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that... - Furthermore, Moreover, Additionally - Nevertheless, Therefore Since - due to / caused by as a consequence - Thus,... (folglich) - This is why - Taking.. into consideration -... to get his message accross Shakespearean Sonnets - Shakespeare wrote a sequence of 154 sonnets all of them were published by a publisher in 1609 ↳ all of them centre around the theme of human relationships → Structure: three quatrains alternating/ cross rhyme meter: iambic pentameter → language: thou = You thee you [00] [ou]] [4 thine yours thee = yours = 40 f e a rhyming couplet! couple drawn from the argu- → final couplet; conclusion Irhyme ments before 9 → this structure corres- ponds to the line of argumentation devel- loped in the sonnet. each quatrain adds a new aspect to the line of thought text for exam: The poem is a typical means and Shakespearean sonnet, which that it consists of three quatrains (v. 1-12) one couplet (V. 13-14). It is written in iambic parameter (cf.v....), the usual metre of Shakespeare's sonnets. Also the rhyme scheme is constantly build up of a cross rhyme (cf. V. 1-12) and only changes to a couple rhyme in the last couplet (cf. v. 13-14). Within the strict boundaries of this form, the speaker unfolds his train of thought and offers a clear structure to make his arguments more understandable. 'tis= it is know'st = krow it Or the thesis of the first quatrain is ted by an in the 2nd/3rd quatrain complemen- antithesis hath = has decease = dying →1. The fair Youth Sonnets Sonnets 1 - 126: whom They are all addressed to a young man with the poet has a deep & loving friendship. are unabashedly homo-erotic -others display a wistful sensuality Some → first 17 S.: encourage the young man to marry. and bear children then comes more the Obsession begins to grow and sexually orientated → 2. The Dark Lady Sonnets Sonnets 127-152: - be- In sonnet 127, the So-called "dark lady" enters and immediately becomes the object of the poet's desire. dark = her hair, her facial features/charakter - some are unbasenedly mysogynistic, full of lin- gering physical detail and explore the consuming 'destructive power of lust. and ↳ When dark lady enters the tone alters, becomes more tormented and idealisation gives way the concrete 3. The Greek 153 and 154: relationship: Obsessive, rapt, hate-driven ↳dark lady and the fair youth are engaged in some sort of sexual dalliance with each other Sonnets to have no resemblance to the Fair Youth- and Dark Lady- sequence. They stand alone and draw upon the Roman myth of Cupid. → the immortality motif: - it tries to overcome time's destructiveness - ex: love stays forever, doesn't change over time Should poetry stay part of modern School lessons ? Pro -poetry I shakespeare's poetry is part of common/basic knowledge ↳ also historical knowledge -you learn about language, culture and emotions - everyone can interprete some thing different: no right or wrong -everyone can start thinking for themselves (explain topic) -question ? → Hauptreil : 1. Firstly I'd like to mention... 2. Furthermore... 3. Another point is... 4. In addition, - you learn how to express no real need: yourself poetically/artistically you even only have study poeteld an advantage will later (but that's only big minority) 5. It should be mentioned... 6. Nevertheless, it should be thought about... Contra is more important know- 7. Moreover... 8. in rejection of the idea that.... → Examples: → there needs to be pro- ledge that vided in school i more im- portant topics → introduction: -As we all know, it is commonly ↳ more important to learn free speaking skills discussed... → the language is old and not Spoken today, it's hard to understand - For example / instance... - Let me give you a couple of ex. - Just think of →Conclusion: - with respect to the arguments above... causes less interest 4 spelling / grammar today is different mostly students have to follow teacher's interpretation and they can't be creative by them- selves a lot of bad grades. → no need to learn it in every language (German, English, Italian French etc.) → other tex+forms are more important: argumentations, reports, letters → lack of suitability because there is no relation to today's reality 1 Q2/LKE "This great stage of fools..." - Shakespeare in the 21st Century Date: Info-Box: The Sonnet Sonnets are poems that consist of fourteen verses and origi. nally dealt with politics, friendship and love. The first sonnets ever were written at the court of King Friedrich II (1149-1250) in Sicily. Later on, it was the Italian poet Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374), known in English as Petrarch, whose poetry in- fluenced the genre "sonnet" to a great extent. The so-called Petrarchan Sonnet was made up of two quatrains with the rhyme scheme ABBA ABBA and two triplets with the rhyme scheme CDE CDE. Usually, in the quatrains, a thesis was pos- tulated, whereas the triplets contained the anti-thesis. Thus, there was a strict division between the first and the second part of the Petrarchan Sonnet. Petrarch's sonnets all deal with the love of the poet for an idealized woman he cannot win. For this reason, love is irrevocably connected with pain. The poet claims to be torn between hope and despair. In addition, a witty use of language is characteristic of Petrarch's sonnets and has made them famous. Rhetoric devices that are com- monly used by Petrarch in his works are antithesis as well as oxymoron, paradoxes and puns. For example, Petrarch puns on the name of the woman he adores, Laura, using it inter- changeably with l'oro (gold) and l'aura (air). When English authors started to use the sonnet in Elizabethan times, they slightly changed its structure. For this reason, the Elizabethan sonnet is made up of three quatrains (ABAB CDCD EFEF) and a rhyming couplet at the end (GG). Because of its exposed position at the end of the poem, the couplet is either used to sum up everything that was said before or to draw a conclusion. It might also be used to contradict what has been said before in a clever way or to add a surprising new aspect. No matter which of these alternatives an author chooses, the couplets in the Elizabethan Sonnet tend to be pointed and surprising. Conditions of running a theatre today 1. Other forms of entertainment are much more popular than going to the theatre. 