Englisch Lernzettel Abi 2022 NRW LK

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TEXT 4. RECREATION OF TEXT 5. MEDIATION SUMMARY • Introductory sentence (Title, Author, Sort of text, Publishing date, topic) • Filter information from text • Formal language always • No quotation/ opinion/ short forms Paraphrase ANALYSIS General order always; DEVICE, TEXTPROOF, EFFECT 1. NON FICTIONAL ANALYZING A POLITICAL SPEECH 1. Transition sentence 2. Descriptive, instructive, argumentative, persuasive, expository 3. Thesis; Topic, addressee, intention, occasion, context 4. Line of Argument and Structure 5. How do they try to convince the audience? - Style, Tone, Register, Syntax, Choice of Words, Devices 6. Inclusive language? Do they refute other peoples arguments ? 7. Conclusion; what was the intention and are they convincing ? ANALYZING AN ARTICLE 1. Transition sentence 2. Descriptive, instructive, argumentative, persuasive, expository 3. Line of argument; how are ideas and arguments linked to each other 4. Stylistic devices 5. Conclusion/Thesis 2. FICTIONAL ANALYZING A SHORT STORY / AN EXCERPT FROM A NOVEL 1. Transition sentence 2. Possible analysis aspects; 3. Conflict matters (e.g. man against man, man against nature, man against society, man against inner self) 4. Choice of words and Devices 5. Narrative perspective (1st or 3rd person narrator, limited omniscient or neutral) 6. Narrative distance (close or distant, zoom outs...) 7. Reliability of the narrator 8. Narrative Elements (dialogues, comments, descriptions, indirect speech, free indirect speech) 9. Mode of presentation (scenic or panoramic) 10. Narrative techniques (atmos ere, setting, stream of consciousness, plot structure; fast forwards, flashbacks, linear or non linear structure, backstories etc.) 11. Themes and motifs 12. Conclusion ANALYZING A SONNET (POEM) 1. Introductory sentence 2. Form; Metre, stanzas, verses, rhyme scheme 3. Structure 4. Language; choice of words devices, imagery ! 5. Who is the muse (cf. Shakespeare dark lady, Fair youth) 6. Conclusion ANALYZING A PLAY 1. Introduction 2. Comedy or Tragedy ? 3. Connection between content and form 4. Relationships 5. Devices, language, choice of words, metre 6. Conclusion OF A CHARACTER (CHARACTERIZATION) 1. Introduction; Name, role and position in the novel 2. Main Part; analysis of the character 3. a. Personal Information; appearance, sex, age, social position, home, profession 4. b. Relationships; family, friends, colleagues, teachers partner, animals, neighbors 5. c. Character traits 6. d. Behavior 7. e. Dreams, emotions, attitudes 8. Position in the story; pro-/ antagonist, major/minor/flat/round character 9. Direct + indirect characterization, text references 10. conclusion 3. CARTOON 1. Introduction (Cartoonist, Publishing date. Source, Type of pic, Topic, Intention) 2. Description 3. Analysis of message and devices (irony, metaphor, symbol, hyperbole...) 4. Evaluation (dis-/agreement) EVALUATION OF TEXT Approximately 400-500 words COMMENT Objective and based on arguments 1. Introduction; should be catchy and interesting, state a thesis or question 2. Main part; State your point of view, supported by evidence and examples (arguments, reference to texts) should have at least at least three aspects in favor of your point, can also give arguments in opposition to your position, not necessary: reasons should be plausible 3. Draw a conclusion; sum up the aspects and restate the thesis, write about how the issue may develop in the future 4. Avoid repetition of arguments EVALUATION 1. Introduction; should be catchy and interesting, state a thesis or question 2. Main part; Express a well-founded opinion after carefully considering a topic / question and presenting advantages and disadvantages 3. Draw conclusion based on presented arguments ASSESSMENT 1. Introduction; should be catchy and interesting, state a thesis or question 2. Make a judgement after thinking carefully about the pros and cons 3. Draw a conclusion DISCUSSION 1. Introduction; should be catchy and interesting, state a thesis or question 2. Main Part; neutral styles, must give pro and con arguments, back up with examples etc. Draw a well-founded conclusion 3. RECREATION OF TEXT LETTER TO THE EDITOR 1. Date 2. Who are you writing to (Dear Sir, or Madam) 3. Why are you writing (Mention the article) 4. What is your point / opinion do you share or oppose the authors claims 5. Arguments (similar to comment) 6. End with a strong statement that sums up your pov 7. Signature 8. Leave out politeness, get straight to the point, don't quote from the article FORMAL LETTER 1. Date 2. Dear.. 3. Reason why 4. Main Part 5. Greetings PUBLIC / FORMAL SPEECH 1. Place, time, reasoning, who, why, audience 2. Introduction; Greetings, topic, goals 3. Main part; structured arguments and facts 4. Conclusion 5. Formal but can use informal REPORT Reports are divided into sections with headings and subheadings. 1. Headline short catchy 2. Summary; as a general overview with all relevant information 3. Introduction; why the report is being written and its structure / arrangement 4. Main part; plain English can include technical terms, split into several sections (section 1 answer w questions, other sections relevant additions) that are clearly labelled, arranged in order of importance 5. Conclusion 6. Passive constructions 7. Can include lists, subheadings DEBATE STATEMENT Take a stand and defend it, convince the audience 1. Adress (Dear...) 2. Introduction to the topic (Simple and bold statements, questions, irony, allusions... should be objective!) Main part (simple declarative and objective) 3. 4. Conclusion (appellative) 5. Expression of thanks INTERVIEW place, time, interviewer & interviewee 1. 2. Topic and intentions 3. Structured &A 4. Conclusion 5. Critical, formal, neutral INTERIOR MONOLOGUE / SOLILOQUY 1. Adapt a characters way of thinking 2. Questions, inner conflicts, reflections on past and future, decisions 3. Dash,,-", dots,...", Exclamation mark for strong feelings 4. First person narrator CONTINUATION OF TEXT 1. Adapt to text and exercise 2. All content must be based and linked to the original (setting, characters, background, events) 3. Continue the text format MEDIATION 1. Filter information according to the task 2. Arrange information into a logical order 3. Paraphrase, simplify, explain; DONT translate 1:1 4. Refer to the source, don't change the information 5. Pay attention to text format and addressee 6. Cultural explanations if needed UK; TRADITION AND CHANGE THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE UK The UK system of government Judiciary The UK Supreme Court 12 professional judges • it upholds the law it represents the rule of law Appointed legislature The House of Lords • approx. 760 members - BREXIT (life peers, Anglican bishops, 92 hereditary peers) • life peers can be recommended by the prime minister, leaders of opposition parties or a commission and are appointed by the crown • it represents the unwritten Constitution Reasons for Brexit SUPREIV Consequences of Brexit COUR The Crown The Monarch ceremonial head of state/ represents UK internationally upholds traditions • gives Royal Assent² to Acts of Parliament³ appoints justices appoints life peers Elected legislature The House of Commons. • MPs are elected from 650 constituencies (in first-past-the-post electoral system every five years) • the party with the most MPs forms the government it designs, amends and approves bills¹ • it represents the will of the people The Executive The Government. appoints can prime minister • the leader of the party with most MPs in the Commons becomes prime minister (head of the government) Feeling of being left out Large sums of money flow into the EU-household budget Easier commercial agreements outside of the EU Too much immigration from other Eu countries Want political independence 52% voted to leave the referendum • the prime minister appoints approx. 20 ministers/ heads of government departments to the cabinet .it puts forward laws and runs the government • it represents the will of the majority dissolve elects Tense atmosphere between young&old, Rich&poor, city&countryside Economic consequences for both parties BIP will sink about 6% until 2030 Complications at borders of EU countries E Electorate (all men and women over the age of 18) Annotations bill a law that is proposed to the legislature Doyal Are Royal Assent=the monarch's formal approval of an act Act of Parliament = a law passed by the British parliament that, in principle, cannot be overruled by any other political body + Outside of the EU Britain would be ... rich, safe, free - Able to develop its own destiny Having a bleak future - Self governing and powerful nation Inside of the EU Britain would be ... - swallowed in a German dominated federal state - Having problems with jobs, wages, immigration Worse in terms of school, housing stocks, hospitals, roads - Poor and bad governed country like the others that join the EU - At a bigger risk since they can't control population Britain can have access to the European market without being bound by EU rules Britain could free herself from restrictions imposed by Brussels and become economically successful London will retain its independence and global appeal and protect itself from trouble if the euro fails Too much immigration and insecurity (terrorism) in the EU - Small British companies would not be affected US and Britain always been allies; cultivate their relationship - Britain should get its sovereignty back - British interests are hurt by EU rules BRITISH EMPIRE positive aspects in its own history e.g. courage or heroism • defined British identity and role in the world • changed education system • caused post-war education abolished slavery Outside of the EU Britain would... - lose control and influence on the EU's trade regulations - Lose Investments, because the British market is too small to attract investments from big companies - Not be able to tackle problems such as climate change, epidemics, migration etc. Inside of the EU Britain would be... - able to influence the European law-making Guaranteed national security, sin intelligence agencies and police work together and collect + exchange data on terrorists etc. - Free trade amongst states benefits Britain No trade barriers I Having investments inside the country, which outweigh the contribution to the EU budget Working together with the other countries Safe from wars ● - British farmers might lose out on subsidies Jobs in international companies would be move and lead to a high rate of jobless people US prefers Uk to be member of EU - GB would be an outsider in Europe with fewer chances to rejoin the EU Global challenges (climate change...) affect all countries - In age of globalization countries are becoming interconnected and interdependent Europe is Britains main trading partner Britain would lose influence in cases of Brexit (economically and financially) Easier movement with EU citizenship around EU countries British might not have easy access to healthcare outside of Britain ● negative aspects in history e.g. greed or cruelty • colonialism means rule by foreigners • took part in slave trade shipped opium to China • British felt superior because of the Empire • mapped africa • banned