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life, feeling and understanding → the microcosm ↓ higher animals (having touch, memory, movement and hearing) God ♫ Angels ↓ Man ↓ animals like ants (having touch, memory, movement) ↓ animals like shellfish (having touch) plants existence and life vegetable class Elizabethan Theatre ♫ elements, liquids, metals mere existence inanimate class mass entertainment situated outside the city offered performances every day attended by people from various social ranks no lightning / special sound effects • only male actors; women were portrayed. by men ● focused on more secular issues • tragedies the macrocosm (the whole universe) is always influenced by the microcosm (human society) the Great Chain of Being is the hierarchically ordered universal order O end in a catastrophe place in the chain is determined by the relative proportion of spirit and matter O the more spirit the higher the place in the chain Types of plays histories o playgoers learned about England's „heroic past" catastrophe is the result of a character's flaw o tragic hero arouses interest in his fate; creates sympathy ● Plays comedies o happy ending; audience attends for a good laugh O sexual allusions and undertones romances turn sestet o redemption, forgiveness o reuniting of long-lost family members o magic Shakespeare's Works works: 39 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 narrative poems o plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright distinct personal style connected to the observations of human life and nature (rich in imagery) o topics: life, love, death, revenge, grief, jealousy, murder, magic O influences: genres, social / political settings, theatre, writers octave/octet Sonnets Italian sonnet O rhyme scheme JUE JUN a b b b b a C d e C d e addressed to a beloved person 14 lines clearly defined rhyme scheme divided into an octet and sestet turn after octave quatrain quatrain tercet tercet Shakespearean sonnez octave sestet turn rhyme scheme a b a b C d PUT 0 + 0 + C d e f e f g g quatrain quatrain quatrain couplet turn after third quatrain couplet serves as a conclusion or summary ideally: "three turns of the screw" in three quatrains, before the point is driven home in the couplet Shakespeare Nowadays Should Shakespeare be taught in school? pro he is the national writer of England and one of the most influential authors of all time representative of the Elizabethan Age his plays are still constantly performed nowadays had a huge influence on the English language and literature imagery-filled and beautiful language (memorable imagery) timeless topic reflects culture and history students can relate to characters from Shakespeare's works encourages the thinking process con old English is very difficult to understand > old vocabulary English language has changed non-native speakers have extra difficulty students often do not enjoy his texts and have troubles reading, understanding and analysing them too old and uninteresting; considered irrelevant students who become workers or mechanics do not need to know anything about Shakespeare most students don't actually decipher Shakespeare's works but rather use website for help modern writing is not only easier to understand, but often enough more relatable monotony other literature could be more efficient