Englisch Abitur Zusammenfassung ( American Dream, United Kingdom (Uk), India, Globalization, Vision of the future)

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Dream ● Founding Fathers ensured 3 branches of government in the Constitution → executive (President) . this document was written by Thomas Jefferson and announced on 4th July 1776 guideline for the Constitution of 1787 → judicial (Supreme Court) → legislative (Congress) would share power in a system Declaration of Independence (1776) people • any group of people, being dissatisfied with their connection to another group of and having a decent reason for this discontent, has a rich to break this connection and separate all men are created equal and have a right of life, liberty, being happy (pursuit of happiness) → to secure these rights governments are elected by people which should fulfil the peoples' needs ● checks and bal es • if the government violates its power or is unable to secure these rights it can be abolished and a new one can be elected by the people Pursuit of Happiness financial independence (e.p. having your own business) having your own property being secured/safe, being able to protect yourself 3 ● ● ● Bill of Rights (1791) • ensure civil rights which were lacking in the constitution • cannot be taken away, protect the rights & liberties of the citizens • are the first amendments to the American constitution ● spells out Americans' rights in relation to their government rights like freedom of speech, press and right to assemble in public, right to own a gun, right to a fair trial, right to have an attorney, all the power which isn't given to the state by the constitution is given to the people The Colonists American Dream (18th Century) being satisfied with your life (family, job, etc.) enjoying human rights being entitled to your own decisions being able to participate in ruling your country • „Old Europe" People are poor, homeless, have no freedoms . Overcrowded . Old-fashioned Like a prison War ridden ● Persecution The American Dream „New World" Open for everyone . Statue of liberty= freedom Gives people new opportunities & chances & space Takes care of the people & their wellbeing Enlightenment, freedom, independence Holy land . dream of creating a new world that's independent/ self-governed → power of the people • beliefs and ideals which allow every American the freedom to prosper and advance socially and financially through hard work concept is hard to pit down because there are individual interpretations → dream of fame and fortune → dream of a fulfilled life → dream of a simply a life without state interference The American Dream by James Truslow Adams (1931) ,,a am of a social order in which each man each women shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognised by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position" 4 ,,dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone for each according to ability or achievement" • ,,not a dream of motor cars and high wages, but a dream of social order" everyone has the opportunity to reach their own potential to the fullest • not being judged by others socially but being recognised by them for who they are • A.D. can only be realized by helping/supporting each other equality, classless society social, idealistic idea of the dream ● • Materialistic Dream • ,,from rags to riches" → hard work, perseverance & diligence lead to success, prosperity rising from poverty fame and fortune becoming a self-made woman/man • autonomous/independent way of life living the dream life (car, house, wife, children, health insurance, prosperity) ● ● ● Political Dream ● Personal Dream • freedom, self-fulfilment, dignity, happiness African American Dream (MLK, 1960) • equality for everyone (same chances for everyone), basic rights and freedom for African Americans • end of hatred, racial discrimination, injustice & inequality everyone is free regardless of their skin or origin, but rather judged by their character • ● democracy, justice people have the right to pursue their goals with a minimum of state control government should support them in their efforts to attain self-fulfilment ● ● Racism and Segregation in the US: The Civil Rights Movement • term that encompasses the strategies, groups and social movements in USA → goal: end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans Racism against African Americans: huge problem in the US (then and now) ● brotherhood, solidarity, classless society, black lives matter deeply rooted in the American Dream 20th Century: racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968): → social movement with the goal of ending segregation and discrimination → lots of political support came from labour unions and major religious denominations → nonviolent protests, civil disobedience and boycotts (e.g. Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, Desegregating Little Rock High School) → Direct action, voter registration, resistance, community education 5 • Leading figures: → Martin Luther King Jr. (was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement) → Rosa Parks (was a civil rights activist who refused to surrender her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her defence sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott; its success launched nationwide efforts to end racial segregation of public facilities) → Malcolm X (was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his controversial advocacy for the rights of blacks; some consider him a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms its crimes against black Americans, while others. cused him of preaching racism and violence.) . . MLK whites are brothers and sisters nonviolent protest common politics AAs should be part of the American community • intergration →>> Problems • African American males make up the biggest ethnic group of prison inmates discrimination still exists in lots of areas of life → job or housing market • about 26% of all black American families and 41,2% of all black families with a female household live in poverty • whites are the enemies of the African Americans • violent protest (if needed) • any means necessary white politics are hypocrites • create their own government . ,,Black" economy Malcom X independent African American community → seperation Social improvements Programmes have been set up to support socially disadvantaged groups • many are successful in politics, business, entertainment and sports → became role-models for other people in their communities ● ● civil rights organizations fight against false prejudices against black men 6 Immigration by the time American independence was declared in 1776 2/5 of all settlers were of non- English origin the first U.S. census, taken in 1790, revealed a population of just under 4 million people, with about 10.000 new settlers arriving each year when the U.S. government began keeping records of arriving passengers in 1820, the majority of immigrants were from Northern Europe by the end of the 19th century, they came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe today, the majority arrive from Latin America and Asia • ● ● ● • America once saw itself as a melting pot in which these immigrants ideally gave up their national identity, way of life, language and culture and