sati • built railroads, railways, drains established rule of law, schools, hospitals • largely peaceful decolonization • nobler ambitions than other empires such as Belgium or France • Creation of Commonwealth • British rule is still highly regarded in ex-colonies THE MONARCHY → According to a YouGov survey most people think that the empire was something to be proud of and a good thing, especially elderly people (age 60+) + The royal festivities attract a lot of attention in the media and in the public It is good value for money as it attracts tourists The Queen is hard-working There are no advantages in a republic in an age of political apathy The public feels good about the monarchy; the Queen is a revered leader The royal family life is like a fairy tale → What does the queen do? Representational colonisation was motivated by self interest only • brutal suppression of MauMau uprising other countries without Britains help are economical powers as well Holds speeches Holds meetings and audiences with important people Opens buildings Meets people manmade famines, ethnic cleansing Republic criticises the fact that the monarch costs about £200 million The royal residences are not among England's top 20 tourist attractions The economy would benefit if the royal residences were fully opened to tourists There are other hard-working people The Head of State is not elected; an unfair process, a privilege and not meritocratic Too many scandals Constitutional Works on official papers (information from government or representative of the Commonwealth) - Reads, signs and approves of papers - Deals with every constitutional document Opens parliament once a year and after every change of government - UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION There is no supreme court to ultimately protect peoples rights and rights of institutions + No documented constitution is available; lack of clarity and general understanding of the country's fundamental laws Seperation of power not fully guaranteed Constitution as a means to modernize the country I.e. involve people more and secure understanding of the political system Does not necessarily mean a lack of flexibility Interpretation of the law is less contestable MULTICULTURALISM + - cultural exchange of knowledge, art, fashion, music, food and values - Colourful and mixed society can lead to more tolerance BRITISHNESS Variety of foreign culture can help to understand and accept other people's values and traditions Creating an open minded society - Increasement of Britains wealth by cooperating with international companies - Immigration due to historical events or individual reasons Culture benefits from people that migrate to England (food etc.) - Gaps between the different social classes; severe problem in Britain - Vikings, Normans, Flemings, Africans, Asians and Americans form today society in Britain Not having a constitution i.e. a fixed set of laws regulating the states constitution, means more flexibility ➡ different perceptions, which is a problem for example: ➡ It is like winning the first prize in lottery Never change a running system As long as people adher tp the conventions agreed on then there is no need for change Value of tradition Part of British identity Britain is a democracy and has never really been endangered "Britihsness" can be erased due to foreign cultures - Dissolution of british culture, Britain will become a minority Conflicts between generations and cultures "culture-clash" Inequality between different cultures Racism and discrimination No unity; isolation of minorities - ➡ A blessing and privilege → Makes one feel like a part of the community → Makes one feel special ➡ Feels like being part of history ➡ One gets a sense of belonging ➡ Britain lost its sense of Britishness due to the obsession over money ➡ Refugees ruin Britishness, they steal jobs and cause higher prices for houses ➡ Football, cricket and rugby, English music and culture - No racial prejudices ➡ Racism ➡ People embrace cultural differences and buy ethnic cultural foods SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE UK ➡ Generally there are three big social classes; lower class, middle class and upper class ➡ One of the groups of people that are thought of being as being at the same social or economical level (countable) → The way people are divided into different social and economical groups through race, gender etc., which is not appropriate in a modern age/ a society in which class is more significant than ability (uncountable) What is significant for each social class? Lower class low paid jobs employed do not own property; pay rent physical labour low skilled jobs with poorer working conditions Elite (6%, around 50 years) Established middle class (25%, around 46 years) Seven class categories according to Mike Savage and Fiona Devine (2011) Technical middle class (6%, around 52 years) New affluent workers (15%, around 44 years) Traditional working class (14%, around 66 years) Emergent service workers (19%, around 52 years) Middle class being able to save up money for retirement enough money for vacation, education etc. 9-5 office jobs higher education and healthcare average income, upper middle class higher income wealthy UK's biggest earners - Highest score for social, cultural and economical factors Many went to private schools and elite unis - Group is exclusive and hard to join Many live in London and home countries - enjoy diverse range of cultural activities Socialize with broad range of people - Work in management and traditional professions Middle-class backgrounds Living outside urban areas - small elite; earn more than most of the population old money - mix socially with people like themselves Work in science, research and technologies - own their home - Mix socially with people like themselves - Less interested in emerging culture - Lorry drivers, electricians etc. Upper class huge influence and power on; politics, economics, culture and society mannerism, correct language etc. highest scores for emerging culture - Socialize with broad range of people - Chefs and production assistants Inexpensive locations such as Liverpool - More interested in emerging culture than highbrow culture Mainly middle-class backgrounds - Mainly live in suburban locations economically secure but not well off - Interested in emerging culture rather than highbrow culture - Working class background Live in old manufacturing centers of uk Precariat (15%, around 50 years) MY SON THE FANATIC Mix socially with people like themselves - Dont have a range of cultural interests Cleaners, van drivers 80%+ rent their homes - Live in old industrial areas Short story written by Hanif Kureishi Published on 28. March 1994 ➡ Parvez (Father), Ali (Son), Bettina (Friend of Parvez) Content ➡ Ali radically changes; doesn't talk to his father anymore, throws out most of his stuff, keeps his room clean, breaks up with his British girlfriend, doesn't go out with his friends anymore ➡ Parvez is worried and suspects drug abuse; starts immensely controlling Ali ➡Ali turns out to practice his religion (islam) e.g. praying five times a day ➡ Conflict between conservative Ali and integrated Parvez develops ➡ Parvez drinks alcohol, eats pork, spends a lot of time with Bettina instead of his wife etc. ➡ Ali severely criticizes his behavior and gets beaten up in the end AMERICAN DREAM; MYTHS AND REALITIES DEFINITION ,,The American Dream is a dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position" - James Truslow Adams (1931) 1. Social Dream; Equality and opportunity; a classless society II. Political Dream; Democracy and justice III. Personal Dream; Freedom and self-realization IV. Economic Dream; Everybody can realize their highest ambitions by means of their own endeavors ➡ There is no universal definition of what the AD actually is, it varies for each American ➡ Anyone can achieve anything if they work hard and passionately ➡ Every American has the ability to prosper and advance socially as well as financially PURITANISM • Puritans were more extreme protestants within the church of England in the 16th century who wanted to purify the national church by eliminating every shred of catholic influence • In the 17th century many immigrated to New World where they sought to find a holy commonwealth in England • They think that they were chosen by God out of all people and compare themselves to ancient Hebrews because they want to establish a new Israel in America • Settlers see themselves as as superior and that they are living the life God wants them to live so they are unable to do anything wrong • The puritan belief; thrift, responsibility, self-improvement, discipline and hard work lead to worldly success and prosperity and are signs of God's benevolence and grace MANIFEST DESTINY View of white Americans in the 19th century that they have a mission given by God to expand their knowledge of freedom, democracy, moral rules and values to the nations that weren't fortunate enough to have God's blessing, which was a justification for the extinction of the Natives, who were seen as wild people and the expanding of new borders. The strong belief to impose their way of life on others was mainly Puritan. IMMIGRATION IN AMERICA Salad bowl Various ethnicities living in a country add their own traditions, cultures and values to the country's people, the various heritages do not merge into one, but stay distinct; unity of diversity, multiculturalism Meting pot Various ethnicities living in country and do not retain their cultural heritage but conflate into one new nation; assimilation as a result, complete integration of immigrants while they give up their own tradition and culture, creation of a new identity of both cultures melted together ➡ America is a melting pot as immigrants assimilate into the American culture and abandon their own culture and language HISTORY • America is built on Immigration • 1620: Pilgrim Fathers, members of the English separatist Church (a radical faction of Puritanism that represented the protestant reformed principles) fled from Great Britain to escape persecution at home • They sailed across the Atlantic on the Mayflower and found the first permanent colony: Plymouth Colony • Many native Americans lived in America before the pilgrims arrived; instead of assimilating the native's culture, they stole their land and started to kill thousands of them; the Pilgrim Fathers formed a society based on bloody fights • They had permission as God's chosen ones: Americans have the right to guide the whole world and to overspread it completely • "e pluribus unum" people from colonies, states or ancestries came to America, lived there together and became a unity • The idea of the American meritocracy, based on the divine blessing of the people, became the national mindset Mayflower compact • First political agreement for self-government in America, which was signed on 21 November 1620 abroad the ship Mayflower anchored off Cape Cod in Massachusetts • Necessary due to Passangers and Pilgrims inconvenience Boston Tea Party . December 16, 1773 at the Griffen's Wharf in Boston • The first major act of defiance against the British rule; 342 chests of tea were thrown into the water because of taxation Declaration of Independence • The basic democratic idea and the American Dream were summarized in the Declaration of Independence on the 4th of July 1776 along with civil rights, equality before the law and rule of law. • Declares freedom from the British rule and represents that the people are unsatisfied with the government, which has to protect inalienable rights • 13 British colonies in North America proclaimed their independence and dissolved their political connections with Britain • "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that these, are life, and the pursuit of happiness." • Women and people of color are not included in ,,all men"; American Dream only valid for white men The Constitution • Establishes the principles for a democratic government Bill of Rights • 1791: ten amendments that were permanently added to the original constitution • Basic rights that the government cannot deny Beliefs and Values • Freedom: Americans regard their society as the freest and best in the world, everyone can participate, individual freedom, no oppression Equality: no class distinctions, equality in court Individualism: idealization of the self-reliant, self-sufficient, independent individual Mobility/flexibility/optimism: social mobility (upward and downward) on the "ladder of success" • Hard work: heritage is not important if you work hard, key to prosperity • Education and self-improvement: education is the key to individuals realizing their full economic, social and personal potential • Progress: desire to progress personally by making use of opportunities • Patriotism: patriotic symbols e.g., national holidays (like thanksgiving), a lot of flags Civil War • Four-year war (1861-1865) • Clash between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America • Outbreak of armed hostilities and friction over slavery • North; economy was rapidly modernizing and diversifying, industrialization, invested in transportation system; against slavery • South; economy on farms, cotton and slavery as main labour force Emancipation Proclamation • 1862, Abraham Lincoln • Paved the way for legal abolition of slavery • Discrimination, segregation and social exclusions still prevalent Segregation • Segregation of white and black people • Black people had lowest standards of education and worst jobs Oppression, poverty, discrimination • Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955/6; Rosa Parks (black woman) refused to give up seat for white person • March on Washington, MLK's speech I have a dream Civil Rights Movement • Mainly during the 50s and 60s • Was a struggle for social justice • To secure equal access and opportunities for African Americans • Non violent protests, civil disobedience and boycotts Martin Luther King • Leader of the CRM • Advocate of non-violent protests • Speech I HAVE A DREAM against racism and segregation on 23 august 1963 • His assassination caused a wave of riots Abraham Lincoln • 16th president of the US • opposed strongly against slavery • determined to limit the expansion of slavery westward AMERICAN DREAM TODAY Has it become a reality? • Status and wealth of parents and older generations are still a big determinant of children lives Wealthy parents and families have easier access to better schools and can afford better colleges • Studies show that wages of children often lie in the same area as their fathers wages • Excessively unequal distribution of wealth • Many communities lack access to schools and education is conditioned to the community one lives in • Socioeconomic gaps and inequalities are present and widening How can it become a reality? DOS • Awareness and equal choices • Striving to grow culturally • Willingness to contribute to society • View quality as more important than quantity DON'TS • Recognize people for social standing . Give in to selfishness and class consciousness • Competition and envy • Dreamlessness and losing hope in the dream Criticism American Dream • From ags to riches • Land of opportunity; life without hunger, struggle... • Equality, high living standards, pursuit of happiness • Success, freedom and protection • Several success-stories still hold some promise and keep the American Dream alive • Black president Barack Obama • Popstars who grew up in ghettos became millionaires Is the American Dream still alive? YES • People can still achieve their aims if they work hard • Education for everyone, scholarships for gifted students • Its about equality of opportunities not about the equality of money • Own responsibility and self-reliance are needed as well, not only about opportunities • Peoples sovereignty, liberalism, individualism, civil rights, rule of law, trial by jury EXPRESSIONS American Nightmare • Huge gaps between rich and poor widening social gap and inequality : not a classless society • Lack of access to healthcare and good education • Discrimination and racism Uncle Sam Common national personification of the US government . Most jobs in urban areas; high and unaffordable living costs • Unrealistic for unprivileged people; no opportunities to rise up in social mobility • High crime, unemployment and poverty rates • People who made their dream come true make headlines while the thousands who don't succeed go unnoticed • Not only work matters but also luck and destiny • Less financial help as in other countries High quality schools and universities are expensive Rich become richer, poor become poorer • Limited chances to climb the career ladder • Not enough well-paid jobs due to outsourcing Many ethnic minorities have less opportunities African-Americans have a lower median income than Asians for example • No social system in the US; less chances when disabled • Poverty and high tuition fees • Individual definitions; hard to raise for anyone • Gun violence, white privilege, no fair trial for everyone, impartial judges Ellis Island Gateway for immigrants through which 20 million people entered the US during 1892-1954 Frontier Belief that the Americans had the God-given right to expand their territory, pushing the frontier from the east to the unsettled west The new Canaan America was seen as a form of paradise where everyone can start a new life and live in peace and harmony with God and the nature NIGERIA; POSTCOLONIALISM GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT NIGERIA Nigeria's geography • Nigeria is located in Westafrica and shares borders with Benin, Niger, Tschad, Kamerun • Nigeria is connected to the Atlantic Ocean • Nigeria is located in the centrum of Africa and has good economical connections due to its location near the ocean • The north is covered with (rain-)forests, the south with mangrove swamps • Plants: orchids, lichens, white mahangony tree, grasses in Savannahs... • Animals: lions, leopards, hyenas, jackals, elephants, chimpanzees... • Some animals are threatened by extinction (West African lion, Cross river gorilla, Cameroonian forest shrew...) • Nigeria occupies an area 923,768 km2 • Approximately 203million inhabitants (largest African population, 7th largest worldwide) • Poor population 70% • Religions: 55% Muslim, 45% Christian, rest other • Life expectancy lies at 57 years • Unemployment rate lies at 16% • Only 60% has access to electricity • Tropical climate with variable rainy and dry seasons . Mostly hot and wet • 6 main regions: north west, north east, north central, south west, south east, south central • Smaller regions in those • Capital of Nigeria is Abuja • Urban and rural areas • Lagos is the largest and most cosmopolitan urban region, population grew in the 21st century • Settlements consist of dispersed homesteads called compounds The people • More than 500 languages • Nigerian Pidgin • Linguistic groups (Chamber, Edo, Hausa and Fulani, Kanuri, Ibo, Gari etc.) • Ethnic groups (Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa-Fulani) over 250 • Population mostly young • Frequent power outrages and only around half of the population has access to electricity • Cellphones are popular amongst Nigerians, strong internet and telephone connections • Inadequate supply of clear water • Poor population is unable to afford food • Lots of traffic that leads to longer driving hours • Damaged roadways that lead to hazardous driving • Most traffic lights don't work • Traffic signs/rules aren't taken seriously • Rain floods the roads • Every 1st Saturday roads are shut down in big cities due to road cleanup • New healthcare system after independence in 1960 • Government offered free or heavily subsidized treatments but the downturn in oil prices destroyed this system . Government couldn't afford to continue subsidizing healthcare system • Currently one of the lowest healthcare systems in the world (142) • Lack of qualified workers in the medical sector • High maternal mortality and infant mortality rates • Many die of malaria, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis etc. . Government corruption add to poverty issue • Growing homelessness and corruption that Nigerians are unable to fight against • No job security, common accidents Indigenous beliefs other than Islam and Christianity • Africas most populated country The culture • Family is the most important institution in any community, sizes vary • Father is regarded as the households leader as the family primary bread winner • Women are in charge of the household and children • Soccer is the most popular sport, traditional music and dance are popular as well • Food is highly valued (mostly seafood, meat, chicken and goat) and can cary due to regions and diverse cultures • Art has a religious and spiritual significance for Nigerians such as sculptures, masks and textiles • Music and dance are a huge part of Nigerian culture • Every ethnic group has a different specialty in music . Music is used to celebrate events and influenced by western music • Nollywood (alludes to Hollywood): Nigerian movie industry, second largest movie industry worldwide, approximate income of 250 million USD per year, started in the 60s and became popular in the 70s after an economical boom • Used to be low quality due to undeveloped equipment and bad actors • More quantity than quality due to Nigerias bad economy • Nollywood deals with Nigerias daily life, the society and politics; criticism but also solutions The history • Biafran war; Nigerian civil war from 6th July 1867 until 13 January 1970 caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic Nigeria after a military coup • Nigerian civilians Igbos fought against the government • Colonialism; Former British colony, had valuable resources such as palm oil, which benefitted Britain • Annexation of Lagos as a British colony in 1861 • Slavery: Since 15th century, wars stimulated slave trade around 1800, were used as soldiers and servants; produced palm oil and the demand for palm oil in Europe made International slave trade grow • Slaves were shipped from Nigeria to western countries • Abolition by the British in 1807 • Resistance in the south of Nigeria; the British had to fight many wars but by 1906 most of the north had been fallen to British imperial forces • After the second world war Nigerian nationalism and demand for independence grew, so Nigeria was moved towards self-government in a representative and increasingly federal basis in 1954 • Gained full independence