Kommunikationsprüfung 2023

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world justification for severe atrocities: -> 19th century: eradication of Native Americans -> 20th and 21th centuries: USA has developed into a "global cop" (involvement in the two World Wars, Cold War) this is again justified by the belief in a "divine mission" to spread the values of western civilisation -> war on terrorism is perceived as immoral • treatment of suspected terrorists in Guantánamo • installation of illegal CIA prisons in various countries • torture and humiliation of prisoners in Abu Ghraib -> rising Anti-Americanism From rags to riches: opportunity to rise from poverty to fame ideal of "self-made man" belief in upward mobility access to education for everyone Reality: American Dream or American Nightmare? American Dream: examples of several stars (Barack Obama) Clever political & economic marketing strategy: get people away from selfish individualism & materialism and return to community spirit & social responsibility Gives people motivation, strength, hope and an optimistic attitude to move along / start fresh when you failed in life To US universities attract scholars from all around the world. attractiveness / appeal of American way of life: many people still immigrate everybody is able to go to school and get education: opportunity to live their dream fight against racism is difficult; but America has achieved great improvements / more equality (Civil Rights movement) American Symbols: Uncle Sam America nightmare: illusion, as not everyone has access to opportunities associated with AD -> success has a lot to do with happiness -> origin: no chance to realize the AD Growing gap between the AD and the country's undeniable inequality rich / poor Statue of Liberty: Tendencies like racism, intolerance and skepticism against foreigners are growing, challenging the concept of a country that welcomes everyone with open arms -> police violence (George Floyd); high crime and murder rate concept of a classless society has never become reality very hard to climb the social ladder "from rags to riches" -> "from riches to riches" people do not get access to health care beaded man dressed in stars and stripes today: nickname for US government & US people origin: imagery used it in order to recruit volunteers during WWI & WWII national personification of America patriotic symbol to American citizens and immigrants Stars and Stripes („Old Glory"): name given to the US flag 13 red & white stripes: 13 founding states - white stars: number of all states (50), white = purity red endurance & bravery blue = justice Pull factor for immigrants: came to the land of the free" -> ,,country of unlimited possibilities" Am embodiment of hope and opportunity for those seeking a better life in America Torch: USA enlightens the world (light in the darkness) Crown/7 spikes: 7 continents, shows the world Stone tablet: constitution, Declaration of Independence, based on law, democracy Broken chains: overcome slavery, escaped the chains of tyranny Gun Control USA: The second Amendment of the United States grants ,,the right of the people to keep and bear arms" -> was added to the Constitution in 1791 as a part of the ,,Bill of rights" For this reason guns are much more easily accessible in the USA than they are in Europe USA has one of the highest rates of gun ownership and gun-related deaths in the world, with mass shootings & gun violence a frequent occurrence Firearms often seen as symbols of freedom, independence & self-reliance Pro Guns: the 2nd Amendment to Constitution protects the individual's right to gun ownership criminals will always find a way to tain their guns. -> citizens would not have weapons to defend themselves -> criminals use weapons that are not legally held or registered banning guns will take away a piece of our liberty prohibition is not the answer (alcohol,drugs) Americans have the right to protect themselves, families, and their property -> women and weaker individuals may have no means of self-defense from crimes police are often too overwhelmed to protect all citizens from violent crime always has been a cultural aspect deeply entrenched in society many people need guns for other reasons -> hunting; sports guns don't kill people - people kill people guns have to be kept in secure places -> there will always be irresponsible people and laws cannot change this fact Con Guns: the 2nd Amendment of the Constitution was targeted towards militia, e.g. the National Guard, rather than individuals if nobody has a gun you don't need a gun to defend yourself most violent crimes are committed with guns; thus restricting gun ownership will likely reduce the number of such crimes kill in perceived self-defense suicides and crimes of passion are higher; easier to act immediately on your impulses when a gun is available even if it's not necessary to own a gun (German exchange student who was shot because he had broken into someone's garage) even legally owned weapons can lead to tragic deaths, they can be stolen and end up in the hand of criminals or can fall into the hands of kids, potentially resulting in some deadly accidents higher risk of: terrorism, (school) shootings guns are made for killing the more guns there are in a society the more likely it is they are used it's up to the judiciary to sentence these people, not to individuals shooting as a sport desensitizes people to the potentially lethal nature of firearms Environment: One major