became part of unified, monocultural American nation → has never become reality • in the 1960s, the growing self-confidence of the minorities, their fight against discrimination has made America look for a new image of this concept • 1970: the idea of a multicultural and diverse America - a salad bowl in which different cultures mix, but remain different, came → this concept was suggested as more accurate, accepting America as diverse, multicultural and pluralistic Reasons for coming • many were driven by the desire to escape from religious, political + economic oppression • to escape conflicts (e.p.war and violence) belief that America would offer them a better life ● • want to escape from their old habits: The United States are different, an experiment, a new order, a dream Illegal Immigration • 12 million undocumented immigrants in the USA: huge impact on the economy Pro Con migrant workers do jobs that Americans do not want to ● lower wages: undocumented workers → Cut cost of production → Lower prices for consumer • undocumented workers stimulate the US • use of governmental services by migrants while paying no/low taxes • cost the government a substantial amount of money (education, health care, food, assistance, welfare, etc.) • children born in the US are American citizens have the rights to governmental services economy • undocumented workers save jobs in some ways (keep firms from investing in new technologies) → no real answer if positive or negative impact (polarised issue) 7 The American Dream Today • very critical and negative view of the American dream today → American Dream = illusion → not everyone has access to the possibilities usually associated with it • critics see the American Dream as a clever political and economic marketing strategy they want people to get away from selfish individualism and materialism and to return to a community spirit and social responsibility growing + huge gap between rich and poor • Is the American dream still alive? ● ● ● ● ● ● Pro People can still achieve their aims if they work hard (success stories Oprah Winfrey etc.) Social background does not decide on where you end up. US society is a classless society in which everybody can move up and succeed Everybody is able to go to school and get education (even scholarships are offered) The American Dream is what you want it to be → not necessarily material goods Opportunity to live their dream Even poor people have the right and the ability to get education and live the American Dream People having a dream are given hope and optimism by America's history Communism and socialism have never had a chance to spread in the US America today still is the best example of a place and an opportunity to reach your personal dreams Many refugees / immigrants who come to America Surely have a better life there than in their home country • The fight against racism is difficult, but America has achieved great improvements / more equality ● Con ● Those people who made their dream come true, make headlines, the thousands who do not go unnoticed Racism still exists • For unprivileged people the American Dream is unrealistic to reach High quality schools or universities are very expensive, many people rack up high debts for tuition and find it virtually impossible to pay them off and make ends meet at the same time ● want • There are not enough well-paid jobs (e.g. due to outsourcing) to get ahead, many Americans have to work two or even more jobs to make ends meet Even celebrities cannot cope with the pressure → scandals with drugs Huge gap between rich and poor and it is increasing Only a few people can reach their aims → it is not possible to do every job you • African American and Asians are paid less Still prejudices in the people's heads • American dream: for (rich)whites only? • Pursuit of material things leads to disaster, climate change and pollution in the US and in the developing world 8 British Political System ● ● ● ● governing ● the country ● Prime Minister appoints The United Kingdom Cabinet make final decisions British Democracy Britain is one of the oldest democracies in the world about proposed laws appoints Monarch signs bills before becoming law Parliament (debates and votes on bills) House of Commons - about 650 MPs - one for each constituency vote All British people over 18 The Queen monarch is the head of state & executive but has few formal powers and mainly House of Lords - the Lords Spiritual - the Lords Temporal - the Law Lords its political system is not the result of a revolution (as in France) or lost wars (as in Germany), but the result of the monarchs losing their political power to the parliament and the people over the centuries today Parliament and the government decide political matters not the monarch ceremonial role (e.g. the State Opening of Parliament) monarch reigns over his/her subjects (the people) but does not govern • one of the many unwritten rules (in fact there is no written constitution at all) is that monarchs do not interfere with party politics, but remain politically neutral important functions like representing the country and summoning and dissolving the Parliament 9 Should Britain abolish the monarchy? • The monarch does not really have any real political power → her/his functions are mainly formal/representative and could easily be taken over by other political bodies or an elected president Pro Britain is a hereditary monarchy, which means that the successor to the throne will take the crown regardless of his/her suitability, character, previous scandals etc. ● Monarchy sticks to old values and is old- fashioned (e.g. sons before daughters when it comes to the heir if the thorne) Monarchy lives of taxes and cost the state/the British people a lot of money → taxes could be used for more meaningful things that would actually help the people • Prevents the UK from becoming fully democratic / is against the idea of a democracy • Not having a monarch would not stop the people from visiting the UK for touristic reasons (would make the palace more visiter friendly, e.g. by opening it & in France or Germany people still visit places such Versailles or Charlottenburg) High pressure on the members of the royal family ● ● ● Con Only representative function → no real political influence Symbol of Britishness and national unity Represents national values Important linking point to the British history Abolishing the monarchy would change the atmosphere in the UK and would leave a big hole there since it is a tradition that many people see as a part of their national identity and are comforted by it still being the same • Touristic attraction →>> important source of money for the state • The British monarchy has that is able to reform itself and adapt to modern times (e.g. Harry & Meghan) The positive image of the British monarchy around the world helps to secure trade deals, especially when they are made in the wake of a Royal visit • All the Prime Ministers since the 1950s have valued the weekly audiences with the Queen as a unique opportunity to discuss government matters outside a party environment with a person who can draw on a wealth of experience and political knowledge 10 Multicultural society and ethnic groups in Britain British Identity - an opinion or a feeling of being part of connected to Great Britain