in 1960 • Today: weak economy, violent conflicts, book haram, distrust in government and institutions, banditry... The economy • Less power than what is needed • Very rich in water resources, electricity is mainly gained through fossil fuel • But only 19% have access to safe drinking water due to water pollution • Water is polluted by plastics and textiles which leads to many diseases such as diarrhea • Very rich in natural resources such as oil, gas, gold and salt • 2,7% of global gas reserves in Nigeria • Agricultural resources such as cocoa, coffee, cotton, sugarcane Huge unemployment rate of 34%, rate is increasing • Youth unemployment rate 53% • Currency; Naira, unstable banks • Markets, small shops on the streets • Importing machinery, transport equipment and manufactured goods • Exporting oil, cocoa beans and rubber • Global leader in palm oil, cassava, yam, cocoa and ginger • Poorly maintained roads, largest road network in West Africa • Dominating sectors; food, cement, textile and beverage • Market changed because of COVID; demand changed COLONIALISM Pre-colonialism • Variety of tribes, kingdoms and empires, each with its own traditions, religious beliefs and languages • Slavery • Agriculture and animal breeding and trade as the main economic pillars until the 1400s Colonialism The practice by which a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses their resources to increase its own power and wealth • Control, indirect rule and exploitation of the people • Influence of the western culture • Extension of political, educational, social, religious and cultural habits • Racial inferiority Postcolonialism Lasting effects of colonialism on culture & society of former colonies after decolonization, leads to postcolonial identities based on cultural interaction • Hybridity arising from cross cultural exchange between the colonizer and the colonized • Question of identity • Struggle with political freedom and independence, political tensions • Migration, discrimination, racism Neocolonialism continued economic domination, exploitation, influence of politically independent but developing country bc capitalism, globalization, cultural imperialism • Environmental degradation • Economic dependency/ subjugation • Capitalism Brain Drain (emigration of highly trained and qualified people) • Loss of independence and stability Main effects of colonialism • Issues of identity • Environmental degradation • Capitalism and corruption • Loss of independence and stability The Nigerian dream Refers to the American dream, being successful, safe, rich A great and powerful nation without exploitation and dependence Being important for the global economy and having a sustainable environment TWO TALES OF A CITY; LAGOS Downsides • 2/3 of 21 million inhabitants live in slums due to rapid popul and urbanization • Frequent power outrages and appalling road conditions • Overcrowded schools and rapid population growth rowth • Daylight robberies • Floating slum Makoko (dirty and oily water, rudimentary sanitation, contaminated water, little access to hospitals and medical supplies, malaria and other respiratory diseases and malnutrition only few kids go to school) Upsides • It hosts 65% of Nigerias businesses Home to elite and expanding upper class of western Africa • Rural exodus towards Lagos . Well-paid jobs • High costs of living and high living standards • One of the largest tech hubs and the fashion and arts capital of West Africa • 10% of Nigeria's GDP • If Lagos were a country it would be the 5th largest economy TERRORISM IN NIGERIA; BOOK HARAM Terrorism • Use of illegal force • Goal to achieve political, economical, social needs • Psychological motivation • Killing is morally and religiously justified • Causes stereotypes on Muslims Boko Haram • Boko Haram wants the establishment of a theocratic islamic state and to forbid western education • They used to control many Nigerian states in 2015 but lost the teriority to Nigerian soldiers • Abduction, female suicide bombers, caused 2,2 million displaced people • They stormed a girls boarding school in 2014 and kidnapped students • They slaughter pregnant women, drown children, burn buildings Oil on water (Helon Habila, 2011) Military abducted women, 2 journalists have to rescue them but try to find the perfect story Graceland (Chris Abani, 2004) Boy who lives in slums has problems with identity, financial situation and family Everyday is for the thief (Teju Cote, 2007) Corruption at the Nigerian Embassy in NYC The American Embassy (Adichie) Woman wants to immigrate to the US after her child got killed and husband fled from the government Emigration from Nigeria (Diana Evans, 2005) Arranged marriage, girl wants to be educated at school, which is against the traditions, so she leaves to Lagos by herself SHAKESPEARE BIOGRAPHY • William Shakespeare • Born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England • Actor, writer, part-owner of a playing company • Mainly wrote tragedies • Wrote more sonnets than plays; 154 sonnets, 38 plays • Invented his own language and words, made use of a lot of metaphors • His writing gets mixed up with the Bible and has the second common one after it • He was one of the first professional writers with an influential legacy ELIZABETHAN ERA • Time of Queen Elizabeths reign (1558-1603) • English renaissance / golden age in English history • Peace and prosperity: queen stopped civil war between catholics and protestants during queen Marys reign • Tolerance of religions • Revolutionized many aspects of life (theatre, literature) • Theatre got revived because the queen was a fan, the culture developed • Elizabeth was loved by the people • Age of discovery (America was discovered) • Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 • England as the first naval power of the world; grew in power and importance • Change from geocentric to heliocentric worldview • Invention of the printing press ELIZABETHAN WORLDVIEW; THE CHAIN OF BEING God sent out an order for everything in the world In his plays Shakespeare makes clear that the characters fail if they don't follow the hierarchal structure GOD ANGELS HUMANS ANIMALS PLANTS MINERAL MATERIALS Order of animals • Higher animals (touch, memory, movement, hearing) • Animals such as ants (touch, memory, movement) • Animals such as shellfish (touch only) Spirit, no matter sprit and matter no spirit, matter DOCTRINE OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS Man was formed by the combination of four elements / humors, which need to have the right proportions (otherwise; illness and they need to be altered by adding or taking away the humors ,,being good/bad humored") 1. earth; melancholy (cold and dry) melancholy dominated person: thin, yellowish, thinking and worrying 2. water; phlegm (cold and moist) phlegm dominated person: slow, pale, lazy 3. air; blood (hot and moist) blood dominated person: jolly, optimistic, fat 4. fire; choler (hot and dry) choler dominated person: short-tempered, thin, red-haired LANGUAGE Shakespearean English Thou, Thee, Ye Thine, Thy Thyself Pray, Prithee Anon Hath Doth Canst Art Wilt Hark Didst Modern English You Your Yourself Please THE SHAKESPEAREAN THEATRE Soon/Right now • People went to be entertained • Poor and rich gathered together • Most plays were written by Shakespeare • Audience all social classes and both sexes Has Do Can Are Will Listen . On't, Is't, ...'t; contraction used to fit metre • Sentence structure is similar to germanic language • Uses a lot of imagery (emotionally charged words) in order to evoke vivid mental pictures in the readers mind • Nobles speak in verse & Lower-status-characters speak in prose Did • Reflection of integrity; good speak in verse an villainous in prose • You: formal, respectful, courtesy • Thou: Closeness, contempt, friendship, lower classes, superiors to inferiors, intimacy • Change in pronouns: Change in attitude • Theaters in London were not seen well due to the plague and unseemly behavior (prostitutes, workers that leave work to watch the plays, no toilets available so people did it at the theatre) • The Office of the Revels made sure the plays weren't politically or socially sensitive • Open air theaters; managed by daylight, plays couldn't take place at night • Not noble people are referred to as groundings and have to pay a penny to stand in the pit Upper class would sit in the galleries with cushions • Rich nobles could sit in chairs on the side of the stage Prosperous women would wear masks to hide their identity because they were assumed to be a prostitute • Most performances were 3 hours long; audiences weren't quiet, left in the middle of the play or arrived late • Actors were interrupted, thrown vegetables at • Upper class behaved better than groundings but not all innocent • Men played men and women roles True love Love isn't true if it changes with time; true love should be constant regardless of difficulties, its timeless and stays same SONNETS . 2 Quatrains abba thesis • 2 Triplets cde antithesis • Strict devision of Petrarchan sonnet • Petrarch's sonnets deal with unattainable love and are connected with pain Original Sonnet by Petrarch Sonnets 1-126; about a young man • ambivalent relationship • He is particularly beautiful • Serving role to patron / agent of patron • Changing relationship of friendship . 3 Quatrains abab • 1 Couplet gg • Couplet sums up or concludes, contradicts or adds something new to the sonnet Adaptation by Shakespeare PLAYS Shakespearean sonnet cycle Sonnets 127-152; about a lady • Obsessively sexual relationship • Break of established rules; she isn't traditionally pretty (dark eyes, hair and skin complexion) • She cheats on the speaker (lyrical I) with other men • Petrarchian Konstellation turned on its head Shakespeare wrote comedies and tragedies and made use of prose or the iambic pentameter The lambic Pentameter 5 feet, each foot short (unstressed) and long (stressed) vowel Ex.: Two hóuse+holds bóth+ a líke +in díg +ni t'y Much Ado About Nothing Act I Claudio falls in love with Hero when he returns to Messina with Don Pedro from war. Beatrice and Benedict (who both do not want to marry) have a witty argument. Act II At a masked ball Claudio and Hero's engagement gets arranged. Don John, the brother of Don Pedro, makes Claudio believe that Hero is cheating on him. Act III Claudio sees the silhouettes of Margaret and Borachio at Hero's window, which makes him believe that it is her and she is cheating on him. Leonato, Hero and Don Pedro think that Benedict and Beatrice are made for each other and make them think that the other person is in love with them. Act IV Claudio exposes Hero at their wedding. Claudio Benedict and Beatrice pretend that she died and want to clear her name. Dogberry hears Borachios trick and arrests him. Act V In the end Claudio finds out about Don Johns plan and accepts Leonato's niece as his wife, who turns out to be Hero because she didn't actually die. Benedict and Beatrice marry the same day as Hero and Claudio. Don John is seen to be escaping and the play ends with a merry dance. Macbeth Three witches tell the Scottish general Macbeth that he will be king of Scotland. Encouraged by his wife he kills the king and becomes the new king. He kills even more people out of paranoia. A