2. Theatre seems to be a form of entertainment for people with a good education. 3. Theatres are closed buildings. : 4. All spectators have a seat. 5. The spectators neither drink nor eat during the performance. They are expected to be quiet and to pay attention all the time. 6. During the performance only the stage is lit, the auditorium is dark. 7. Spotlights are used to draw the audience's atten- tion to certain actors/objects. i 8. There are many technical possibilities to create scenic illusion of various settings. 9. There are actors and actresses. 10. Only complete plays which have been studied by the director at some length are put on stage. 12. Theatres perform about 10 different plays in one year. in Shakespeare's days going to the theatre was very fashionable and popular 13. Theatres depend on public money. Without these subsidies they cannot work. 14. Tickets are relatively expensive. audience = cross section of population, Queen, king, working class circular construction with open roof most people stood during performance Beer was sold; talking with other spectators is normal performance took place in the after- noon; broad daylight no stage-lightning, no electricity 11. Actors have a long-term contract as a member of actors a permanent company or are hired for at least one year. rich costumes, simple stage properties in different settings. Boy actors played women's parts dramatist still writing while actors practised. time pressure ! fun the theatre managed repertory system with 30 plays in production available were run by group of actors as private independent ordinary people could also afford business, institutions it STATION 12 "My wooden O" - Shakespeare's theatre building 1. Look at the drawing below (sketch of historical Globe building) and study the OHP transparency supplied (cross-section of Globe reconstruction). 2. Read the statements on the next page and write down whether they are right or wrong. If they are wrong, give the correct answer. EL STATION 12 "My wooden O" - Shakespeare's theatre building Statements The following statements refer to the Globe Theatre as a building. Which statements are right? Which are wrong? For a wrong statement give the correct answer! 1. The Globe is oval in shape. WRONG! a circular shape, like an "0". 2. There are four viewing areas for the spectators. the The pit (yard) and three galleries cencircle stages 3. Access into the theatre is over two staircases to the sides of the building. WRONG! There are also other dooks 4. The roof is made of clay tiles or shingles. WRONG! roof is made of ( reed roof (thatched roof"). dry plants 5. The theatre is basically an open air arena which can be covered with a kind of sail if it starts raining. WRONG! wer3 It was open air. Only galleries covered. 6. Spectators in the pit (or: yard) can stand around the stage on three sides. "thrust srage" it thrusts into the audience 7. The balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet can be played on a balcony under the stage roof. in the centre side of it yes, but it is not but to one 8. The spectators in the galleries sit on single chairs. WRONG! there were benches 9. In Shakespeare's time smoking in the theatre was allowed during the performance. also buy Yes, you could 10. In Shakespeare's day more people than today attended a theatre performance. The Globe had Today fire it's only regulations. it there. 1.5008 of the a capacity of 3,000ppl due to ppl. Aspects of Shakespeare's biography 20.08.27 1564 birth and early years: 1. place of birth: Stratford-upon-Avon, Great Britain 2. His father: John Shakespeare. and leather worker. He was also elected municipal offices / mayor of Stratford in 1568. 3. His mother: Mary Shakespeare ; bor: 4. Education: attended Edward VI Grammos was King School in Stratford (stasted when -educated in Latin prose and poetry - continued by studying the works of the great classical authors and dramatists glover to several "1 - missed any form of higher education, because he left school with 14 due to financial issues. 1582 marriage and consecutive years: 5. His wife: Anne Hathaway (1556-1623) 6. Children: 3 Susanna (1583-1649) •Mary Arden Judith (1585-1962) Hamnet C1585-1996) Globe. Their patron Shakespease joined he was 7 until 14) 1592 establishment in London as an actor & playwright: 7. first evidence: his rival Robert Greens complained about his success and called him "an upstart crow in a publication in 1592 was in 1594 上汤豆包 115. 15 94 founding member of "The Lord Chamberlain's Men ". 8. they were a company of actors. they performed at the the Theatre of Shoreditch and later at the Lord Chamberlain. 9. Shakespeare and many he with also wrote two narrative poems. Between 1585 and 1592 many sonnets. was probably a teacher, or associated writer the law. Apart from being an actor, he also aa actor was 1599 "The Globe" Theatre" built: 10. Owner: Swned by six (later twelve) most important members of the LC's Men. each of them owned a shose in the property 11. Money / Income: SP didn't got money for writing the plays, but. he received money for the performances. 12. Reason for 1603 "The Lord Chamberlain's Men" become the King's Men name change: name of the Company was the name of the / its patron. became its In 1603, and as patron the king a consequence the name 1616 Shakespeare dies: 13. "The First Folio": was charged. it is the first complete collection of Shakespeare's plays. It was pub- lished in 1623.