Stereotypes fish & chips being fanatic about the Queen and the royal family • scones & lots of tea · ● ● ● ● ● Social Classes • many people like to think that class distinctions are a thing of the past, but social classes still exist in Britain ● → class signifiers: heredity, wealth, education, occupation, accent upper class: members of the aristocracy • middle class: people in white-collar jobs working class: manual workers Multicultural Society - a society where various ethnic groups and their cultural heritage are accepted in their own right • going to the pub/drinking beer being polite, posh, prude bad weather History people have been immigrating to GB for centuries immigration became a problem in the 60s between the 1960s to 1980s citizens of the commonwealth countries like the • sports like football, cricket, rugby mistrusting Europe (Brexit) ● ● ● Caribbean's, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh came to Great Britain → Britain needed more workers after the second world war and therefore admitted citizens of the Commonwealth without restriction Today home of 37 ethnic groups • more than 300 languages are spoken British history →→ history of continuous foreign languages language → mixture of domestic and foreign accents after periods of racism and violent demonstrations in the 60s and 70s, Britain has been making great efforts to integrate people from ethnic minorities into local communities and develop a multicultural society based on equality and acceptance Britain now accepts about 50.000 immigrants every year 11 British image of immigrants • the nation has risen to the top of the European xenophobes league- 41% saw immigration as one of the 2 biggest problems immigration has become associated with refugees and illegal entrants rather than with migrant workers • Britain has become a multicultural society, it just doesn't want anymore people to come in • even liberals tend to anti-immigrants • certain ethnic groups have a bad reputation 3 Generations of Immigrants in British Society ● first generation • know that they are not British • come to Britain to offer their families a better life home country where they were born great fear: their children stop thinking of themselves as Muslims ● second generation • want to be British, but not fully accepted • live Muslim traditions AND Western culture = dual identity face problems with integration ● . third generation . most successful have become integrated in British culture • lost their culture and traditions Challenges of ethnic groups in Britain especially faced by the second generation immigrants they often experience a clash of cultures: → outside their parents' home they adopt a western lifestyle, similar to that of their white friends and classmates at home they live according to values, beliefs and traditions typical of their parents' home countries, which many of these children and teenagers have never visited quite often they do not speak their parents' language anymore → for some, the transition between these 2 different lifestyles is not easy . no connection with the land of their parents have difficulties when it comes to living up to the expectations of their parents, friends, teachers, etc. often have to face discrimination 12 Ethnic diversity • Cultural diversity enriches Britain (music, fashion, food etc.) British society becomes mixed and not segregated → people broaden their horizon, become open-minded Learn/benefit from other cultures by experiencing it ● ● ● ● permanent dialogue between people • mutual understanding/respect ● How can living together in a multicultural society work? ● tolerance ● Pro ● • Multiculturalism turned London into an economically & culturally successful and sophisticated city Britain needs immigrants (e.g. for the economy) → to abandon multiculturalism would make Britain a less liberal country ● open mindset work on regaining trust empathy needed acceptance of values/principals → agree on shared set of values people have to question stereotypes → self-reflection avoid generalisation spread awareness (influence of media) Pro • fear that ,,Britishness" will eventually be lost dissolution of British culture • the British become a minority in their own country ● ethnic minorities become excluded and isolated inequality between ethnic groups ghettoisation, riots & delinquency ● Integration - incorporating individuals from different ethnics in a society as equals (salad bowl) Ethnic variability Preservation of cultural diversity (art, food etc.) • Preservation of one's own identity Social justice for immigrants Improvement of the labour market (more workers) Con ● • Possible overpopulation If integration fails → crime increases ● ● Con Formation of cultural ghettos Cultural conflicts possible Stereotyping • Highlights differences →→ can cause hate 13 Assimilation - adopting the ways of another culture and becoming part of a different society, loosing own identity (melting pot) ● ● ● Pro Possibility to have a new start in life No conflicts (based on religious differences etc.) Help for immigrants As homogenous mass stronger against outward influences Equality ● ● ● ● Con Just an illusion Costs (language courses etc.) Less jobs Loss of values, traditions, culture People are expected to give up own identity (possible?) → can increase hate against the government or the people → Government aims to improve immigrants' employment prospects & skills → The idea is that integration is important but does not mean complete assimilation 14 Dates and facts January 2013: David Cameron announces referendum December 2015: law concerning an EU-referendum passed legislation ● ● ● ● Special rights of the British in the EU • UK rebate • Not a part of the Schengen area Own currency ● ● Reasons for leaving • Autonomy The UK joined the EU later than other countries (1973)→ always felt kind of left out Exploitation/Burden of/ on the British benefits social security system Asylum policy ● 23th June: Referendum Vote results: leave-51,89%, stay-48,11%, especially older people voted for leaving Shares of the 1000 largest companies dropped massively ● Commercial agreements are easier to be completed without the EU • Lack of identification with the EU/national pride because of the British empire Large sum that is paid into the EU-household budget No extra special rights for the UK granted Possible consequences for Great Britain ● Brexit ● Pro being independent from the EU and its decisions • No payment to the EU-household budget Protection from overcharging immigration Con • Not being a part of the inner-European market anymore → threat to European trade ties • Less exports to the EU → less money Imported good being more expensive Increasing unemployment • London uses its importance ● 15 History British East Indian Company Actually a privately owned company to enable profitable trade with India in 1600 After weakened by invasions, the Emperor of the Mughal Empire asked the BEIC for protection in 1804 since the BEIC had its own army • India was ruled by the BEIC in the name of the Mughal Empire at first & later on its own Indian people were dissatisfied with the foreign rule, which led to: ● ● First War of Indian independence (1857) The British won, India was directly ruled by Britain afterwards Victoria became the Empress of India • British Rule The British