civil war erupts to overthrow Macbeth, resulting in more death. His wife commits suicide, he gets killed by Madcuff. Malcolm is crowned as the new king. RELEVANCE TODAY Relevant His influence is huge; increased the linguistic variety with his words, his phrases are still used today, he expanded the expectations of theatre and showed that men and women are equal / women can be even stronger and smarter than men Revolutionized writing, literary techniques and popularized romantic tragedies Wrote about fundamental and universal experiences such as love, death, hate, greed and other timeless themes He knew the human soul and captured emotions in extreme circumstances The situation of his plays don't have to be fitting to everyone, the feelings and emotions however can be reflected in everybody He is quoted very frequently, which demonstrated his influence His characters give a better understanding of humans He is an inspiration for movies or tv shows such as the lion king which is based on hamlet Easier to learn with plays than art or poetry, enriches vocabulary Shaped British identity, influenced historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln Irrelevant Outdated language, very hard to understand and read especially for younger audiences such as students who are forced to read Shakespeare at school and hard to analyze Outdated attitudes and values regarding gender roles, generations, religions, science and social hierarchies His work was not made to be read in schools, but to be heard, students are no longer interested in theatre Outdated topics as he uses examples of his time, there are new things to talk about that aren't covered by Shakespeare Students shouldn't be forced into reading his work Other famous authors use easier to understand language UTOPIA AND DYSTOPIA Characteristics of a Utopia • The idea of a hypothetical perfect world • Equalitarian and perfect society that does not exist • End of all wars and world peace • World and each individual seem comfortable, happy, healthy, safe • Connected with socialist ideas such as egalitarian distribution on goods • Greek; can mean either no place or good place Characteristics of a Dystopia • Arbitrary totalitarian / authoritarian state that whitewashes its words and actions • Observation and surveillance • The world seems hostile, dark, oppressive, cruel, dirty • Deals with wars, revolutions, natural disasters and overpopulation • The protagonist questions the respective society but appears to be powerless as he is usually an outsider • Features extrapolated technologies that only the higher class society can profit from • A play on made-up word utopia: use of the root dys which means bad or difficult • Dystopian novels warn people and have a bad, abnormal, painful, disordered ending or storyline Example: George Orwell's 1984 • Telescreens in 1984 as new technologies • Totalitarian state if Oceania the employee Winston Smith lives a miserable life under the all-surveilling eyes of the ruling Big Brother, whose cameras and microphones track his subjects' every move. Winston Smith's job is falsifying history at the Ministry of Truth by altering reports and documents to fit the states changed official view. • Politically-correct euphemisms and twisting of word meanings called ,,Newspeak" as a method to achieve the states goal of total control of the citizens Example: Aldous Huxley's Brave New World • Use of new technologies to create humans in order abolish the system of family • Protagonist Bernard does not feel like the others, feels like an outsider • Idea of a perfect world but in reality there is no individuality etc. • No families, no emotions, drugs to control people, class society • Atmosphere is all grey and very sterile, high buildings less nature • All people must work and have no free time, people are like machines • Transportation; trains and helicopters • Hierarchy of social classes BRAVE NEW WORLD Plot Summary The novel ,,Brave New World" was written by Aldous Huxley and published in 1932. It portrays a futuristic state with a totalitarian system in which everyone is supposed to be happy. The locations are London and Surrey in the world state and a reservation in New Mexico. Action time is the year 632 after Ford (2540 AD). Brave New World is set in 2540, which the novel identifies as the year AF 632. AF stands for "after Ford," as Henry Ford's assembly line is revered as god-like; this era began when Ford introduced his Model T. The novel examines a futuristic society, called the World State, that revolves around science and efficiency. In this society, emotions and individuality are conditioned out of children at a young age, and there are no lasting relationships because "every one belongs to every one else" (a common World State dictum). Huxley begins the novel by thoroughly explaining the scientific and compartmentalized nature of this society, beginning at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, where children are created outside the womb and cloned in order to increase the population. The reader is then introduced to the class system of this world, where citizens are sorted as embryos to be of a certain class. The embryos, which exist within tubes and incubators, are provided with differing amounts of chemicals and hormones in order to condition them into predetermined classes. Embryos destined for the higher classes get chemicals to perfect them both physically and mentally, whereas those of the lower classes are altered to be imperfect in those respects. These classes, in order from highest to lowest, are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon. The Alphas are bred to be leaders, and the Epsilons are bred to be menial labourers. Bernard Marx, an Alpha, is one of the main characters of the story. He and his love interest Lenina Crowne travel to a "savage reservation," where Marx's boss (the Director) supposedly lost a female companion some years ago. When the two arrive, they see people living there engaging in unfamiliar rituals. They also stumble upon a woman (Linda) and her son (John, also referred to as the Savage) who Marx correctly assumes to be the lost family mentioned by the Director. The Director had recently been threatening to send Marx away for his antisocial behavior, so Marx decides to bring the two home with him. Marx presents Linda and John to the Director, and John, the son the Director never knew he had, calls the Director "father". This provokes the Director's resignation, as procreation between persons is outlawed, and his crime has been exposed. John is kept in the "brave new world," as he calls it, as a sort of experiment. Linda, however, is sent to a hospital because of her addiction to "soma," a drug used by citizens to feel calmer. She eventually dies because of it, which causes John to go on an anti-soma rampage in the hallway of the hospital. John becomes angrier and angrier with this society, until eventually he runs away to a lighthouse to live in isolation. He is able to evade tourists and reporters for a while, but eventually they find him and gawk as he engages in self-flagellation. The intensity of the crowd increases when John whips not only himself but a woman as well. Crowds descend from helicopters to witness the spectacle. Another woman appears (who is implied to be Lenina), and John attempts to whip her too. John is soon overcome with passion, and, after coming under the influence of soma, he falls asleep. The next morning, appalled at his complicity in the system, he hangs himself. Social classes / castes Alphas Betas Gammas Deltas Epsilons Characters DHC Highest caste and do the hardest work. Alphas are clever, attractive, the tallest, live in good houses. Color grey. Division: Alphas + and Alphas ++. Only men are alphas and they control the lower classes. Fanny Middle class, not much work, qualified workers that have more power than the other classes below. Most of them work in the embryo section and they have names like the Alphas. Their color is red and their sex partners are alphas. The caste is predetermined and cannot be changed. There is no type of relationships, partners are being exchanged as they do not have feelings for each other, marriage is not allowed. The aim is that people like their social destiny. Underclass along with Deltas and Epsilons. Gammas are stupid and the sex partners of the Betas. Their color is green. Ugly and their color is khaki Lowest caste in the brave new world, because their embryos get the least amount of oxygen and alcohol. Most of the people are epsilons because many workers are needed. They are not popular in society because they are not intelligent. They are being discriminated. The Director administrates the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. He is a threatening figure, with the power to exile Bernard to Iceland. But he is secretly vulnerable because he fathered a child (John), a scandalous and obscene act in the World State. Lenina Crowne's friend (they have the same last name because only about ten thousand last names are in use in the World State). Fanny's role is mainly to voice the conventional values of her caste and society. Specifically, she warns Lenina that she should have more men in her life because it looks bad to concentrate on one man for too long Mustapha Mond Lenina Crowne Bernard Marx Henry Foster Helmholtz Watson John The Savage Linda Popé The Resident World Controller of Western Europe, one of only ten World Controllers. He was once an ambitious, young scientist performing illicit research. When his work was discovered, he was given the choice of going into exile or training to become a World Controller. He chose to give up science, and now he censors scientific discoveries and exiles people for unorthodox beliefs. He also keeps a collection of forbidden literature in his safe, including Shakespeare and religious writings. The name Mond means "world," and Mond is indeed the most powerful character in the world of this novelThe Resident World Controller of Western Europe, one of only ten World Controllers. He was once an ambitious, young scientist performing illicit research. When his work was discovered, he was given the choice of going into exile or training to become a World Controller. He chose to give up science, and now he censors scientific discoveries and exiles people for unorthodox beliefs. He also keeps a collection of forbidden literature in his safe, including Shakespeare and religious writings. The name Mond means "world," and Mond is indeed the most powerful character in the world of this novel A vaccination worker at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. She is an object of desire for a number of major and minor characters, including Bernard Marx and John. Her behavior is sometimes intriguingly unorthodox, which makes her attractive to the reader. For example, she defies her culture's conventions by dating one man exclusively for several months, she is attracted to Bernard-the misfit-and she develops a violent passion for John the Savage. Ultimately, her values are those of a conventional World State citizen: her primary means of relating to other people is through sex, and she is unable to share Bernard's disaffection or to comprehend John's alternate system of values An Alpha male