international challenge -> climate change & global warming Human activities (combustion of fossil fuels, industrialization & deforestation) Generating power by burning fossil fuels causes large chunk of global emissions using transportation: most vehicles run on fossil fuels -> major contributor of greenhouse gasses impacts of environmental degradation are wide-ranging & can have serious consequences for human health, economic development & social well-being Manufacturing & industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossils füllst to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics, plastics, clothes and other goods Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other reasons, causes emissions, since trees, when they are cut, release the carbon they have been storing Most cars, trucks, ships & planes run on fossil fuels -> major contributor of greenhouse gasses, especially carbon dioxide emissions growing recognition of the need to take action to protect the environment (reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy & conserving natural resources) Consumerism: attitude that ever more buying & spending more than needed is a positive thing, large chunk of global greenhouse gasses emissions are linked to private households Willow project: An oil drilling project in Alaska, where the energy company ConocoPhillips will produce around 600 million barrels of crude oil over the next 30 years -> 3 locations in Alaska The extraction of crude oil is a real climate killer. According to estimates, it could release around 280 million tons of greenhouse gases over the next 30 years -> the amount of emissions produced by two million combustion cars over the same period the habitat of native species is in danger of being destroyed Supporters of the project argue: The project will create jobs, boost the domestic economy and reduce dependence on foreign oil Generations: Many young people are concerned about their future in relation to climate change ->Unhappy with climate policy Previous generations have contributed significantly to climate change but are not willing to change their behavior or limit themselves Earlier generations may not feel the coming consequences of climate change, but they should still try to make the world a little better for their children and grandchildren Consequences of global warming: Problems: mission of greenhouse gasses (greenhouse effect) due to human activity -> human influence! Increase of temperature -> leads to rising sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, glacier melting flash floods, desertification Pollution of the air & soil caused by toxins (plastic, heavy metals,...) Waste disposal (excessive amount of waste produces & dumped in oceans, nuclear waste particularly dangerous as well as plastic & electronic waste Use of fossil fuels Loss of biodiversity Deforestation (loss of trees in order to make space for residential/industrial/commercial projects -> less oxygen is produced Many animal and plant species are threatened or already dead Ecological footprint: Shows how much waste you produce & how sustainable your lifestyle is Scale for what we buy, use and what we do with the products & packaging once we used them Current lifestyle not sustainable because of our consumer culture & always wanting the newest things Solutions: Use of renewable resources -> sun, wind recycling -> glass, paper, plastic, metal green transport -> electric cars, train on magnets green energy -> solar cells, wind generators Paris agreement (keeping increase in average temperature under 2°C) What can I do? good isolation reduce packaging / recycling save water walking, cycling, less flying -> public transport Use mobile devices as long as you can Buy less fast fashion more second hand Educate yourself and others Eat less meat, animal based products protests like Fridays for Future transition towards a more sustainable & environmentally-friendly society requires collective effort from individuals, businesses, governments & international organizations important to prioritize environmental protection & sustainability in policy-making & decision-making processes & to work towards a future where human activities are in harmony with the natural world Globalization: describes networking on a worldwide scale -> goods are exchanged and people as well as institutions move, interact & communicate globally -> technology = big impact -> enabler of globalization Process of interaction & integration Networking on a worldwide scale -> goods are exchanges, people & institutions move interact & communicate globally refers to the interconnectedness & interdependence of countries & economies around the world, facilitated by advances in technology, transportation & communication Has mainly been pushed forward by progress in transportation methods and especially the rapid advances in communication technology has led to increased trade & investment, greater cultural exchange & the spread of ideas & information across borders brought many benefits such as increased economic growth & job opportunities, but it has also led to challenges such as income inequality, exploitation of workers & environmental degradation COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerabilities of a highly interconnected world, with disruptions to global supply chains & the need for coordinated international responses important to recognize the complex & multifaceted nature of globalization & work towards addressing its negative