culture, values, traditions and language were regarded as superior to those of the colonized → caused a feeling of displacement and rootlessness on the part of the colonized ● ● India • Indian Independence Movement • was started by National Congress & Muslim League • Non-violent campaign of civil disobedience was started by Mahatma Ghandi → eventually convinced the British to withdraw from India in 1947 ● people Many people suffered from starvation & diseases → government was blamed →>> wanted independence, which led to: Partition of India (1947) Before withdrawing the British wanted to separate Hindus & Muslims Partition went through violence → many people died ● Independence 1947 led to difficult task of recreating own identity, bridging the gap between traditions and values and British ones The Punjab region was divided when India and Pakistan were parted • Vicious cycle of violence started: fanatics on both sides killed a lot of people (200K-2M victims) Facts about India • The Republic of India is located in South Asia • Covers an area of 3,3 million km → 7th largest country in the world, largest democracy Population of 1,3 billion tizens ● It is the 2nd most populous country in the world with New Delhi as its capital 16 Society and Religion There are 15 official languages Hindi (40%) is the most commonly spoken language English functions as a link language Besides these languages there are 844 dialects which make clear why there is such a great need for lingua franca Although many Indians are bilingual, only 65% are literate ● ● ● The multitude of languages is followed by religious pluralism: Hindus (82%), Muslims (12%), Sikhs (2%), Christians (2,3%) + Buddhists (0,8%) are used to living together in peace and tolerance in India Unfortunately there have been religious conflicts Caste System ● • ● BHRAMIN Priests, Academics KSHATRYIA Warriors, Kings ● VAISHYA Merchants, Landowners SUDRA Commoners, Peasants, Servants UNTOUCHABLES Outcast-Out of Caste. Street sweepers, latrine cleaners Is the caste system still alive? Pro • Untouchables are still underprivileged & do menial jobs Still causes discrimination and tension in society Degrees from lower caste members are not accepted • Still stuck in the head of the people (e.g. still determines who they will marry) →>> The system divides the society in different layers/groups with different function and status: everyone belongs to a cast at birth, they cannot move between casts → Determines: occupation, social status, who you will marry (have to marry within your cast) → Mostly a Hindu phenomenon → Infringement of cast rules led to severe punishment ● ● Con System is not really valid anymore → lower caste members e.g. do government jobs System is losing its importance & has been weakened by: → Constitution: is officially abolished Industrial Revolution & today's economic boom 17 Caste system pro & cons ● Rich culture of India & diversity (traditions, living styles etc.) is a consequence of the caste system • Lack of completion ● ● The Role of women in India ● ● Abortion of baby girls Girls are unwanted due to Indian culture Gender roles in Indian society • Constitution guarantees equal rights for both women and men = equality, freedom Religion dictates how a woman should act: kind, obedient, forbearant, her honour is important . Women live the traditional life of a mother and wife ● ● Pro • Women should remain passive, running the household, rearing the children + participating in religious rituals as an assistant to their husband ● ● ● Brings social order → easy for the government to administer the society Society was well organised because everyone knew their place and did their job Boys are preferred because they ensure family's social and economic stability Women need protection, wedding & dowry are expensive → costs of large amounts of money and valuable goods • As a large number of female babies had been aborted in the past, revealing a baby's gender before birth is to allowed • • Con • The reason for injustice & discrimination in society • Created unnecessary fights among people ● A person's status is predetermined regardless of his/her abilities • Obstacle to national unity because the society is divided • Obstacle to economic development (you were forced to do one job etc.) Prostitution, exploitation, rape ● Arranged Marriages Mostly arranged by parents → look for partners in matrimonials Wives are ,,bought" India suffers from gender imbalance birth of daughters was considered to be almost a tragedy daughters, you have done sins in your past life →>> Divorced women are judged by society Many women suffer from domestic violence people say if you have two 18 Big cities • Women in India work as politicians, software experts, doctors, engineers ● religious influences women are seen as objects • women belong to their father, later to their husband have to stay honourable until getting married • have to live up to the expectations of others →Change only happens in big cities → In rural areas the ancient gender roles dominate → India wants to play a role in the globalised world but is still a third-world country when it comes to women's rights Past . Lower caste women not valued, not treated as equals & lack of freedom and individual rights cheap labour are seen as a burden to the family because of the expensive dowry demands,married at young age • often victims pf violence and sexual harassment • not enough protected by authorities → little chance to overcome problems Women... serve their husbands and families • walk for miles to get water and firewood • often work as day labourers earning only half as much as men ● Today • role of women in India has changed (but not totally) • some families/regions are still stuck to traditional views on gender roles independent, getting education ● Rural areas independence) • do not get married immediately/some can choose who they want to marry, still believe in the caste system though ● • continuing emancipation of women, projects and organisations working on women's rights still victims of crimes like rape ● working in new economy, doing new jobs (→→ Globalization, financial ● Middle/Higher caste women good future outlook live independently job before marriage is possible still believe in the idea of virginity before marriage 19 Arranged marriages - advantages & disadvantages Advantages children have no personal responsibility and do not have to worry about finding a partner → takes a lot of stress out of life parents usually make a good choice because they know their child and his preferences ● parents will choose the spouse very carefully → will make sure it is someone who matches your own beliefs and values to ensure compatibility immigration is easier (from India to England) ● ● ● • ● • Disadvantages children do not have the chance to plan their own future and take responsibility →no independent life ● ● ● arranged marriages are a burden to the children, because they do not want to disappoint the family neither bring shame on them, so they will accept their destiny children do not have the possibility of ● Slum life 500.000 people live in the slum Dhavari in Mumbai → area is very precarious, poor living standards/circumstances more than 8 million people live in slums • bad working conditions and low wages: 520 Rupees (7,50€) per day = good