who fails to fit in because of his inferior physical stature. He holds unorthodox beliefs about sexual relationships, sports, and community events. His insecurity about his size and status makes him discontented with the World State. Bernard's surname recalls Karl Marx, the nineteenth-century German author best known for writing Capital, a monumental critique of capitalist society. Unlike his famous namesake, Bernard's discontent stems from his frustrated desire to fit into his own society, rather than from a systematic or philosophical criticism of it. When threatened, Bernard can be petty and cruel. One of Lenina's many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Alpha male, casually discussing Lenina's body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his casual attitude about it, infuriate the jealous Bernard. An Alpha lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering, Helmholtz is a prime example f his caste, but feels that his work is empty and meaningless and would like to use his writing abilities for something more meaningful. He and Bernard are friends because they find common ground in their discontent with the World State, but Helmholtz's criticisms of the World State are more philosophical and intellectual than Bernard's more petty complaints. As a result, Helmholtz often finds Bernard's boastfulness and cowardice tedious The son of the Director and Linda, John is the only major character to have grown up outside of the World State. The consummate outsider, he has spent his life alienated from his village on the New Mexico Savage Reservation, and he finds himself similarly unable to fit into World State society. His entire worldview is based on his knowledge of Shakespeare's plays, which he can quote with great facility John's mother, and a Beta. While visiting the New Mexico Savage Reservation, she became pregnant with the Director's son. During a storm, she got lost, suffered a head injury, and was left behind. A group of Indians found her and brought her to their village. Linda could not get an abortion on the Reservation, and she was too ashamed to return to the World State with a baby. Her World State-conditioned promiscuity makes her a social outcast. She is desperate to return to the World State and to soma. Popé was Linda's lover on the New Mexico Savage Reservation. He gave Linda a copy of The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Symbols Stability, community, identity Stability is guaranteed through the acceptance of ones state, soma helps the people to accept it. Community; everyone belongs to everyone else, emotions limited bc when the individual feels the community reels. Identity is achieved by teaching everyone to conform Community + Identity = Stability SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING What is genetic engineering? • Genetic engineering (or genetic modification) is the human manipulation of the genetic material of an organism to create a genetically modified organism that does not exist under natural conditions. . During that process, new genetic material (DNA) is inserted into the host genome (=the entirety of an organisms hereditary information). • First the genetic material of interest is isolated and copied, thereby which is then inserted into a host organism in a second step. • Thus, genetic engineering changes the genetic design or the genetic blueprint of an organism and forms new combinations of heritable genetic material. • Although stem cell research and cloning are not considered to be genetic engineering by definition, these areas of scientific research are closely connected to genetic engineering because they can be used together. • In medicine genetic engineering is used e.g. for the mass production of insulin, human growth hormones, follitism (for treating infertility) and vaccines. • Researchers are also working to genetically engineer humans and e.g. to replace defective human genes with functional ones and thus cure genetic diseases and disorders like Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases and arthritis. . Despite all the possible benefits of genetic engineering there are also ethical criticism and concerns that this technology is not only used for treatment but for enhancement, modification or alteration of a human being's character, behavior, appearance, intelligence or adaptability. Examples of genetic engineering Designer babies Through genetic engineering parents have the ability to chose the appearance (eye, hair, skin color etc.) and other abilities (athleticism, intelligence etc.) - but is it fair? Ford Shakespeare Soma Religion, referred to as a fatherly figure Portrayed as the perfect ,,God" for the world state society, due to his Ford Motor Company. Invented mass production by means of the assembly line and the specialization of workers, each of whom has a specific job World state takes his ideas of mass production and applies them to biology and the people; pumping put people conditioned to fit into a single specialized caste and job His art and work has been destroyed in the world state in the interest of remaining stability The powerful emotion, passion, love, and beauty on display in Shakespeare's plays stand for all the noble aspects of humanity that have been sacrificed by the World State in its effort to make sure its citizens are always happy and therefore productive. Used to control the population, represents the power of science in the world state Symbolizes pleasure, the goal for everyone in the world states society PRO CON . Child can be more similar to parents; enables parent and child to identify and understand each other in a better, more accurate and easier way • Providing a child with certain abilities makes them advantaged and superior, parents want the best for their child • Could avoid severe genetic diseases and imperfections which would influence the Childs life negatively • Slightest imperfections and bad habits resulting from genetic presuppositions could be wiped out and create equality Animal stem cells • Selektive breeding was the idea of Hitler (creating the perfect human race) Genetically modified food • Not equal chances; it's not ethically correct to decide who is going to have advantages through genetic engineering • Who decides what imperfections have to be covered? • Inequality already exists; widens the gap even more because not everyone can afford genetic engineering for their children, only rich people will be able to • Diversion could end because beauty standards will be followed • Stop of natural human evolution • Society will be divided into genetically modified people and ,,normal people" who will be inferior • Against the declaration of independence all men are created equal • Creation of chimeric animals that have organs belonging to another species by injecting stem cells into the embryo of another species The genetic engineering debate PRO • Imperfections and flaws are unique and shape our character • This technique can be projected onto pigs and humans • Using own stem cell reduces the risk of the transplanted organ being rejected • Organ shortages; no longer waiting for transplants • Trial between mice and rats was successful; mice showed no signs of diabetes in growing process • Almost any organ could be produced that way • The technique could produce a way of treating diabetic patients by replacing their pancreas • Human embryo creation is not allowed so pigs are a hopeful option • 90% genetical similarity is close enough • Value of human life is higher than a pig, pigs are killed anyway, which on the other hand is unethical • Increase of industrial farming • Unknown consequences • Genetically modified food has been sold since 1994 up to now with risks to health and environment • Starvation could be ended because GM food won't be relying on bad weather or pests • However it can have unforeseen effects on the food chain • Biotech companies have sued small farmers for reusing GM grain • Monsanto, a company that made use of genetically modified seeds claims that hunger and droughts could be fought with genetic engineering • However they have a scandalous past by delivering poisoned food at wars and violation of patent rights CON • Methods can save lives, extend life expectancy, improve the quality of life etc. • Chances for couples who are unable to have children through IVF • Sociologically, designer babies, human-animal chimeras etc. are connected with mans dear of his own mortality; the latter does not want to acknowledge his inferiority by being unspecialized (according to German philosopher Arnold Gehlen) In vitro fertilization How it works • Hormone injections stimulate the ovaries to mature multiple eggs • The eggs are removed using an ultrasound guided needle through the vagina • The eggs are immediately frozen using cryoprotectants • Not fully developed yet: damage and mutations may occur Dangers and benefits • Benefit for employees; increasing of female employees so they can concentrate on their career first and have children later • Expensive: not everyone can benefit from it, only accessible for wealthy people • Humans should not play God and accept the way they were created • Possible immune rejections of a transplanted organ that is from other cells • No individuality • When will it all end? • Embryos can't decide if they want their DNA to be changed, can parents make that decision • Women who have their eggs frozen before the age of 30 have best chances of getting pregnant soon • No long term studies on the method • No guarantee that the eggs will survive years, unsuccessful fertilizations are common • IVF does not offer a 100 percentage of pregnancy; 15% result in miscarriages • Age of the father plays a role • Not an ideal solution but a good alternative for women who want to balance kids and career PRO • IVF is expensive; developing countries can't afford • Tried to cut the material so it can be affordable in developing countries; cutting spending on equipment, shoebox sized laboratory, cheap glass tubes • Infertility in developing countries; unsafe abortion, poor births with infections, sexually transmitted diseases which scar women's reproductive systems • Methods can save lives, extend life expectancy, improve the quality of life etc. • Chances for couples who are unable to have children through IVF • Sociologically, designer babies, human-animal chimeras etc. are connected with mans dear of his own mortality; the latter does not want to acknowledge his inferiority by being unspecialized (according to German philosopher Arnold Gehlen) CON • Not fully developed yet: damage and mutations may occur • Expensive: not everyone can benefit from it • Humans should not play God and accept the way they were created • Possible immune rejections of a transplanted organ that is from other cells • No individuality • When will it all end? ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. Biohacking and Cyborgs • Regular people who have integrated technology into their bodies to improve or monitor some aspects of their health • Applying hacker ethic to biological systems • Goal: taking human body's experience beyond what nature intended • Examples of biohacking: smart insulin monitoring systems, pacemakers, bionic eyes, cochlear implants • Can make the deaf hear, the blind see and the lame walk • Can improve and enhance quality of life and make a positive impact on health • Ethical questions; To what extent is it wise to tamper with nature and who gets to decide? • Risky and easily accessible for keys • Benefits of biohacking: can simplify everyday tasks • Example: NFC chip in hand which contains data can be used for credit card information, keys, other cards etc. Self-driving Cars • Computer drives and parks safely with no human input by sensing the environment • Safer, cleaner and more fuel efficient cars than manual cars • Can never be perfectly safe, which raises an issue; How should it act in an accident? • Minimizing the loss of life by potentially killing the driver, chose random or protect the driver at all costs? • Nobody would buy a car that sacrifices the driver • Should it minimize the loss of lives: utilitarian • People are in favor of cars that sacrifice the driver to save other lives as long as they don't drive it themselves • What happens if children are on board? • Less accidents due to no drunk drivers and less costs for health care system . Could be hacked, mistake's can occur Development of Life • Life 1.0 (biological state) • Life 2.0 (cultural state, current state) • Life 3.0 (technological state) • What will happen if life 3.0 arrives and what will it mean for humans? • Three distinct schools of thought • Digital Utopians: If life is ever going to spread throughout our galaxy and beyond, which it should, then it would need to do so in digital form • Techno-Skeptics: Not worried about Al, because it is not going to happen anyway, building superhuman AGI is hard • The Beneficial Al-Movement: make Al-safety reach mainstream • Luddites: are opposed to technology and automation Google Baseline Study • Database on human health in order to alter people to burgeoning health problems • Products called google fit that are like clothes and wearables • Market for DNA testing; spitting into a tube that analyzes your data and makes it available online (possible health hazards, genetic predisposition...) • Can fight epidemics, protect from cancer, heart attacks and Alzheimer's • Possible data about every detail in life in the future such as relationships, but we would have to give up the idea that each human has a free will determining what's good, what's beautiful and what is the meaning of life The artificial intelligence debate PRO • Rational and accurate decision making reduces room for error • Does not fatigue or wear out easily which makes it more productive, efficient and useful • Creates new jobs and requires supervisors who are always needed CON • The dependency of humans on machines could result in a restriction of freedom • High costs, only the rich can benefit from it • Leads to loss of work, newly created work through Al can't be done by anyone . Al is unable to be creative due to lack of innovation, can only function with what has been programmed • Could surpass human intelligence and become autonomous INTERNET AND SMARTPHONE TECHNOLOGY PRO . Consistent stream of contents; permanent entertainment • Provides useful data and information for anyone with connection • Offers close and fast connection with people around the globe • Identity formation; helps with self-expression and self- creation to make it possible to determine social positioning later on CON • Social media as a time-eater destroying ones time structures • Addiction and intermingling of the virtual world with reality • Pressure of adaptation Reality distorting posts can cause health-damaging imitation of trends • Cyberbullying • Cancel-culture • Fears of surveillance • Loss of privacy • Commercial exploitation of personal data GLOBALIZATION Definition Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. It is driven by digitalization, competition and transport vehicles such as planes, ships etc. and has side effects on climate change due to transportation and the carbon dioxide emissions that result. Winners Politicians, rich people, newly industrialized countries; low wages, cheap products Effects on... economy politics culture • Most affected area, major catalyst of globalization Worldwide exports, direct investments and multinational corporations have increased • Easier import and export and better resources for production by exploitation of poor countries Increase in international exports Outsourcing to countries with low wages • Global problems are being solved by broader groups of countries (EU, UNO...) and NGOs (non- governmental organizations) NGOs use the internet to influence in politics Decrease of political attitude of single states Contracts Global products etc. destroy cultural diversity Some people return to local and regional cultural customs Tourism Support through dissemination of western habits and traditions Lack of diversity because of global standard and popular western culture that becomes dominant Losers Third & developing world countries, exploitation of workers, local productive facilities destroyed • Getting to know more people and cultures Culture can be stolen or erased but also exchanged PRO Travelling Improved mobility development of planes, ships and trains → fast transportation new communication make the collaboration between business partners easier companies have branches all over the world are international Labor laws can be standardized if several countries work together (EU) →workers benefit (minimum wage) companies want to move their factories to developing countries → brings employment to the area people have more opportunities to work abroad and take advantage of higher wages and better working conditions flying is cheaper and easier → brings people together and goods can be transported all over the world cars: flexibility and easy to travel exotic food is available in all times of the year in the market Internet: Roaming; instant communication, availability of information, finding new friends. working life is made easier Buying goods which come from far away Job creation Increased prosperity and higher living standards Decreasing prices due to global competition . . . CON Some people fear that individual cultures will finally blend into a single global culture and losing all their characteristic features people in developing countries suffer from hunger or die of diseases Others work under cruel working conditions, producing goods which will be shipped to and sold in industrialized countries (Shein) → working cond. are not always perfect, low pay, bad health conditions A crisis which starts in one country will ultimately affect other countries Due to increased mobility, disease can easily spread all around the globe, developing into a pandemic (Corona) if everything is instantly available everywhere, the things that make certain places unique are lost flying is damaging the planet → adds to pollution, climate change (Ryanair) global warming: melting ice; rising sea level, air pollution, cutting down forests, unusual weather conditions, heat waves internet →→ anonymity and security issues, fake news, cyber bullying, work gets stressful- need to be on call 24/7 Increased pollution CO2 emissions Inequitable distribution of wealth and widening disparities ECOLOGICAL ISSUES Fracking Fracking is a method of drilling that extracts natural gas and oil from shale rock layers within the earth. This technique involves injecting chemicals, sand and water directly into the ground. Fracking can provide economic benefits by supplying a great deal of domestic energy, but the topic has recently become controversial because others believe that the benefits do not outweigh the possible negative effects of water contamination and air pollution. Less gas emission than coal New jobs are created Gas prices fall Every country can provide itself with gas/oil Cheap energy Out of 200 water wells only one has shown before and after the drilling Possibility to meet high demand PRO Renewable energy • Wind turbines • Offshore wind parks • Solar cells on houses and industrial buildings • Hydroelectric power plants. (water, wind, solar and biomass power) different quality Outsourcing Green house effect Solar radiation reaches the surface of the earth. Some of it is reflected back into space. The rest if the radiation is absorbed by the earth, warming it. Heat radiates from the earth towards space. Some of the heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This keeps the earth warm enough to sustain life. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases that is released into the atmosphere. Consequences are climate change; heat trapping, melting of polar caps and rising temperatures. Pollution Every year about 19 billion pounds of plastic end up in the ocean. By 2025 the number will double unless something is done to prevent it. Especially plastic, which has become popular because of its cheapness, creates a big problem in ocean pollution today. Plastics are the number one type if trash found in the sea. Plastic debris make up around 85% of the trash collected from beaches, waterways and oceans. Plastics are non-biodegradable and merely break down into smaller pieces with exposure to sunlight. These micro plastics are less than 5 millimeters long and added to beauty and health products as exfoliants. They also get washed out of clothing that is made of polyester. Some of it comes from ships and offshore oil and gas platforms but more than 80% come from land. The main problem is littering.Single-use plastic is the biggest source of trash. Plastics threaten at least 600 million wildlife species. Especially in the ocean animals die due to suffocation, congestion, starvation or drowning. Humans play a huge role and should be thinking twice sputa their use of plastics etc. as it affects their food chain as well. CON Harvest resources efficiently Possibility of explosion Earthquakes Greenhouse gases contribute to climate change Before the drilling water was already low quality due to fracking and storage accidents • Fracking • Making oil rings more efficient • Natural gas • Coal mines • Make power plants more efficient • Waste incineration plants There are too many open question in regards to used methods High water consumption Reduce energy consumption Insulate buildings • Increase energy efficiency Save water, petrol... • Building bicycle lanes • Pass rules and regulations • Increase prices for oil and gas New technologies • More efficiency; public transport • Lighter planes and trucks that are more aerodynamic. and use less fuel • Passive energy homes • Geothermal power What is outsourcing? A Business practice in which a company hires a third-party to perform tasks, handle operations or provide services for the company. Companies often outsource information technology services (programming and application development). They can also outsource manufacturing processes, human resources tasks and financial functions (bookkeeping, payroll processing). Outsourcing is done because it lowers costs, improves efficiency, gains speed, because the third party provider focuses on one particular task so it's done better, faster and cheaper. Types of outsourcing onshoring offshoring nearshoring • Relocating work or services to lower-cost location in the company's own country • Relocating work or services to