impacts while promoting its positive aspects -> can be achieved through policies that prioritize social & environmental sustainability, worker protection & inclusive economic growth British Empire: colonies all over the world -> India, USA Economy is most heavily influenced by globalization Critic: not everyone profits from it in equal measure (exploiting in sweatshops: inhumane working conditions, small businesses against big companies), national crisis easily turn into a global one Associated with economical, social, cultural & political aspects Advantages / hopes: Politics: today many countries are democracies and have a liberal economy -> common goals; international associations (EU) Environment: Disadvantages / fears: government decisions take longer: international level amount of challenges rise (internationally) global consumption, travel, transport: limited resources are disappearing - greenhouse gasses, climate change pollution: waste is often left to third World Advantages / hopes: Economy: access to more products cheap products (division of work, specialization): -> production in low-wages countries -> cheap labor -> falling prices -> attractive for customers attractive for consumers -> creation of new jobs in all industries Global Communication / Technology: opportunities for disadvantaged people (education) facilitate trade, contact with friends, family and business partners (Skype) everyone who use social media has a voice - news can spread fast (crisis, crime) Society & culture: mix of traditions, culture Increases cultural awareness (travel) -> exchange between academics, experts, politicians -> makes research, protests, activism more effective, global society migrants can move to different countries to find work, support their families, at the same time fill important labor gaps conflicts between countries can be handled diplomatically & with a better understanding: more information is available Disadvantages / fears: increasing gap between poor & rich because of exploitation in poor countries -> people want cheap productsproduction in low-wage countriesbad working conditions low wages (child labour) people consume more than they need (pressure: social media) rise of "global players": lowering the chances of survival for small businesses personal data has become less secure some people have no access (situation worsens, they lag behind) global flood of information (important, quality, fake news, presentation school) internet crime (social media) loss of cultural diversity of nations' languages, traditions, ways of life values and beliefs increased migration: potential 'side effects' are illegal immigration, people-smuggling, bad treatment of immigrant minorities Reasons for Immigration: economic migrants, who leave their country voluntarily in search of a better job and life asylum seekers, who flee their country because of persecution due to their different religious or political beliefs or racial intolerance civilians fleeing conflicts, including civil, ethnic and tribal violence Reassurance, rights, employment & job -> new opportunities -> higher standard of living Immigration USA: 3% of the world's population lives outside their origin American Dream biggest attraction -> land full of opportunities Globalization: increase in migration -> has highlighted inequalities between nations, desire for a better life -> destination countries have drawn up more restrictive immigration policies ,,Green card" -> becoming a permanent resident Guest workers from poor countries Hmong came to get a chance, good education -> American Dream Immigrants have made significant contributions to American society & culture, including areas such as business, science, politics & the arts Immigrants & their families often face significant challenges (discrimination, economic hardship, social exclusion) Colonial period (1607-1776): British settlers founded first permanent settlement in the New World (Jamestown) Pilgrim fathers were looking for a place where they could worship without interference by society or the government 17th century: first African Americans were forcefully shipped or the colonies as slaves Old Immigration (1790-1890): northern / Western Europe, Britain, Ireland, Germany & Scandinavia 1848: gold was found in California -> attracted large numbers of Chinese immigrants Economic conditions in Europe were difficult & social mobility was limited -> USA offered, even advertised cheap land & jobs in prospering industries The more immigrants from a certain country settled in certain areas, the easier it was for their relatives / friends to immigrate (chain / serial migration) New Immigration (1890-1930): number of immigrants from Northern and Western Europe declined due to economic improvements in these countries until 1930: immigrants from Southern / Eastern Europe arrived in great numbers most of them settled in big cities, kept their language/ traditions & worked in industry -> Southern Europeans & Jews, who escaped religious persecution in Eastern Europe Great Depression (1929-41) & WW 2: 1920-1940: only a few people migrated: lack of opportunities, legal restriction on immigration -> another change came with the Civil Rights Movement's achievements Immigration after 1965: in the wake of a new immigration law known (Hart-Celler Act) people from Asia & Latin America entered the country in great numbers race-based quotas were abolished, Asian & Latin American people made up large proportions of immigrants 1980s: Peaked with