wage bad sanitation: 300 people share one toilet, no place for toilets, no water ● collecting their own experiences with different partners ● higher percentage for sexual and physical abuse and psychological damage • no physical and personal attraction → love may not grow → for all the similarities, partners might not like each other intimacy might not develop • X lack of trust among each other and they do not know each other well automatically leads to unwanted arguments between each other • X do not get the opportunity to figure out what you do and do not like in a partner Street children • India has the largest population of street children in the world (11 million) living on the streets, out of education and not recognised in anyway only 40% of Indian babies are registered at birth, which means that every year, 10 million children are born into a legal no man's land → on paper they do not exist biggest slum 20 Defintion → Process by which the world is gradually becoming unified on an economic, technological and cultural level → Process of interaction and integration between people, businesses and governments on a globale scale → includes the increasing mobility of people (as business travellers, tourists, immigrants or refugees) →Steady flow of money and goods between international markers & production sites → Global spread (&clash) of ideas and values → Everyone can experience results of globalization, e.g. when traveling, keeping in touch with friends or business partners in distant countries with the help of new means of communication, buying good which come from far away ● Globalization ● Economic Globalization exemplified by the activities of the multinational companies, global players who produce wherever labour overhead costs are cheapest and sell throughout the global market Technological Globalization refers to the rapid advances in technology over the past decades particular to the microelectronics revolution → has allowed people to communicate more easily and efficiently by computer and mobile phone Advantages easy to interact with societies and individuals in geographically and culturally distant places services are widely available people have the change to work in better working conditions by migrating Goods at low cost, easier to exchange them . ● Cultural Globalization • means the spread of previously local and or national cultural phenomena around the world · ● ● Disadvantages migration becomes an issue because some migrants are unable to integrate → tension workers are exploited global warming including: sports, fashion, music, arts, food, religion furthered by the counting increase in global economic activity and the advances in communication technologies 21 ● ● ● Westernisation and Americanisation ● . . ● Chances ● developing countries hope that globalisation brings them work and prosperity industrial world expects increased business opportunities ● spread of freedom, democracy and human rights is expected due to reduce global conflicts may lead to greater understanding among people and bring a more peaceful, borderless world of shared values, general economic prosperity & ecological stability Advantages spread of cultures and languages massive US-hardware support • more jobs better international communication more entertainment (music, movies, books, games, etc.) adaption to the local culture (no complete destruction of the local culture) purchase opportunities of the best military, technologies, etc. more democracy better education ● fear of dependence on foreign support danger in increasingly corrupt governments negative cultural influences manipulation through mass media increasing power of multinational companies (hard to control) • massive illegal immigration uncontrolled economic activity may result in inequality and pollution • ,,survival of the fittest" as slogan for an inhumane, competitive world • Westernisation may widen gap between rich and poor ● ● Disadvantages destruction of cultural diversity • US interests take advantage of people and resources • no real economic advantage for developing countries importance of harmful things (drugs, cigarettes, alcohol, etc.) replacement of local traditions • countries become dependent to the US or other western countries loss of jobs • destruction of local economy (especially smaller companies) . ● ● Risks ● ● exploitation, low-paid jobs, child labour, bad working conditions outsourcing mainstream, no diversity 22 People, cultures and lifestyles Chances people can move and travel freely, seeing more of the world and learning about other people → increases cultural awareness and reduces the causes of conflict migrants can move to different countries to find work and support their families → helping these labour gaps at the same time international government and nongovernment organisations (NGOs) can share knowledge and know-how and bring help to where it is needed • conflicts between countries can be handled diplomatically and with better understanding of the situation because more information is available than ever before →global ,,togetherness" → individual people, groups & nations can find friends and partners with similar interests and ideas all over the globe Risks • westernisation → western culture, propagated by the media, serves as an example for many developing countries. ● → endangers the cultural diversity of nations' languages, traditions, way of life, values & beliefs developing countries are tempted to use their economic and political power to intervene in other countries' affairs → such interventions are not always welcome or beneficial and can cause a divide and even war help from the outside often hinders developing countries from building functional administrations and infrastructure of their own • result of global consumption, travel and transport, limited resources are disappearing rapid economic growth of large emerging markets like China, India or Brasil, who are adopting the West's unsustainable lifestyle and consumerism, make situation worse disposal of mountains of (often toxic) waste is often left to Third World workers →→ result of the widespread ,,not in my back yard" attitude availability of fresh water, which becoming scarce, may be critical in the future • ,,side effects" of increased migration = illegal immigration, people-smuggling & frequently bad treatment of immigrant minorities 23 Network of Products small and large companies have to sell their products world wide global market area potentially secures jobs, livelihoods and economic stability • Global trade of goods supports poor ● ● ● ● Chances people have access to essential products, specialities and medicines from all over the world ● ● communities, especially in developing countries, giving people much needed jobs and improving local infrastructure fair trade campaigns can help developing countries to get a fair share of profits created Outsourcing Definition: a company retaining an external workforce to do tasks, operations, jobs or processes by contracting with a third party Pro reduce costs improve efficiency trained workforce is given avoid government regulations or mandates (environmental regulations, safety regulations and requirements) possibility to employ smartest, most qualified workers . lower prices in the market for people in developed countries ● Risks • Outsourcing, offshoring & global competitions for cheap materials and labour undermine the standards of living and income, especially in poor countries → leads to horrendous/inhumane working conditions with many workers still not being able to afford basic essentials, leads to use of child labour developing countries are effected by tax evasions and stagnating wages ● political interests, financial power & subsidisation contribute to an unfair distribution of wealth and power as well as the rise of global players" (large international corporation) global players dominating market shares and lowering the chances of survival for small businesses ● independent financial networks make economies increasingly vulnerable to financial disasters ● working conditions in an outsourced company are worse than in the mother company (e.g. sweatshops) companies exploit the developing country's working situation no fair wages loss of jobs in the home country • no transparency of production Con 24 Global Trade → if you can walk into a supermarket and find aa Brazilian coffee or South American bananas you are experiencing effects of international trade Definition exchange of goods or services along international borders this type of trade allows for greater competition and more competitive pricing i. the market → competition results in more affordable products for the consumer exchange of goods also effects economy of the world as dictated supply and demand, making good and services obtainable which may not otherwise be available to consumers globally global trade allows countries to use resources more efficiently → some countries may produce some goods more efficiently export = product that is sold to the global market import=product that is bought from the global market Sweatshops ● ● ● ● ● Pro • if sweatshops were abolished the workers would either end up starving or selling their bodies etc. • creates employment for many people inexpensive clothing and electronics for Western consumers ● higher pay for workers than generally available in the worker's surrounding economy • because of sweatshops poor countries have Gaines more jobs and have gotten a better economy Con workers work all day long only have a break of 5 minutes or no break at all • work in extrem discomfort • earn very low wages, have no health insurance etc. workers are squeezed by their supervisors especially women are victims of sexual abuse (rape) and verbal violence • women have to prostitute themselves because they cannot even ensure their subsistence ● ● ● exploitation • workers are victims of governments because the governments keep the conditions and wages low to offer the best investment climate • workers are starving workers collapse or fall seriously ill during work ● . 25 Child Labour have to work in those sweatshops children miss education and school → cannot find well paid jobs in the future • parents and children are tricked into thinking that salary and conditions are good ● ● Children have to work to ensure subsistence for their family Ecological issues Causes ● ● ● • ● Change of agriculture threatens landscape due to high demand Food miles: distant food is transported Carbon footprint: emission of greenhouse gases • Electronic waste ● ● Parents are poor, low wages children accept low wages, bad working conditions because they need the money ● cannot find a well paid job when they are older ↑ because of their job they miss school Deforestation of rainforests Industrialisation High fuel consumption and pollution due to increased traffic (cares, planes, shipping) Mass production of meat and plants Dissipation of resources Overpopulation Transportation Waste/ plastic being thrown into the sea Effects • rise in temperature, global warming melting of polar ice caps making life miserable for polar ice bears and seals that depend on that ice rising sea level, changing of currents in the sea, small islands get covered by the sea climate change 26 • shorter snow seasons • extreme water pollution air pollution/smog global warming led to droughts and a shorter growing season and malnutrition weakens people (particularly children), making them susceptible for diseases health problems, dying fish and plants, respiratory disorders such as asthma or bronchitis ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Solutions • ● ● different lifestyle: vegan, vegetarian or eat less meat, zero waste reduce water and energy / electricity consumption • avoid plastic bags recycling of paper products, plastic, glass bottles take public transport or use car sharing • waste separation buy fair-trade or local goods / products ● ● ● ● • waste management • new technologies for recycling stricter laws • use social media to make people aware on the problem Living in the digital age ● decreasing of biodiversity extinction ● desertification less living space • ● development of energy-saving technologies switch to renewable energy (wind, water & solar energy or geothermal less consumption ● • meet people with the same interests seek advice and collaboration Pro fast exchange of information instant communication educational benefits supporting self-initiated learning access to a huge amount of information 24/7 shopping Entertainment • you can be hacked no privacy addiction potential abuse of data fake news/false information ● • ● • Con ● cybercrime cyber stalking ,,information-hype" (e.g. death of Lady D because of paparazzi pursuit) 27 ● • ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chances technological development brings work and prosperity bigger variety of products and goods growing prosperity for producers new jobs in developing countries socially we have become more open and more tolerant ● international free trade freedom, democracy, human rights → reduce the number of wars sharing of universal values, general economic prosperity and ecological stability intermingle different cultures rising living standard in third world improvement of communication and transport cheaper goods (cheaper production and global challenge keeps prices low) fast spread of information (news reach the whole world in seconds) freedom of travelling and working all over the world getting a personal insight into other cultures ● improving one's foreign language skills experiencing different educational systems contributing to one's personal development, e.g. to become more ● danger of overpopulation people in industrial countries lose jobs immense pressure on employed people widens gap between poor and rich unfair working conditions safety standards are ignored human rights are ignored • loss of culture and traditions • more illegal immigration dependency on other countries danger in increasingly corrupt governments, negative cultural influence, ● ● ● . ● ● ● manipulation through mass media • increasing power of multinational companies (cannot be controlled) ● social conflicts clash of cultures minor role: human rights, democracy • loss of jobs, lower wages outsourcing ● ● Stu(dying) and working in a globalized world → due to globalization it has become easier to spend time in foreign countries for educational reasons → it is important for employers to have spent time abroad Chances Advantages bigger competition → easy to be ,,swallowed by the masses of smart people" English as the business language is a ,,must-have"→ people who are not able to speak the language are worse off in ● Advantages negative impact on environment (global warming, pollution, etc.) ● . ● danger of low-paid jobs, bad working conditions and child labour exploitation of developing countries 28 independent, self-confident, adaptable to different situations making new friends improving one's career opportunities helping other people ● ● Volunteerism & Voluntourism ● Volunteerism - a person volunteers to use his/her time and skills to contribute to a community without receiving any payment ● Voluntourism - combination of volunteering & sightseeing → Critics • not truly beneficial for communities since voluntourists only spend a short time in the communities → do not really immerse Enjoy all the benefits of an ordinary tourist, e.g. staying in hotels far above the living- standard of the community they are helping →>> hypocritical whereas charities & NGOs were mostly in charge of matching volunteers with the right project placements for ,,voluntourists" against payment are offered English as a lingua franca → English is spoken by such a vast number of people that speakers of different first languages are able to communicate with each other through the English language → English has been used as lingua franca in fields like trade, administration, education, business, culture, politics etc. • most scientific, technological and academic information is in English communication all over the world ● ● ● ● ● Pro ● global business) finding a job is harder (due to Outsourcing & growing competition) language barriers & culture shock ● having access to much of the cultural, philosophical, religious & literary history language of trade & international market easy to learn, less misunderstandings between nations/cultures you are on your own → homesickness it is expensive ● due to globalization, English is more important than ever working/living abroad w/o problems ● ● Contra loss of cultures & traditions English is not the most spoken language in the world (mandarin) • not everyone speaks English (especially old people) • not every word from language can be translated into English misunderstandings →>> • cannot force people to speak English (against democratic values) • children do not get to know their origin 29 How did English become the most spoken language in the world? • British colonies: British Crown had colonies all around the world →>> as a lingua franca in trade, administration and education People in the colonies developed different varieties of English (e.g. Australian English) English has an official status it about 80 countries Importance of English as lingua franca can be seen in job advertisement → for higher positions and better paid jobs, English has become a key qualification ● • The changing world of work due to globalization the world of work has changed rapidly over the years • new technological and economic development: 1. new types of jobs have been created 2. easier to work on the same project from different countries & exchange information number of jobs for people is decreasing, the gap between rich and poor is widening • still findings one's dream job has not become easier → employers are expected to show high level of flexibility & adaptability high competition in certain jobs → massive mismatch between career expectations and reality of jobs available • last century. many people worked for the same company throughout their working life job security, loyalty today: people change jobs, are more mobil, spending time abroad, flexible hours, job- sharing, teleworking • jobs are no longer secure, taken over by machines: making people redundant ● Home-Working Pro you have flexibility to take care of appointments and errands • there are fewer interruptions/ distractions from meetings and chitchat no commute comfortability your day is less stressful you can improve your work/life balance ● . ● ● • ● → English was used ● Contra you need a lot of self-discipline lack of productivity it can be lonely you can be distracted easily less distinction between work and personal life you lose living space 30 Universal Basic Income ● ● ● ● Pro Workers could afford to wait for a better job or better wages People would have the freedom to return to school or stay home to care for a relative. Citizens could have simple, straightforward financial assistance that minimizes bureaucracy Payments would help young couples start families in countries with low birth rates The payments could help stabilize the economy during recessionary periods Ending poverty Contra • could encourage laziness • could discourage part-time work, people would quit their low salary jobs • cost higher than current benefit system leading to higher taxes higher income taxes could lead to disincentives to work • the rich get even richer ● 31 Science and Technology Genetic engineering Manipulation of life Changing DNA by putting a new piece of DNA into a cell · ● • able to developing a stronger understanding of life by examining it, and possibly improving it helps to prevent/cure illnesses (e.g. . Visions of the future Pro faster growing rate • children will be smarter, stronger and better looking Gene Testing possibility of a healthier child) increased lifespan Pro • • a possibility of having a healthier child Genetically inherited illnesses can be eliminated ● a chance to prepare oneself to the hardships of having an ill child Contra manipulates the natural product manipulating God's creature • more risk of geneticists making mistakes less individuality ● ● Contra • contraposes healthy and disabled people (→ a sick child is. not worth living) expensive ● risk of wrong tests humanity should concentrate on providing better conditions for disabled people not eliminating them • ,,playing god" Choosing a partner for the sake of healthy gene combination, not for his/ her personality Genetically modified food • Food derived from genetically modified organisms Plants or animals that have been modified through genetic engineering E.g. animals eat genetically modified crops 32 ● ● population grows Bigger crop fields → improvement of productivity/efficiency Tolerance for heart, cold, drought . Can be designed to have higher level of nutrients depending on area (proteins etc.) Cheaper High quality Potential reduction of chemical fertilisers ● ● ● Pro More food for everyone to afford, less starving world needs increase as ● ● and pesticides Less energy investment New inventions to the market and jobs in research • could save lives could save animals from dying out eventually fight diseases synthetic organs can be produced Pro ● ● ● ● ● Cloning (more of less) permitted creation of cloned human tissues for surgical transplant and the cure of serious genetic diseases • stem cells develop into tissues or whole organs needed, in this process however an embryo is destroyed ● Contra ● Health issues →→ unknown impact on body long term Holds pack real debate on how to row good without harming the environment Farmers are losing their jobs Has not been proven safe/risks are not researched • moral and ethical problems (second class citizens) potential mistakes ● Destroying original plant life Negative aspects of humans (immunity against antibiotics) ● • clone army • no individualism Contra overpopulation could be used with false intention