third-party providers overseas • Relocating work or services to people nearby, often bordering regions and countries Outsourcing in India . Most jobs in call centers • Americanization; materialistic (some Indians are against it but overall good influence) • Americans lose their jobs because of outsourcing • People think India is going to take over but America can recreate their jobs • Outsourcing does not affect every part of India, people still live in bad conditions The other side of outsourcing: Qatar • Indian workers are sent to Qatar to build a stadium for the 2022 FIFA world cup • Most have the motivation to gain money in order to feed their poor families in their homecountrsies • In Qatar they still are poor and can't afford a ticket back home, nor appropriate clothes or anything • They don't get paid on time • Awful living conditions; live in a small room with up to seven people on thin mattresses, no air conditioning, no running water and no electricity; diseases are frequent • Accidents happen very often, a lot of people die without a clear reason Sweatshops • Factories in which workers have to work all day long and suffer Child labour • Health problems but no health care STUDYING AND WORKING IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD • Gap year • Working abroad PRO Improving language skills → daily interactions with native speakers Some future employers consider it an essential aspect to have spent some time abroad Improving job perspective Bilingual/ multilingual Cultural learning/ immersion Becoming open-minded Making first hand experiences Individual growth Overcoming fears Stepping out of one's comfort zone Gaining confidence Broaden horizon Becoming independent/ self-reliant Gaining/ acquiring new skills through new experiences/ challenges Getting a personal insight into other cultures Improving foreign language skills Experiencing different educational systems personal development → more independent, self-confident adaptable to different situations. Making new friends/ meet new people Improving career opportunities English as a lingua franca PRO English has a lot of native speakers (although Mandarin Chinese and Spanish have more). These native speakers are dispersed - USA, UK, Australia, NZ, South Africa, Canada, India, Botswana, Nigeria, Kenya, etc. Basic English is pretty easy to learn. Simple grammar: no grammatical gender, minimal conjugation, most plurals are regular, minimal inflection. Vocabulary comes from Germanic and Romance languages (mostly) so there are many cognates for speakers in those language families. No diacritics, just 26 letters, so if anyone uses a modified Latin alphabet, they know the English alphabet. CON Racism and discrimination Being an attraction due to their ethnicity and looks Not finding a place to live due to prejudices The difficulty of making friends People starring and making inappropriate comments --> forced to realize that their culture is an issue in the eyes of others Sacrificing to visit a diverse place, so that they will not face negative experience regarding bigger competition → easy to be swallowed by the masses of smart people English is a must have for business language -> people who can't speak English have it more difficult finding a job is harder due to outsourcing and growing competition language barriers and culture shock you are alone → home sickness; missing family expensive → not achievable for everybody CON Spelling in English is hard. You've got words that are spelled the same, but pronounced differently. You have words that are spelled differently but pronounced the same way. Once you get beyond basic vocabulary, there seems to be an infinite number of words in the language. Often time, related words come from completely different places, so they aren't similar looking. Bear → ursine; King → royal; Hand manual; even things like cow / bovine / beef. One word may come from Germanic, the other from Romance. Then you have all the sort of pretentious words. Other languages don't always have a different way of writing for the masses and for academic journals, for instance. Idioms. English has a huge number of crazy idioms. Other languages too, but English seems to have more than most. STYLISTIC DEVICES Stylistic Devices alliteration anaphora antithesis epiphora hyperbole metaphor simile Definition Repetition of initial consonant sound. Repeating the first part of a sentence. "The beginning of wisdom is silence. The second step is listening." Having two opposite ideas in a sentence. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Repeating the ending words of a sentence. "I am an American, he is an American, everybody is an American." Exaggeration of ideas. Comparing two things without using the words "like" or "as". Comparing two things using the words "like" or "as". ● ● ● Effect Grabs reader's attention, sort of punctuates words. Also creates mood for e.g. if it's an 's' sound, maybe shows snakelike quantity or hissing. Perhaps slyness of the narrator. ● Adds rhythm making it easier to read and remember. Emphasis on words. Could create emotional effect like passion in audience (this is why many famous speeches use anaphora). ● Emphasises ideas. ● Makes it easier to understand the point being made or the complexity of the situation. ● Emphasise words/message.. Gives a unique rhythm to text. • Convey the importance of something. ● ● Create amusing effect. Common human feelings sound remarkable. ● ● Can also create contrast if something is described using exaggeration and the next thing isn't. This attracts reader's attention. Helps visualise. Gives readers another way of thinking about something. Creates an image for the reader. Make it easier to understand what the reader is saying (mostly applies to similes). onomatopoeia parallelism personification repetition rhetorical question synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee) Metonymy (me-ton-uh-mee) enjambment A word which imitates the natural sound of things like "buzzing", "rustling" or even "meow". Using components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or have similar sounds or construction. "Like father, like son." or "They got together and talked, laughed and giggled." When an idea or animal is given human characteristics. "The sky weeps." Repeating words or phrases. (There are actually many different types of repetition like anaphora and epiphora.) A question which is meant to be unanswered. Referring to something by one of its parts. For e.g. "wheels" to refer to a car, or "bread" to food or money. When name of something is replaced with name of something else that's associated with it. For e.g. "crown" refers to power or authority. Not to be confused with metaphors--it's not comparing two things! In poetry, when the sentence continues on to the next line. ● Helps readers hear the sounds, allowing them to enter the author's world. Adds rhythm to sentences. ● In literature, usually used to convey some message. ● Also persuasive because an idea is emphasised and easy to remember using this structure. • Helps readers empathise with non-human characters. ● Gives deeper meanings as well. To grab the reader's attention. For e.g. repeating a line. ● Emphasise and create rhythm. ● Emphasise a point being made. Mostly used to as an effect. Used to persuade people. Achieve symbolism! • Keeps writing concise and engages the reader because they have to think deeply about what the word is referring to. Can also sound more colloquial to connect to audience more. • Symbolism! ● Draws reader's attention because words have deeper meanings to them. Makes poem's rhythm faster. ● Adds surprise because reader has to keep reading to know informal language Personal, colloquial sort of language. formal language perfect rhyme half-rhyme internal rhyme Short/long sentences aposiopesis auditory imagery Doesn't use colloquialism, contractions or first-person. When final stressed vowel and all the next sounds are identical. Ending consonants match, preceding vowels don't. For e.g. "hold" and "bald". When the middle words rhyme. "While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door." (those are different lines) Suddenly breaking off in speech. For e.g. "And one fine morning--" You can identify it with em dash or ellipsis. what the author is saying. ● Makes writing have a sense of urgency. Fast pace. Describing specific sounds that are happening in a story. Onomatopoeia is an example of ● Writing becomes more casual and relaxed. ● Sets up close relationship with reader because it appeals to us. It's speaking at our level. ● Gives rhythm to poem. ● Emphasises certain words. ● Adds a sort of finality to stanza or couplet (or whatever). Musical quality. Makes text more authoritative and powerful. ● More variety of words for author to work with. ● ● Reader becomes surprised because doesn't know what to expect. Short sentences may make it more authoritative like an order. Could also give more clarity. • Long sentences may sound formal or even conversational. Depends on the language used! Increases musical quality without being overly rhyming or obvious in its rhyme scheme. ● Shows strong emotion. ● Allows the reader the finish the sentence for themselves. All imagery is used to create a picture in the reader's mind. It makes the reader part of the text and draws the olfactory imagery visual imagery tactile imagery kinaesthetic imagery gustatory imagery Describing taste! For e.g. "She tasted the sweet sugary coating as she chewed the doughnut". hypophora anastrophe auditory imagery. Another e.g. is "the dog howled at the moon" or "she could hear the clang of pots and pans amongst the quiet murmur of her children". tricolon Describing a particular taste. For e.g. "he could smell the rich, sweetness of the chocolate cake". Appeals to the sense of sight. Something like "the hues of the bright fish glinted in the sun like bright pearls". Appeals to the sense of touch. For e.g. "when she put her hands in the ice cold water, it felt like a thousand needles were pricking her fingers and palms". Describes the movement or action of objects and people. For e.g. "the dog wagged his tail energetically and bounded towards the door, clawing it with his paws". When a question is raised and then immediately answered by the author. Don't confuse with rhetorical question. The difference is that in RQ, there's no answer. Changing the structure of the sentence so that it's in an unusual grammatical order. For e.g. everything Yoda says. "Truly wonderful, the mind of a child is." a series of three parallel words, reader in. ● Create curiosity in the reader • Captures the attention ● Helps to introduce new topics of discussion Almost like the author is having a conversation with the audience. Make it sound wise and more profound. Makes the reader think longer about what the author is saying. Emphasises points in a quaestio synthetic personalisation polysyndeton phrases, or clauses aka triadic structure When you use question after question after question after question. :-) Creating a fake relationship between the audience and author. When you keep using and, but, or in a sentence to make it super long. For e.g. I ran and ate food and sang and laughed and ate again and... ● memorable way. Conveys a sense of urgency or passion.