around 800,000 immigrants arriving annually, most of them from Latin America or Asia Immigration reform: Obama promising improvements, especially for the children of illegal immigrants former President Trump: propagates a "zero tolerance" policy towards illegal immigration -> Build a wall at the US-Mexican border & to repeal many of his predecessor's reforms -> Biden: end construction of border wall Melting pot: ever since its foundation, America has been seen as the land of promise and prosperity where people can improve through hard work ("all men are created equal" & "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness") people of different nationalities, races and religions -> "melting pot" melting pot implies that people assimilate and leave their old identities, customs & religions behind -> better: "salad bowl" Immigration UK: labor shortage after the Second World War -> government encouraged immigration immigrants moved to Britain from former colonies (Caribbean, the Indian subcontinent) in the 1950s and early 1960s -> rise in racial prejudice and violence Government decided to limit the number entering the country in 1962 (before: citizens from the Empire and Commonwealth had been allowed to Nuer Britain freely) Legislation was passed three times in the next ten years to restrict the number of immigrants, two race relation acts were passed Government set up the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) to tackle racial discrimination, later: Equality and Human Rights Commission Rise in immigration in 1998 and 2000 Citizenship test since 2005 Ethnic minority Britons face many problems: racial discrimination, higher unemployment British Indian and Afro-Caribbean middle classes are now experiencing a greater degree of equality Recent years: Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan (further immigration) Colonisation : during its peak time the British Empire covered almost one fourth of the world's land area and ruled over more than 400 million people -> ,,the empire on which the sun never lands -> large geographic extension (Military) power & money British superior race Colonies all around the world (India, USA) The commonwealth: Voluntary association of 53 sovereign states Great Britain (head of the Commonwealth) and a number of its former dependencies Family of nations Competitions between individuals (amateur competitors) not between countries British image of immigrants: Brexit: protection from overcharging immigration Britain has become multicultural society, but doesn't want any more people to come in Windrush generation: People arriving in the UK between 1848 - 1971 from Caribbean countries Refers to the ship MV Empire Windrush, bringing workers from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other islands to help fill post-war Uk labor shortage Identity conflicts: Assimilation to values of new home country <-> preservation of former home country Conflicts among different groups of immigration Conflicts between parents and children in immigrant families (between generations) Conflicts between immigrants and natives Personal conflicts of the individual immigrant or the native who lives with a migrant Multiculturalism: co-existing of diverse cultures, where included racial, religious or cultural groups British Empire: the population in the UK has changed and has become more ethnically diverse -> salad bowl Consequences of Immigration: Benefits: They do the job, others don't want to do Some high skilled workers Good integration -> multicultural diversity -> less racism Financial benefits -> more consumers -> more taxes = more money -> economic growth cultural diversity Consequences: Trouble caused by immigration in third world countries Social problems e.g. separation Racism Hard for them to adapt things A lot of money is needed Sometimes no integration Language barrier British national identity: Stereotypes: drinking tea Being fanatic about the Queen & Royal family Fish & chips Going to the pub/drinking beer Being polite, posh, prude Bad weather Sports like soccer, cricket, rugby Distrusting Europe / don't' identify with Europe/want independence -> Brexit British core values: correct, rule of law National pride: Brexit Protect ,,Britishness" at any cost: protection from overcharging immigration (egoistic) Isolation: maintain political freedom Pluralism in society: multiculturalism Appreciation of foreign people and customs (multiculturalism) Tolerance, respect, equal treatment of all, anti-discrimination: multiculturalism Generosity: giving charitable causes Being polite, Rules of British Politeness: avoid conflict and embarrassment -> make others feel important Be punctual Respect queues Black America: Has faced a long history of systemic racism & discrimination Despite progress in civil rights & social justice movements, many Black Americans still struggle with issues such as poverty, unemployment, and unequal access to education and healthcare The Black Lives Matter movement has brought attention to police brutality & the need for meaningful change in law enforcement & the criminal justice system -> spreading awareness of how unfairly black people are treated in society -> inequality Black Americans have made significant contributions to American culture, art, music, and literature, and continue to shape & influence society today important to recognize & acknowledge the experiences & struggles of Black Americans & work towards creating a more equitable & just society for all