitate organized crime activities in extreme situations. Pauline/Freia Myths, prejudices and cons Reality and pos Immigrants take away jobs, fewer jobs lead to wage They do jobs nobody else wants to do. dumping. They don't want to work. They are a burden to the welfare system. They commit crimes. In an initial phase, immigrants have to be supported. They live on taxpayer's money. They strain public services like schools or hospitals. they accept lower wages and thus depress wages for unskilled local workers. They might be terrorists. The foreign culture might become too dominant. Foreigners don't want to integrate. This leads to a segregated society. Parallel societies might develop. Immigrants don't want to learn the language. Januar 2021 They work hard to make a living and to fulfill their needs. People from different countries might not always share the same values as the rest of society- this can lead to conflict and racial tension. And they are ambitious. To be strong enough to leave everything behind in your home country is a good prerequisite for a successful life in a new country. They work hard and earn their own money. According to statistics, they don't commit more crimes than other groups of society. They pay taxes by buying foot etc: sales taxes. They boost the economy because they increase demand. They bring a foreign culture and the native culture is Foreign culture can help people to understand and lost. accept other people's ideas, values, traditions and religions. They are desperately needed in many areas like agriculture (fruit pickers), private households (cleaning staff), childcare (nannies) or nursing homes. They integrate quickly because they believe in the American Dream and want to climb the ladder. America welcomes legal immigration, but not illegal America has always been a country of immigrants. one. A diverse society is more interesting and challenging. It offers more opportunities to learn and move forward. They try to adapt to American society. They learn the language quickly if they are given a chance to go to school. Integration with people from different backgrounds makes people more open-minded and tolerant. 7 Pauline/Freia Some helpful vocabulary: English To occur Destination country infiltrate labor Employers/ employees Innovation Inhumane treatment Exploitation / being exploited Resources Unrestricted Regulation To facilitate People trafficking Economically disadvantaged expertise Pension gap Tax bracket Cultural diversity Segregation/ desegregation Prospects Living standards German Passieren, auftreten Zielland Infiltrieren (fancy wort für eindringen) Arbeit Arbeitgeber/Angestellte Innovation (erfindungen) Unmenschliche Behandlung Ausbeutung/ausgebeutet werden Ressourcen Uneingeschränkt Regulierung Erleichtern Menschenhandel Wirtschaftlich benachteiligt Sachverstand Rentenlücke Steuerklasse Kulturelle Vielseitigkeit Trennung (Rassen) während der Jim Crow Laws in den USA / Aufhebung der Rassentrennung Aussichten (Zukunftsperspektiven) Lebensstandard Januar 2021 8