experiments on animals or embryos need to kill millions of embryos questions of law → For organ cloning to save lives but killing to save others is ethical questionable 33 Saviour Siblings ● ● → It is ethically not justifiable because of too many terrible things are connected to it (for the saviour siblings) Do they have a future? ● ● Technology ● save the life of an existing human save money for treatment ● Pro Feelings Playing god! ● ● Artifical Intelligence human-like intelligence performed by machines or software research scientists are trying to create systems which are able to make logical deductions, solve problems, set their own goals and learn through experience • receive information from the outside, able to do physical things (e.g. move/manipulate an object) • robots will become more important in the future, help care e.g. for ageing society • used in many different jobs: less rooms for errors right decision making • work in risky situation can work 24/7 can take work that people cannot do ● they are mostly not loved just used they are not asked to become donators may be emotionally damaged when finding out they only live to help . if they are ill themselves → get killed? always under pressure to save the siblings life (their purpose) Pro ● duty to love their siblings life more than their own life • second class citizens Manufacturing: industrial robots, factories, especially automobile industry, do repetitive jobs Exploration: explore places that human cannot reach (e.g. used in space, see exploration) ▸ Microsurgery: help surgeons perform intricate operations (reduce the surgeon's movement) Dangerous jobs: assess and clean up polluted environment, chemicals spills or radioactive "hot zones" Contra Military: guided remotely to defuse bombs, mine sweepers, surveillance photographs ● ● ● Contra expensive to implement dependency on machines replaces humans, less work restricted work Machines can't think creatively or out of the box and will not perform such tasks 34 Media Impact and influence of media ● ● ● ● Pro effective and quick exchange of information possibility of being interconnected, supports people in authority states, e.g. the Arab Spring 2011-,,democratization process" giving people access to hidden/withheld information/Wikileaks) (almost) unlimited access to information even in remote places, e.g. developing Surveillance vs. Freedom ● countries exchange of cultural and social values platform for individual presentation and contributions • no privacy Surveillance monitoring (data storage) innnocent people are perse ted always under constant fear and pressure probably in a totalitarian state human rights are neglected ● . ● cyber bullying • creation of an illusionary world (e.g. through soup operas → escapism) imbalance of information (e.g. developed vs. developing countries) . Contra influencing politics and public opinions spying and surveillance, interception of electronically transmitted information → Internet traffic, phone calls, data- mining, etc. publishing secret information (Wikileaks) influencing children and teenagers (e.g. exposure to violence, role models, advertising, etc.) . Freedom privacy (data secrets) • not being observed data can still be stolen via websites like Facebook, just unobviously 35 Utopia & Dystopia Utopia • a place, state or condition that is ideally perfect in respect of politics, laws, customs and conditions set in a distant place or the future • better than our current society Dystopia futuristic, imagined universe, place or state in which oppressive societal control and the illusion of a perfect society are maintained • due to deprivation, oppression or terror the life is extremely bad pessimistic views of the future → criticism about a current trend, social norm or political system through an exaggerated worst-case scenario Characteristics propaganda is used to control the citizens f the society information, independent thought and freedom are restricted ● ● • concept is worshipped by the citizens of the society • citizens have a fear of the outside world • live in a dehumanized world → natural world is banished and distrusted society is an illusion of a perfect utopian world • decline of values, religion & humanity ● Dystopian Protagonist often feels trapped and is struggling to escape ● ● ● questions existing social and political system believes that something is terribly wrong with the society he or she is living in helps the audience recognize the negative aspects of the dystopian world trough his/ her perspective Types of dystopian control → most dystopian works present a world in which oppressive societal control and the illusion of a perfect society are maintained through one or more of the following types of controls: corporate control: one or more corporations control society through products, advertising or media bureaucratic control: society is controlled by a mindless bureaucracy through relentless regulations and incompetent government officials technological control: society is controlled by technology - through computers, robots and/or scientific means 36 philosophical/religious control: society is controlled by philosophical or religious ideology often enforced through a dictatorship or a theocratic government Common themes of dystopian literature loss of individualism ● • consumption of drugs restriction of thoughts, propaganda psychological manipulation, dehumanisation separation into classes • surveillance • Dystopias in today's world technology is rapidly replacing people reliance on new technology and science (many risks) social networking sites reduce our privacy (Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat) web surfing and spending habits are monitored cameras at every corner dehumanized things through genetic engineering • many totalitarian states consumption of drugs is a huge problem → but we can still vote though liberty in many states ● ● . ● • ● Brave New World • written in 1931 by Aldous Haxley • set in distant future (26th century) ● Plot →look at old notes Dystopian Elements government uses propaganda to keep the world state stable hypnopaedia: make children believe what the want them to believe conditioning: people are continued to believe that they are happy independent thought and freedom are restricted, e,g. Bernard Marx is being judged by Lenina Crown for thinking differently & wanting freedom → is exiled afterwards the natural world is seen as wild and disgusting Bernard Marx is the typical dystopian protagonist since he struggles to escape, questions the existing social and political system etc. religious control: fordism • ● ● anticipates developments inn reproductive technology, sleep learning, psychological manipulation and operant conditioning to create a perfect society ● • 37 Living in the world state universal happiness: conditioning/hypnopaedia ● Pro ● soma (drug) • caste system & everyone knows their task and place ● promiscuity • substitute for religion: fordism • consumption Con • universal happiness is not real but only achieved because of drug consumption and conditioning no real emotions are allowed • no individuality & no personal freedoms • no freedom of speech & oppression of deviants • no natural life (rejection of nature) • no relationships, no love • no freedom of religion • no art, poetry or literature 38