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in wars Consequences for the colonies - policy of aggressive imperialism → racial superiority of white people → had to adapt to western culture - no political/economical freedom Multiculturalism: Benefits you learn about other cultures/traditions tolerance might increase diversity of language/culture increased population numbers in bigger cities higher rates of people willing to enter the labour market unity, connecting culture Monarchy in Britain: Pro holds the nation together ensures that society does not break apart people can identify with the monarchy, reliably at the top values of monarchy represent the British character and identity compensates the risks of the 21st century → reminds at a culture that has been there for a very long time less costs than changing into a republic brings economical profits → tourism Royal Family represents Britain British are proud of their past → never change a winning system Risks Con minority must deal with discrimination/racism integration might be hard because of different religion, culture, language language barrier (if they want to get jobs) might have to adapt to western culture must learn English xenophobia among the society might increase political challenges (asylum, health care) question of belonging people should have more sovereignty monarchy overshadows the parliament stands for class inequality and the need to position oneself in society social hierarchy makes citizens feel unimportant Queen has little important duties Prime Minister has too much power focus on the past not the future no barrier when somebody wants to establish a dictatorship most expensive monarch in Europe only charity figure The UK system of government The Monarch/Crown: appoints Prime Minister, the justices and the aristocrats of the House of Lords The Government: Prime Minister ➜ head of government appoints Cabinet → 20 heads of the government departments Prime Minister: can dissolve the House of Commons, is elected by the House of Commons, appoints the cabinet members House of Commons: elected by the British electorate, makes the laws (legislative) House of Lords: 700 Members (bishops, hereditary peers), represent the unwritten constitution Parliament: House of Lords + House of Commons Brexit: Pro prohibition of free flow refugees/immigration → less insecurity and terrorism EU can find a new elan (new start, new decisions) For independent from EU laws can sign their own trading treaties → become economically more successful international investors may consider London for investments (safe haven) small companies wouldn't be affected because they hardly trade with the EU usually a clear majority coalition governments are avoided smaller parties cannot determine who forms the government no chance for right- or left-wing parties Con the vote can strengthen the anti- immigration parties in the EU loss of Britain as an economic partner objects globalization/ active act against globalization all EU countries lose income (import/export costs) loss of political influence no access to health services anymore → No-deal Brexit since January the 1st Britain is no longer part of the EU and its free trade zone → EU and Britain are currently discussing new trade agreements The Electoral System: first past the post system (majority vote), candidate with the most votes gets elected, votes for the other candidates aren't regarded two main parties: Labour party and Conservative party slowdown of financial growth loss of free trade with the EU raise of import prices lower living standards for the British residents (inflation) raise of costs for airfares, internet, phone services higher transport costs (export/import) raise of xenophobic attitudes uncertainty for the younger generation (jobs, university) possible crises for small business border between Northern Ireland and Ireland Against possible loss of thousands of jobs central banks will move out of London in other EU cities unfair for smaller parties winning candidate may represent a majority of voters who voted against him no absolute majority government since 1945 favours a polarizes government of two parties fighting against each other → discontinuity in politics British core values: The public- school education - British public school leavers have a big advantage over the others - only few schools for girls - ideals and values taught: discipline, responsibility, leadership, sport, good social behaviour Stereotypes/Clichés: The British Gentleman - originally: of noble birth, superior social position - gentleman not only defined by class but moral components - proper behaviour, well- mannered Immigration Advantages traditional education: public school Teatime Pubs/beer Fish 'n chips Harry Potter Losing gracefully Good driving General politeness Sharp/dry humour Bottled-up anger Gentleman Independence (Brexit) Proud of being British Utilitarianism - worth of an action is only determined by utility and usefulness - the greatest good for the greatest number - either reward or punishment to achieve an optimum add money to US economy fill unskilled, low wage jobs making the US a multicultural country workers for tourism and agriculture want a better life for them and their families benefits outweigh the costs they work hard to make a living don't commit more crimes than natives they pay taxes believe in the American Dream →integrate quickly Pragmatism - practical way of dealing with issues, concerned with results - how does something work and which consequences does it have? - way for humans to engage with each other Disadvantages Class system history: upper, middle, working - today: upper, upper middle, lower middle, working, lower - distinctions: education, occupation, income, attitude, clothing, language, wealth wages are forced down health and welfare system are strained often don't integrate, have own communities cultural differences and language barrier steal jobs of the US citizens illegal immigration costs the US millions for border patrol they commit more crimes live on taxpayers' money native culture is lost because of the immigrants have to learn the language bad influence (drugs/alcohol) on other kids in school Illegal immigration How do they cross the border? Actions taken by the US against illegal immigration: border patrol + 5000 minutemen border wall, idea of Donald Trump on foot with only water with them → some die of exhaustion goal: find work and earn money for their families try to hide from helicopters and border control, high chance to get caught The American Dream Pro people can still achieve their goals through hard work (Bill Gates) equality of opportunities, everybody can climb the social ladder social background doesn't matter it's about self-reliance no communism or socialism in society President Obama as famous example free education for everyone children can be better than their parents not only means financial success American History: - 1900-20: Ellis Island, mass immigration 1940-89: Cold War 2001: 9/11 attacks Westward movement: Con Reasons for the westward movement of the settlers the thousands who don't succeed go unnoticed social mobility is rather limited no financial help if you have a handicap if your poor it is your fault gap between rich and poor widens real success is rare ivy league colleges are expensive limited chances to climb the social ladder 1607: the first English settlement, Jamestown Virginia 1733: the British established 13 separate colonies 1773: Boston Tea Party, American colonists fight for more sovereignty 1775: War of Independence 4th of July, 1776: Declaration of Independence 1791: first Bill of Rights 19th century: westward movements 1861-1865: Civil War some have to work two jobs to make ends meet parents fear about education costs for rich whites only pursuit of material things lead to risks of globalization share their unique form of government, destined to move westward strong belief in a given destiny to be a great and leading nation (manifest destiny) new land must be explored and civilized