The Detailed Structure of the Great Chain of Being

The Great Chain of Being was intricately structured, with each level containing its own hierarchy. This detailed organization reflected the Elizabethan understanding of the universe's complexity and order.

1. God: At the pinnacle of the chain

2. Angelic Beings: Divided into nine orders

   • Seraphim
   • Cherubim
   • Thrones (Ophanim)
   • Dominions
   • Virtues
   • Powers
   • Principalities
   • Archangels
   • Angels

3. Humanity: Positioned between the spiritual and material realms

4. Animals: Further subdivided into categories

   • Quadrupeds (e.g., Orangutan, Monkey)
   • Flying creatures (e.g., Flying squirrel, Bat)
   • Birds (e.g., Ostrich, Water birds, Amphibious birds, Flying birds)
   • Fish (including crawling fish and eels)
   • Snakes and reptiles
   • Mollusks (e.g., Snails, Mussels)
   • Worms (e.g., Tube worms, Ring worms)
   • Insects

5. Plants: Various types of flora

6. Minerals: Including metals, salts, and other inorganic substances

Example: The classification of animals shows the intricate understanding of nature, with creatures like bats and flying squirrels bridging the gap between quadrupeds and birds.

This detailed structure had significant implications for Elizabethan society:

• Social order was believed to mirror this divine hierarchy
• Each person's place in society was considered predetermined and fixed
• Lower classes were expected to submit to upper classes, while upper classes were responsible for the welfare of those below them

Highlight: The concept that "You are all that you are born with" reinforced the idea of a fixed social order, discouraging social mobility.

Definition: The "Wheel of Fortune" in Shakespeare's works often represented the potential for upheaval in this fixed order, showing the consequences of disrupting the natural hierarchy.